The Animal Kingdom IES Ramon Casas i Carbó De Palau de PLegamans

Transcription

1 The Animal Kingdom IES Ramon Casas i Carbó De Palau de PLegamans

2 CONTENTS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM... 4 DO YOU REMEMBER?... 5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION... 9 THE FUNCTION OF NUTRITION THE FUNCTION OF INTERACTION THE FUNCTION OF REPRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM UNIT THE INVERTEBRATES INTRODUCTION PORIFERAS CNIDARIANS WORMS Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms or annelids MOLLUSCS Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods ARTHROPODS Crustaceans Arachnids Insects Myriapods ECHINODERMS UNIT VERTEBRATES FISH Nutrition Breathing Sexual reproduction Bony Fish Sharks Ray AMPHIBIANS Salamander Frog Frog life cycle REPTILES... 68

3 What is a reptile? Types of reptiles Lizards A lizard s day How does a lizard spend the day? Crocodiles and alligators Life Cycle of a Crocodile Snakes How a snake hunts for food Turtles MAMMALS How a mammal grows from baby to adult BIRDS What is a bird? How a bird grows from an egg to an adult Birds of prey Eagles Plant-eaters Parrots Seabirds Pelican Penguin... 94

4 UNIT 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

5 DO YOU REMEMBER? ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 1. Look at the blackboard. Classify all the living beings in two columns: Unicellular Multicellular Living beings are made up of cells. We can classify living beings into: - unicellular beings, made up of one cell (bacteria, protozoa...) - multicellular beings, made up of more than one cell. Plants and animals, including human beings, are all multicellular beings. What is a cell? Cells are the smallest units of living beings. ACTIVITY 2. Underline the right word. Animals are Multicellular unicellular beings Cells can be classified into two different types: cells that have a nucleus and cells that don t have a nucleus. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 5

6 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science - Eucaryotic cells are cells which have a nucleus. (Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants). - Procariotic cells are cells which have no nucleus and are very simple cells (bacteria). ACTIVITY 3. Underline the right word Animals have procariotic eucaryotic cells Living beings are divided into two groups according to their form of nutrition: - Autotrophic beings, like plants, can produce their own food. - Heterotrophic beings, like animals, have to take their food from their environment, eating other animals or plants. Animals are heterotrophic beings ACTIVITY 4. Read these sentences, only three are correct. Underline them: 1. Animals are made up of one cell. 2. Animals are multicellular beings. 3. Animals have eucaryotic cells 4. Animals have procariotic cells 5. Animals can produce their own food 6. Animals are heterotrophic beings Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 6

7 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 5. Copy the right sentences from activity 4 in your notebook. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 7

8 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS Animals have locomotion: they move from one place to another, although some invertebrates don t move. Animals are more active than plants. Animals have sensitiveness: they react in front of different stimuli of the environment. They obtain information through their organs of sense and process it by the nervous system. The responses are complex, like movements, sounds, actions, etc. As the rest of living beings, animals have three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction. ACTIVITY 6. Join the sentences: Unicellular being Multicellular being Eucaryotic cell Procariotic cell Autotrophic being Heterotrophic being They can produce their own food Those which have a nucleus Made up of one cell Those which have no nucleus They take their food from the environment Made up of more than one cell ACTIVITY 7. Tick the places where we can find cells: - in a person s arm - in a mushroom - in a rock - in a piece of wood from a table - in a frog s leg - in a plastic pen - in the blood of an animal Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 8

9 ANIMAL WORLD LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living matter is organized into different levels: - Cells: There are many types of cells, each one with a special function All the cells in an animal make up the level of cellular organization. - Tissues: A tissue is a group of cells of the same type that perform the same function. - Organs: Tissues come together to make organs. An organ is made up of various different types of tissues which work in coordination. Heart, liver, red blood cells carry oxygen muscular cell contract to produce movements muscular cells make up the muscular tissue muscle, etc. are organs. - Systems and apparatus: Organs are grouped together to form systems and apparatus. A system is a set of organs that act in coordination in Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 9

