Accusative a. direct object - Sing. See Review Sheet whom/what subject verb Pl. See RS
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1 Review of the Accusative Case (Page 11) Case Function Accusative a. direct object - Sing. See Review Sheet whom/what subject verb Pl. See RS The inhabitatnts love the beautiful forests. Noun Verb Adj. Noun Subject 3rd. Pl. Direct Object Nom. Present Accusative Masc. Active Fem. Pl. Indic. Pl. Incolae silvas pulchras amant. inhabitant - incola incolae m. love - amo amare forest - silva silvae f. beautiful - pulchra
2 Case Function Accusative a. direct object - Sing. See RS whom/what subject verb Pl. See RS b. object of preposition prope - near ad - to, toward, near in - into, against into the cottage to the forest Prep. Noun Prep. Noun Obj. of Prep. Obj. of Prep. Accusative Accusative Fem. Fem. Sing. Sing. in casam ad silvam into - prep. in + accusative cottage - casa casae f. to - prep. ad + accusative forest - silva silvae f.
3 Expressions of Time (1. Ablative of Time When or Within Which) 2. Accusative for the Duration of Time No preposition in Latin for many hours Adj. Noun Acc. Duration of Time Fem. Pl.. multas horas for a short time Adj. Noun Acc. Duration of Time Neu. Sing. breve tempus
4 Accusative of Extent of Space Words in Latin that answer the question how long? (extent or length of time) are in the accusative case without a preposition. Words that answer the question how far? (extent of space, distance) are also in the accusative case without a preposition. EXTENT OF TIME: How long? Octo annos Caesar in Gallia bellum gerebat. For eight years Caesar waged war in Gaul. EXTENT OF SPACE: Castra decem pedes a muro posuerunt. How far? They pitched camp ten feet from the wall.
5 Case Function Accusative a. direct object - Sing. am whom/what subject verb Pl. as The inhabitatnts love the beautiful forests. Noun Verb Adj. Noun Subject 3rd. Pl. Direct Object Nom. Present Accusative Masc. Active Fem. Pl. Indic. Pl. Incolae silvas pulchras amant. inhabitant - incola incolae m. love - amo amare forest - silva silvae f. beautiful - pulchra
6 Case Function Accusative a. direct object - Sing. See RS whom/what subject verb Pl. See RS b. object of preposition prope - near into the cottage Prep. Noun Prep. Noun Obj. of Prep. Obj. of Prep. Accusative Accusative Fem. Fem. Sing. Sing. in casam in - into, against c. place to which ad - to, toward, near to the forest ad silvam into - prep. in + accusative cottage - casa casae f. to - prep. ad + accusative forest - silva silvae f.
7 Subject Accusative with the Objective Infinitive (English Word Order = Subject Verb Noun/Pronoun Infinitive) The farmer taught the slaves to work. Agricola servos laborare docuit. (The accusative noun servos in front of the infinitive is called a subject accusative.)
8 jubeo jubere jussi jussus - order, command = regularly followed by a subject accusative and an objective infinitive Caesar ordered the men to destroy the towns. Noun Verb Noun Infin. Noun Subject 3 Sing. Subj. Acc. Pres. Direct Obj. Nom. Perf. Acc. Act. Acc. Mas. Act. Mas. Objective Neu. Sing. Indic. Pl. Pl. Caesar viros oppida delere jussit.
9 The Four Uses of the Infinitive [1. Complementary Infinitive (English Word Order = Subject Verb Infinitive) The man desires to work. Vir laborare desiderat. [2. Subjective Infinitive (Infinitive used as a subject or predicate nominative) It is pleasant to walk. Ambulare est gratum. or Est gratum ambulare. 3. Objective Infinitive (English Word Order = Subject Verb Noun/Pronoun Infinitive) The farmer taught the slaves to work. Agricola servos laborare docuit. (The accusative noun servos in front of the infinitive is called a subject accusative.)
10 The Four Uses of the Infinitive 1. Complementary Infinitive (English Word Order = Subject Verb Infinitive) The man desires to work. Vir laborare desiderat. 2. Subjective Infinitive (Infinitive used as a subject or predicate nominative) It is pleasant to walk. Ambulare est gratum. or Est gratum ambulare. 3. Objective Infinitive (English Word Order = Subject Verb Noun/Pronoun Infinitive) The farmer taught the slaves to work. Agricola servos laborare docuit. (The accusative noun servos in front of the infinitive is called a subject accusative.) 4. Accusative Subject of Indirect Statement
11 Accusative Subject With Indirect Statement 4. Indirect Statement (Indirect Discourse) In Latin when a simple statement is indirectly quoted, the verb is changed from the indicative mood in the direct statement to the infinitive in the indirect statement, and the subject is changed from the nominative to the accusative case. Direct statement: Vir ambulat. The man is walking. Indirect statement: Dicit virum ambulare. He says that the man is walking. Difference between English and Latin Indirect Statement English The verb is finite. The introductory word that is used. The subject is in the nominative case. Latin The verb is in the infinitive. There is no introductory word. The subject is in accusative case.
12 Nota Bene: Indirect Statements usually follow verbs of mental action, such as say, tell, know, think, hear, perceive, and the like. These verbs should be memorized: dico (3), say, tell scio (4), know nuntio (1), announce, tell puto (1), think audio (4), hear sentio (4), feel, perceive nego (1), say not, deny video (2), see existimo (1), think Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Statement The present infinitive denotes the same time as the main verb; The perfect infinitive denotes time before that of the main verb; The future infinitive denotes time after that of the main verb.
13 Predicate Accusative Caesarem ducem vocant. Restates the D.O. Acc. Acc.D.O. Pred. Acc. They call Caesar leader D.O. Pred Acc. Double Accusative With verbs of asking, E.g. rogo Caesarem auxilium rogavit. Double Acc. They asked Caesar for help. Double Acc.
14 Review of the Accusative Case (Page 11) Accusative: 6. Direct Object (subject verb whom/what), 7. Object of Certain Prepositions ( prope near; per through; post after; inter between, among; ante before; circum around; contra opposite; apud near; ), 8. Place to Which (ad to, toward, near; in into, against; sub up to), 9. Subject Accusative (subject of an infinitive), Predicate Accusative Double Accusative (with rogo, ask) Accusative Endings--See RS
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