CS155 - Firewalls. Simon Cooper <sc@sgi.com> CS155 Firewalls 22 May 2003
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1 CS155 - Firewalls Simon Cooper <sc@sgi.com> CS155 Firewalls 22 May
2 Why Firewalls? Need for the exchange of information; education, business, recreation, social and political Need to do something useful with your computer Drawbacks; unsolicited attention and bugs 2
3 Why Firewalls? There are a lot of people on the Internet Millions of people together -> bad things happen True for cities; it is true for the Internet With the Internet... Everyone is in your backyard! You can be scoped out at any time from anywhere The community discourages neighborhood watch like activities (a hot potato!) 3
4 Bugs, Bugs, Bugs All programs contain bugs Larger programs contain more bugs! Network protocols contain; Design weaknesses (SSH CRC) Implementation flaws (SSL, NTP, FTP, SMTP...) Careful (defensive) programming & protocol design is hard 4
5 What is a Firewall? Literally? Prevents fire from spreading! The Castle & Moat Analogy Restricts access from the outside Prevents attackers from getting too close Restricts people from leaving <- Important!! 5
6 What is a Firewall? Logically A separator, a restrictor and an analyzer Rarely a single physical object! Practically any place where internal and external data can meet 6
7 Where do you put a Firewall? Between insecure systems & the Internet To separate test or lab networks For networks with more sensitive data; Financial records Student grades Secret projects Partner or joint venture networks 7
8 Firewall Design & Architecture Issues Least privilege Defense in depth (very important) Choke point Weakest links Fail-safe stance Universal participation Diversity of defense Simplicity 8
9 Firewall Architectures Using a Screening Router to do Packet Filtering 9
10 Packet Filtering: IPv4 Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding 10
11 Packet Filtering: UDP Packets Source Destination Port Port Length Checksum data octets User Datagram Header Format 11
12 Packet Filtering: TCP packet structure Source Port Destination Port Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number Data U A E R S F Offset Reserved R C O S Y I Window G K L T N N Checksum Urgent Pointer Options Padding data TCP Header Format 12
13 Packet Filtering: Ipv6 Packet Header Version Prio. Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address
14 Packet Filtering: Summary IP Source Address IP Destination Address Protocol/Next Header (TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc) TCP or UDP source & destination ports TCP Flags (SYN, ACK, FIN, RST, PSH, etc) ICMP message type Packet size Fragmentation 14
15 Router Knowledge Interface packet arrives on Interface a packet will go out Is the packet in response to another one? How many packets have been seen recently? Is the packet a duplicate? Is the packet an IP fragment? 15
16 Filtering Example: Inbound SMTP 16
17 Filtering Example: Outbound SMTP 17
18 Stateful or Dynamic Packet Filtering 18
19 Network Address Translation (NAT) Port & Address Translation (PAT) 19
20 Normal Fragmentation 20
21 Abnormal Fragmentation 21
22 Firewall Architectures Screened Host Architecture 22
23 Bastion Host A secured system (it will interact/accepts data from the Internet) Disable all non-required services; keep it simple Install/modify services you want Run security audit to establish baseline Connect system to network <- important Be prepared for the system to be compromised 23
24 Firewall Architectures Screened Subnet Architecture Using Two Routers 24
25 Firewall Architectures Source/Destination Address Forgery 25
26 Firewall Architectures Dual Homed Host Architecture 26
27 Proxies Application level; dedicated proxy (HTTP) Circuit level; generic proxy SOCKS WinSock almost generic proxy for Microsoft Some protocols are natural to proxy SMTP ( ) NNTP (Net news) DNS (Domain Name System) NTP (Network Time Protocol) 27
28 Firewall Architectures A Complex Firewall Setup 28
29 Firewall Architectures A web server using a database on a perimeter network 29
30 Firewall Architectures A web server and database server on an internal network 30
31 Problems with Firewalls They interfere with the Internet They don't solve the real problems; Buggy software Bad protocols Generally cannot prevent Denial of Service Are becoming more complicated Many commercial firewalls permit very, very complex configurations 31
32 Elizabeth D. Zwicky, Simon Cooper D. Brent Chapman Questions? Simon Cooper 32
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