10 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science order to perform a complex function, and have the same tissue: the nervous system is made of nervous tissue. Digestive apparatus is formed by oesophagus, stomach, liver, etc. ACTIVITY 8. Draw a picture of all the systems. There are nine major systems in the human body System Picture Function Digestive To digest and absorb food. Breathing To take O 2 into the body and remove CO 2. Excretory To remove waste materials from the body. Circulatory To carry blood round the body. Nervous To carry messages round the body. Sensory To receive information. Muscle To allow movement. Skeletal To provide support, protection and movement. Reproductive To produce new beings. ACTIVITY 9. Join the sentences: An organ is made up of The organs are grouped together to form in order to perform a complex function various different types of tissues which work in coordination. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 10

11 ANIMAL WORLD A system is a set of organs that act in coordination All the cells in an animal make up A tissue is a group of cells of the same type the level of cellular organization. that perform the same function. systems and apparatus. Now write down all the sentences: All the cells in an animal make up An organ is made up of A tissue is a group of cells of the same type The organs are grouped together to form A system is a set of organs that act in coordination ACTIVITY 10. Order the organization levels of the living matter: tissue, apparatus, organism, cell, organ, system Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 11

12 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 12

13 ANIMAL WORLD THE FUNCTION OF NUTRITION ACTIVITY 11. Match the three series of words: Human Pig Eat plants Hervibores Cow Eat plants and animals Carnivores Lion Eat animals Omnivores Horse Chimpanzee Wolf We can divide the animal kingdom in three different groups according to what they eat: - Herbivores: they eat plants: grass, leaves of trees, fruits, seeds, etc. Cows and horses are herbivores. - Carnivores: they eat other animals. Some of them hunt and eat fresh meat, others eat dead animals. Lions and wolves are carnivores. - Omnivores: they eat both plants and animals. Pigs and chimpanzees are omnivores. ACTIVITY 12. Complete the columns with the animals from the list. Add other animals you know, look up in the dictionary if necessary: pig, cow, lion, horse, chimpanzee, wolf, human, spider, snake, sheep. Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 13

14 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science The function of nutrition in animals is carried out by the interaction of four apparatus: - The digestive system: processes the food in order to extract the nutritious elements. Digestive system The respiratory apparatus circulatory apparatus - The respiratory apparatus: takes the oxygen, which they need to breathe, from the environment. - The circulatory apparatus: transports the substances, which they need to survive, to the cells. - The excretory apparatus: cleans the blood and eliminates waste products. Excretory apparatus Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 14

15 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 13. Write the apparatus that carry out the next functions: - Extracts nutrition elements from food: - Takes oxygen to breathe from the air: - Transports the substances to the cells: - Eliminates waste products: THE FUNCTION OF INTERACTION Animals interact with other living beings and also with their environment. Animals obtain information from their environment through their organs of sense. This information is processed by the nervous system, which is quite simple in the case of invertebrates but more complicated in vertebrates. Animals move through the muscles and skeleton in the case of vertebrates. Nervous system can do voluntary responses or reflex responses (non voluntary). Lets see how it works: An example of a voluntary response An example of a reflex response The endocrine system is made up of different glands which produce hormones, responsible for controlling the workings of different parts of the body. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 15

16 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITY 14. Look at the examples of voluntary and reflex responses and write down all the body parts that carry out a voluntary response and a reflex response: voluntary response reflex response ACTIVITY 15. Order these words to form a sentence: example: information, their, animals, obtain, from, environment Animals obtain information from their environment a) Animals, environment, with, their, interact b) muscles, skeleton, move, through, animals, and, the c) made up, of, is, glands, endocrine, system, the, different THE FUNCTION OF REPRODUCTION Animals have two different ways of reproduction: - Asexual reproduction: only one organism participates in the reproductive function and it is exclusive to some invertebrates. Starfish reproduces itself in this way, by separating off of a part of the original creature. - Sexual reproduction: Two organisms participate, the male and the female, each one with their sexual cells or gametes, their union forms a new individual. All animals have sexual reproduction. The union of gametes may take place in the environment (external fertilization) or inside the female s body (internal fertilization). The embryo develops inside an egg (oviparous animals) or inside the mother s body (viviparous animals). Most animals are oviparous. Only mammals are viviparous. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 16

