How Different Components of the Internet Works Together?
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1 How Different Components of the Internet Works Together? Sandip Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR April 12, 2015 Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
2 In a Nutshell... Device level architecture of the Internet Protocol level architecture of the Internet Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
3 Device Level Architecture of the Internet Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
4 How your department networks look like? Layer 2 Switch Layer 2 Gateway (Layer 3) Default Gateway Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
5 How a Layer 2 Switch looks like? Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
6 Multiple Switches in a Rack Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
7 How your institute networks look like? Router Router Router Router Router Switch NAT, Firewall and Proxy ISP Router Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
8 The ISP Network Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
9 ISP Hierarchy Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
10 ISP Graphs Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
11 Global Internet Connectivity Graph Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
12 Global Backbone Connectivity Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
13 Protocol Level Services and Architecture in the Internet What are the sequence of activities triggered when you type in your browser? Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
14 Pre-activities Do you have an Internet Connectivity? Setup the IP address manually - ICMP checks whether your address is correct! Consult with a DHCP server to get the IP address for your machine. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
15 Pre-activities Do you have an Internet Connectivity? Setup the IP address manually - ICMP checks whether your address is correct! Consult with a DHCP server to get the IP address for your machine. Register your computer with ISP service provider - Directly - you have direct connection with ISP - Use ISP specific protocols for authentication (Kerberos or other AAA server) You are behind a proxy - use proxy authentication protocol (SOCKS) Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
16 At the Application: End Host Control If it is a https, get the security certificate and validate it. Execute the DNS protocol, get the IP corresponding to Let it be Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
17 At the Application: End Host Control If it is a https, get the security certificate and validate it. Execute the DNS protocol, get the IP corresponding to Let it be Data Generate a HTTP GET packet: GET index.html HTTP/1.1 Generate a HTTP session. Forward the HTTP packet to the transport layer. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
18 At the Transport: End Host Create a TCP connection at at port 80 - SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
19 At the Transport: End Host Create a TCP connection at at port 80 - SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK Create a TCP packet from the HTTP data packet. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
20 At the Transport: End Host Create a TCP connection at at port 80 - SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK Create a TCP packet from the HTTP data packet. Forward all TCP packets to the IP layer. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
21 At the Transport: End Host Create a TCP connection at at port 80 - SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK Create a TCP packet from the HTTP data packet. Forward all TCP packets to the IP layer. TCP will use Swnd and Cwnd for flow control and congestion control. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
22 At the Transport: End Host Create a TCP connection at at port 80 - SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK Create a TCP packet from the HTTP data packet. Forward all TCP packets to the IP layer. TCP will use Swnd and Cwnd for flow control and congestion control. Create TCP checksum and append it in the header. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
23 At the Internet: End Host Control Use ICMP to check whether the link is alive ICMP Echo Request If DHCP is enabled, use ICMP Address Mask Request message to get the address mask. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
24 At the Internet: End Host Control Use ICMP to check whether the link is alive ICMP Echo Request If DHCP is enabled, use ICMP Address Mask Request message to get the address mask. Data Embed the TCP packet (control or data) into an IP datagram. Create IP checksum. Source Address: My address, Destination Address: Default gateway Forward the IP datagram to the LLC. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
25 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
26 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
27 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Use inter-domain routing (OSPF, RIP, IS-IS) to find out the next hop. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
28 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Use inter-domain routing (OSPF, RIP, IS-IS) to find out the next hop. Use ICMP to check whether the next hop is alive. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
29 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Use inter-domain routing (OSPF, RIP, IS-IS) to find out the next hop. Use ICMP to check whether the next hop is alive. Apply traffic shaping based on local policy (RED, token bucket, leaky bucket) Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
30 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Use inter-domain routing (OSPF, RIP, IS-IS) to find out the next hop. Use ICMP to check whether the next hop is alive. Apply traffic shaping based on local policy (RED, token bucket, leaky bucket) At the gateway, apply NAT and other access control policies. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
31 Internet/Network: At the Local Routers IP control packets (generated at the router) and IP data packets (comes from the upper layer) Few protocols are periodically executed - routing table update, ICMP live message etc; other protocols (route lookup and QoS control - traffic shaping and policing) executes when an IP data packets are available. Use inter-domain routing (OSPF, RIP, IS-IS) to find out the next hop. Use ICMP to check whether the next hop is alive. Apply traffic shaping based on local policy (RED, token bucket, leaky bucket) At the gateway, apply NAT and other access control policies. Forward the IP datagram to the LLC queue. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
32 Router - May be the most complicated device of the Internet Two different logical planes - Control Plane and Data Plane Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
33 Router - May be the most complicated device of the Internet Two different logical planes - Control Plane and Data Plane Control activities - create some tables based on Routing protocols - routing tables QoS protocols (RSVP) - access control tables Congestion monitoring - RED feedback Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
34 Router - May be the most complicated device of the Internet Two different logical planes - Control Plane and Data Plane Control activities - create some tables based on Routing protocols - routing tables QoS protocols (RSVP) - access control tables Congestion monitoring - RED feedback Data Plane activities - for all incoming datagrams enqueue in LLC interface queue if the datagram passes all the checkups: RED for congestion avoidance Access control for QoS Route lookup Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
35 At Data Link Layer Use ARP to find out the MAC address of the next hop. Embed the IP datagram into MAC frames. Apply channel access protocol to forward the packet from one Layer 3 device to another Layer 3 device. The interim Layer 2 devices use Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to find out the path. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
36 Spanning Tree Protocol Layer 2 Switch Layer 2 Gateway (Layer 3) Default Gateway Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
37 Data Link Layer Forwarding Data link layer forwarding is a dumb forwarding. Every node blindly copy the frame to its output interface. Every other node connected to that interface, receives the frame, decode it, match the destination MAC address with its own address. If there is a match, it accepts the frame and forwards it to the upper layer for processing, otherwise discards the frame. Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
38 Thank You Sandip Chakraborty (IIT Kharagpur) CS April 12, / 21
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