17 ANIMAL WORLD CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Animals can be classified according to different criteria: - According to their food: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. - According to their embryonic development: oviparous, viviparous. - According to the environment they live in: land or water animals. - According to whether they have or not skeleton: invertebrates and vertebrates. We use different criteria to group the animals because the animal kingdom is very large and varied. The classification into vertebrates and invertebrates is used scientifically - Invertebrates: All those animals that do not have internal skeleton with a spine. The group of invertebrates is divided into many smaller groups. The most important are: Poriferas, Coelenterates, Worms, Arthropods, Molluscs and Equinoderms. - Vertebrates: All those animals that have an internal skeleton with a backbone. Vertebrates are divided into five groups: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. ACTIVITY 16. Think about the classification of animals and answer the questions: a) What are the two main groups of animals? What is the difference between them? b) Give several examples of invertebrates. c) Vertebrates are divided into different groups. Name some of them. Example: mammals ACTIVITY 17. Look at next page and complete this map: Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom 17

18 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom Department of Science 18

19 UNIT 2 THE INVERTEBRATES

20 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science INTRODUCTION Classify the animals into vertebrates or invertebrates and write their names: What do all these invertebrates have in common? All animals that don t have an internal skeleton with a backbone, or spinal column, are invertebrates. Invertebrates are divided into many smaller groups. The most important are: - Poriferas: with soft and porous body. Ex.: Sea sponges. - Cnidarians: with tentacles and stinging cells. Ex.: jellyfish, coral, anemones. - Worms: small flat or cylindrical animals. Ex.: earthworm, intestinal worms. 20

21 ANIMAL WORLD - Molluscs: most of them with a shell. Ex.: snails, octopus, mussels. - Arthropods: with an external skeleton and legs. Ex.: insects, spiders, crabs. - Echinoderms: with spiny skin. Ex.: starfish, sea urchins. CNIDARIANS PORIFERAS WORMS INVERTEBRATES MOLLUSCS ECHINODERMMS ARTHROPODS 21

22 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITIES 1- Relate the two columns: Poriferas Cnidarians Worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms flat or cylindrical body with spiny skin with stinging cells with porous in their body with exoskeleton and articulated legs soft body with a shell 2- Relate each group with the examples: Poriferas Cnidarians Worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms millipede sea urchin coral earthworm roundworm snail anemone octopus sponge crab jellyfish squid mussel starfish fly spider 3- Draw a jellyfish, a starfish, an octopus, a spider, a sponge, an earthworm, a snail, and write down the group where we can classify each one. 4- Which is the difference between a worm and a snake? Which group does the worm belong to? And the snake? 5- Complete the sentences with these words: Spiny, parasites, skeleton, porous, shell, sting - Sponges have... bodies. - Cnidarians have cells that... - Many worms are... - Most molluscs have a... - Arthropods have an external... - Echinoderms have a... skin. 6- Short answers: 22

23 ANIMAL WORLD a) Are most invertebrates land or water animals? b) Write some groups of invertebrates that have a shell or other external protections. c) Name some invertebrates that have spines or stinging cells to defend from predators. d) Which is the major group of invertebrates? 7- Crossword: Write the 6 groups of invertebrates: 8- Find the 6 groups of invertebrates: A E I O U E R O L A P I S A W B C D E F G H U X S M P M O L L U S C S V D R R O T S R C K Z A B O E V E R O U L M U X Y P U O I D I I A Z A S U O C R S A O F C E Y E O R P D S U R N E B M X I H M D E T P K I R Z B I T I L S F U O M H A Y X R S J K M G V L I C S N A I R A D I N C X K E 23

24 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science PORIFERAS This group is formed by sponges, the simplest invertebrate animals. They are aquatic creatures that live in the sea. They don t move from one place to another, they live fixed to the seabed. They have a soft body, full of pores and channels through which water can circulate. They have only one opening, the osculum, a large pore through which water flows out. They have a bag shape. Many sponges smell or taste so bad that other animals will not eat them. Poriferas 24

25 ANIMAL WORLD Most sponges live in salt water. They eat tiny, floating organic particles and plankton that they filter from water. Most sponges are hermaphrodites, with internal fertilization. Some of them also reproduce asexually: fragments of their body are broken off by water currents and carried to another place, where the sponge will grow. ACTIVITIES 1- Put the names of the external anatomy of a sponge: 2- Put the names of the internal anatomy of a sponge: Poriferas 25

26 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science 3- Order the letters to form a word: - s p f i o e a r r p... - g p n o s e s... - p r e o p... - m u l c u s o o Are these sentences true or false? Correct the false ones a. Sponges have two openings in their body b. They are the simplest animals in the world c. Sponges can swim d. They live fixed to the seabed e. Water circulates through the pores f. The osculum is a cell Poriferas 26

27 ANIMAL WORLD CNIDARIANS Also called coelenterates or stinging cells animals, because they have some cells, called cnidoblasts, that sting. They use these cells to catch their food, to kill their prey and to protect themselves. They are also very simple animals, marine creatures with a body similar to a bag and one only opening. They have long tentacles that contain the stinging cells. They include both colonial and solitary forms. The three most important examples are: - Jellyfish: the medusa form with a very soft and almost transparent body. They can move. They eat plankton. They have long tentacles to catch food. - Sea anemones: they live fixed to the seabed. They also have tentacles that look like flower petals, but they contain poison. Cnidarians 27

28 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Hermit crabs sometimes attach sea anemones to their shells for camouflage. Clown fish always lives near anemones, they are immune from the stinging tentacles. - Coral polyps: they are tiny animals that live together in large, colourful colonies. They have a soft body with stinging tentacles. They eat algae and small invertebrates. Dead coral polyps have stony skeletons that form the coral reef. As one polyp dies, another one grows on top. Coral reefs are found in tropical oceans around the world, and they are the home of many algae and small animals like fish, crustaceans, starfish or molluscs. ACTIVITIES 1- Draw a jellyfish and write the names of the main parts 2- Relate the two columns to form right sentences about cnidarians: - Cnidarians are transparent - They have colonies - Jellyfish are almost like flower petals - Coral live forming can not move - Cnidarians have cells marine creatures - Anemones have tentacles cnidoblasts - Jellyfish one opening in the body - Coral and anemones that sting - Stinging cells are called can move - Dead coral polyps form coral reef Cnidarians 28

29 ANIMAL WORLD 3- Complete the text with the words in the box: Coral, stinging cells, soft, plankton, anemones, food, tentacles, stinging, jellyfish, cnidoblasts, fixed, transparent, themselves, Cnidarians are also called animals. They have long... with... cells, called..., to catch... and to protect... Some cnidarians can move, like the..., with a... and almost... body. They eat... Others live... to the seabed, like the..., a solitary form, and the..., a colonial form. 4- Put these sentences in the right order: - A larva of coral polyp attaches to the reef. - Another coral polyp grows on top. - The coral polyp lives with other millions of coral polyps - The larva changes into an adult form - When they die, the skeleton forms the coral reef - The coral polyp makes a hard skeleton Cnidarians 29

30 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science WORMS There are many different kinds of worms, grouped together because of their shape. We can talk about three main groups: Flatworms With a flat body with one opening. Most of them are parasites; they live inside the body of a vertebrate. - Planarians are flat worms less than 1 cm long. They can regenerate. - Tapeworms (Taenia) are parasites of vertebrates. They can be many metres long. Taenia s head Roundworms They have a body similar to a tube with two openings. They live in soil, water or other organisms - Intestinal worms are very common men parasites. - Trichina : they are parasites that we can take by eating pork meat Worms 30

31 ANIMAL WORLD Segmented worms or annelids They have a cylindrical body divided into many segments and two openings. - Earth worms are very common and they are helpful because they improve the soil, their tunnels let water and air enter the soil and help plant growing. - Sea worms have many feet to move from one place to another. - Leeches have two suckers, at both ends of their body, and they suck blood from a vertebrate ( parasite). Worms 31

32 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITIES 1- Relate both columns: Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms cylindrical body body divided into segments flat body 2- Draw one example of each one. 3- Name 3 worms that are parasites 4- Relate each group with the examples: Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms leech planarian intestinal worm sea worm tapeworm trichina earthworm Worm by Vanessa Tauleria Worms 32

33 ANIMAL WORLD MOLLUSCS They have a soft body protected by a shell in most cases. They live in the oceans, in fresh water or on land, in very humid areas. They have eyes. We can find three important groups: Gastropods With a spiral-shaped shell and a large, strong foot. They are hermaphrodite, they make both eggs and sperm, and they exchange sperm and fertilize each other s eggs. Land snail Slug Sea snail Molluscs 33

34 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Bivalves Their shells have two parts or valves. They filter tiny bits of food from the water. They live on sandy seabed. clam mussel scallop cockle Molluscs 34

35 ANIMAL WORLD Cephalopods They are soft-bodied sea creatures with tentacles to catch their prey. They have very developed eyes. They don t have a shell. They move very fast to escape from predators. They fill their sack like body with water. To escape, they force the water out and jet off quickly. They can also squirt out clouds of ink to confuse an enemy. - Octopus: they eat crabs. They can change their colour and swim quickly to escape from enemies. They catch food with their eight tentacles. Each tentacle has many suckers that can hold onto rocks or catch prey. They have mouths with sharp teeth that they use to eat crabs and other sea creatures. They hide under rocks and in caves on the seabed, they hunt at night. - Squid: they can also change their colour. They swim in large schools and use their ten tentacles to catch fish and other prey. The giant squid is the largest mollusc. It can grow up to 17 metres long. - Cuttlefish: they have similar characteristics to the octopuses and the squids. Molluscs 35

36 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITIES 1- How can we distinguish between a bivalve and a gastropod? 2- And between a gastropod and a cephalopod? 3- Relate both columns: squid snail Gastropods scallop Bivalves Cephalopods 4- How do bivalves eat? 5- Relate: clam octopus mussel slug Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods Shell with 2 parts No shell Spiral-shaped shell 6- Label me! Molluscs 36

37 ANIMAL WORLD ARTHROPODS It is the largest and most varied group of living beings, with more of species. They have an external skeleton (exoskeleton) and articulated parts. They also have jointed feet. Their body has 2-3 segments. We find arthropods everywhere on earth, because they have the ability to adapt to almost every environment. Not all arthropods are dangerous or unpleasant: some of them pollinate plants and many of them are important food sources. Spiders are seldom poisonous and help human eating flies and insects. There are 4 main groups: Crustaceans They are aquatic animals that live in the sea or in fresh water. They usually have 5 pairs of legs and gills for breathing. They have 2 body segments: cephalothorax and abdomen. Some examples of crustaceans are: lobster, shrimp, crab, prawn, crayfish. shrimp lobster crab Many tiny crustaceans drift near the surface of the ocean (plankton). They have antennae, organs that touch, taste and smell. Arthropods 37

38 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Parts of a crustacean : Arachnids They have 4 pairs of walking legs, 2 body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen) and no antennae. Most of them live in land. Some examples of arachnids are: spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks. Mites and ticks are parasites. Mites are microscopic and live in soil and in domestic dust. Ticks are ectoparasites of mammals like dogs and can transmit many diseases. When a spider catches an insect, it stings it and forces a poison into it. They usually make a web to catch insects. scorpion spider Arthropods 38

39 ANIMAL WORLD mite tick Parts of an arachnid : Arthropods 39

40 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Insects They make up the biggest group of arthropods, with more than different species. They are land animals, although some of them live in fresh water. They have 3 pairs of legs and 2 antennae. Almost all insects have wings, 1 or 2 pairs. They have 3 body sections: head, thorax and abdomen. The wings and legs are connected to the thorax and the abdomen is the rear part. They have two kinds of eyes: simple eyes see light and darkness, compound eyes form sharp images and see movements with thousand of lenses. Some examples of insects are: mosquito, fly, bee, beetle, butterfly, ant, grasshopper, cricket. fly bee mosquito ant butterfly beetle grasshopper Arthropods 40

41 ANIMAL WORLD Some insects, like the grasshopper, have mouths that can chew plants. The butterfly has a mouth that can suck juices from flowers. Being able to fly allows many insects to find food in a large area and also to find mates. They reproduce very quickly and in very large numbers. A grasshopper can lay more than 100 eggs every 10 days. Crickets are well-known for their sounds. This is the life cycle of an ant, that has 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult: Parts of an insect : Arthropods 41

42 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science This is the life cycle of a butterfly, with the stages: egg, carterpillar (larva), pupa and adult Arthropods 42

43 ANIMAL WORLD Myriapods They are land creatures. They are shaped like worms and they have a lot of legs. They have many body segments. They live under rocks and dark places. Some examples of myriapods are: millipede, centipede, scalopendra. centipede scalopendra millipede Millipede means one thousand feet, but they really have less than one thousand, they have 4 legs in each segment. Centipede means a hundred feet, but they really have less than one hundred feet, they have 2 legs in each segment. A millipede protects itself by curling up and they eat plants. Centipedes have claws with poison glands. They catch and eat insects and earthworms. Parts of a myriapod: Arthropods 43

44 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITIES 1- Complete the next table: CRUSTACEANS ARACHNIDS INSECTS MYRIAPODS HABITAT N. OF LEGS N. OF ANTENNAE N. OF WINGS BODY PARTS EXAMPLES 2- Which group of arthropods do they belong to? Termite Centipede Crab Fly Spider Millipede Bee Shrimp Ant Lobster Scalopendra Tick Mosquito Mite Butterfly Scorpion Beetle Example: termite: insects 3- True or false? Arthropods have a shell Arthropods have an exoskeleton A spider is an insect A centipede is an arachnid All insects have wings Myriapods have lots of legs We can find arthropods everywhere on earth All insects and arachnids are unpleasant and poisonous T F Arthropods 44

45 ANIMAL WORLD 4- Find out the name and the group of arthropod in each case: Example: a) grasshopper, insects a) Arthropod with mouths that can chew plants. b) Arthropod with 5 pairs of legs c) Arthropod with 100 legs d) Arthropod that live in society e) Arthropod that we can eat and is very expensive f) Arthropod that stings g) Arthropod that makes a web h) Arthropod with 3 body parts 5- Find out the names in the crosswords. All of them are arthropods Insect that can chew plants 2- Crustacean with a hard exoskeleton 3- Myriapod with 100 legs 4- Insect without wings 5- Very expensive crustacean 6- Insect that stings 7- Arachnid 6- Write the name of 4 arthropods useful for men Which are the 4 stages of an insect life cycle? Arthropods 45

46 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science 8- Label the drawings: Arthropods 46

47 ANIMAL WORLD Arthropods 47

48 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ECHINODERMS Also called spiny skinned animals because they have a tough skin and spines. Many of them have bodies with 5 sections and many tube feet to walk and to catch food. These feet can fasten firmly onto rocks and even big waves will not move them. They are marine animals. They are voracious carnivores and predators. They eat many sea creatures: worms, crabs, coral, clams, etc. The starfish uses its tube feet to open the shell of the bivalves and pushes its stomach out through its mouth and into the shell to eat their body. The mouth of a starfish is on the underside of its body, in the centre. The main kinds of echinoderms are: Starfish (also called sea stars): they have 5 or more arms, covered in hard skin. They can regenerate lost parts: if an arm breaks off, it can regrow. Most of them live in shallow water. They move very slowly along the seabed, using hundreds of tiny tube feet. They eat clams, oysters, coral, fish... Echinoderms 48

49 ANIMAL WORLD Sea urchins: They have a globular body and long spines that radiate from the body. They eat plant and animal matter. Many of them have venomous spines. Sea cucumbers: They are cylindershaped animals. They have no arms but they have tentacles surrounding the mouth. They eat decaying matter. Echinoderms 49

50 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Brittle fish or brittle star: similar to the starfish with longer and thinner arms that radiate from a flat central disk. They eat decaying matter. ACTIVITIES 1- Draw a starfish and a brittle star and say the differences between them 2- Write the names of 4 echinoderms 3- How many parts has the body of an echinoderm? 4- Complete the table: Starfish Sea urchin Sea cucumber Brittle star Have they arms? What do they eat? Draw it! Echinoderms 50

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52 UNIT 3 VERTEBRATES Echinoderms 52

53 ANIMAL WORLD Vertebrates Page 53

54 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Vertebrates have an internal skeleton and a backbone. They can be divided into five groups. FISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES VERTEBRATES BIRDS MAMMALS Vertebrates 54

55 ANIMAL WORLD FISH Animals that live in water and can swim. All fish have a backbone, gills and fins. They are oviparous. Nutrition There are carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous. The food they eat is very varied: algae and other small animals. Breathing by Anna Argemí They breathe through gills. They take oxygen from water. Way through the gills Way out of water with CO 2 Entry of water with oxygen Fish 55

56 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Sexual reproduction Fish are oviparous animals. They have sexual reproduction and their fertilization is external. That means that the union of male and female gametes takes place in the water Complete the table below. ACTIVITIES Fish Food Breathing Reproduction Place where they live 2. - Find the mistake and change it with the right word. a) Fish are covered with hair. b) Fish take in oxygen from the air. c) Fish are viviparous. d) Fish have internal fertilization Match parts of words. oxy ovipa gam sca fertiliza rous gen etes tion les Fish 56

57 ANIMAL WORLD 4. - Complete the sentences with the words from the activity number 3. a) The union of male and female take place in the water. b) Fish are animals. c) Fish have sexual reproduction and their is external. d) They take from water. e) Fish are animals which have and fins Put these words in order. Fins, gills, operculum, mouth, eyes, scales a) n s i f f. b) g l s l i g c) u u e o m p l r c o... d) h m u o t m... e) s e e y e... f) l e s a cs s Find seven words related to the fish. R Q W G X R B C V N H P C E O F K L G V U X Z K M O P E X J F I N S K N F G E R H K L Z X C L G W R R T O T Y U I O A K Z V C I B D H Y T R U N Q R U L G N U H K O X F P X L I V B J C A N E C Z B U S G A M E T E S I T Q M A I W T R Y I P Y D F G T L H J K L Z O R X C V I L B N M K L R N S A T O S Q P O Y T U Y K B S N T E I U N V E J Fish 57

58 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Bony Fish Bony fish have skeletons made of bone. Scales cover their bodies. Tuna, salmon and goldfish are all bony fish. Bony fish can stop swimming and not sink to the bottom. Inside each fish is a swim bladder that contains air, like a balloon. The fish can inflate the swim bladder to float higher in the water or deflate it to swim into deeper water. Sharks Sharks are fish with skeletons made of cartilage, not bone. Sharks have skin that is rough and scratchy. Sharks swim by moving their strong tails from side to side. They do not have a swim bladder, sharks must keep swimming or they sink. Fish 58

59 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY: MATH PROBLEM Do the math problem and then substitute a letter for each number, from the letter code, to answer the question. This shark is a large, feared predator with over 3,000 triangular teeth. It eats fish, squid and other sea creatures. Letter Code: 1-A 2-E 3-G 4-H 5-I 6-K 7-R 8-S 9-T 10-W Ray Math solution Letter substitution Math solution Letter substitution Manta rays are the largest rays. These harmless fish have a short tail, a flat body, and no stinging spine. Rays have no bones, only cartilage. Mantas are dark brown to black on top with paler edges; they are mostly white underneath. Fish 59

60 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Animal report: Seahorse Anatomy Seahorses have a long, horse-like head (hence their name) and a curled tail. Seahorses range in size from under a centimetre long Protection Seahorses can change their colour to camouflage (hide) themselves in order to hide from enemies. Where it lives They live in warm water and are very slow swimmers Reproduction The female seahorse produces eggs, but they are held inside the male's body until they hatch; he is pregnant for about 40 to 50 days. The sea horse is the only animal in which the father is pregnant. Interesting facts they don't have scales Fish 60

61 ANIMAL WORLD AMPHIBIANS Amphibians are vertebrates. Amphibians spend part of their lives under the water (breathing with gills) and the rest on land (breathing with lungs). Amphibians are cold-blooded; their temperature depends on the temperature of their environment. There are two groups of living amphibians: newts and salamanders; frogs and toads. Mr. Salamander, have you got a tail? Yes, I have Mr. Frog, have you got a tail? No, I haven t Frog ACTIVITY 1 Read and tick ( ) 1 Amphibians are vertebrates 2 Amphibians are not cold-blooded. Amphibians spend part of their lives under the 3 water(breathing with gills) Amphibians spend part of their lives on land 4 (breathing with lungs) 5 There are three groups of livings amphibians. Salamandres and newts are amphibians that have 6 a tail its entire life. 7 Adult toads and frogs have tail. True False Amphibians 61

62 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Salamander by Patricia Serrano Miró Salamanders are amphibians that retain their tail as an adult. They are animals that begin their lives in the water breathing through gills; as they grow up, they develop lungs and breathe air. Salamanders look like lizards without scales. Anatomy: Adult salamanders are about 10 to 20 cm long. Most have four short legs, but some species only have front legs. There are four toes on each front leg, and five toes on each hind leg. As salamanders grow, they lose the outer layer of the skin and eat it. Life cycle: Salamanders lay eggs into the water. The larvae breathe through gills and swim. As they grow up, they develop lungs for breathing air and go onto the land, but remain in the water. Diet: Salamanders eat insects, worms, snails, and small fish. Amphibians 62

63 ANIMAL WORLD Frog Red-Eyed Tree Frog are amphibians. These little frogs live in tropical rainforest in Central America and northern South America. Red-Eyed Tree Frogs are nocturnal (most active at night); they rest on the undersides of large leaves during the day. Anatomy: Red-Eyed Tree Frogs have large, red eyes. Their body is bright green and the sides are blue with pale yellow stripes. The feet are red/orange, the upper legs are blue. They have long, powerful jumping legs, suction cups on the toes and, very short backbone. Females are larger than males. Diet: The Red-Eyed Tree Frog is a meat-eater (carnivore). It eats insects, catching them with its long, sticky tongue. It also eats small invertebrates and sometimes small frogs. Enemies: Some bats, snakes, and birds eat the Red-eyed Tree Frog Amphibians 63

64 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Frog life cycle by Carla Romaguera Life cycle: Red-eyed tree frogs spend their lives near the water (usually rivers) because they must return to the water to lay eggs. Adult males make a loud croaking sound to establish their territory and to attract females. Female Red-eyed tree frogs lay eggs on the undersides of leaves (which are right above the water); the male fertilizes the eggs as they are laid. When the eggs hatch into tiny brown tadpoles, they fall into the water below. The tadpoles breathe with gills and swim with a tail. As they mature, they lose their tail, they develop lungs (for breathing air), and they become brightly coloured. ACTIVITY 2. Read the definitions below, and then label the frog life cycle diagram. egg - Tiny frog eggs are laid in masses in the water by a female frog. The eggs hatch into tadpoles. tadpole - (also called the polliwog) This stage hatches from the egg. The tadpole spends its time swimming in the water, eating and growing. Tadpoles breathe using gills and have a tail. tadpole with legs - In this stage the tadpole sprouts legs (and then arms), has a longer body, and has a more distinct head. It still breathes using gills and has a tail. froglet - In this stage, the almost mature frog breathes with lungs and still has some of its tail. adult - The adult frog breathes with lungs and has no tail (it has been absorbed by the body). Amphibians 64

65 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 3. Label the Red Eyed Frog using the world bank below and then colour the frog correctly. belly (blue with pale yellow stripes) blue upper legs bright green skin green lower legs nostril red eyes Red-orange feet Slit-like black pupil Suction pads on the toes Amphibians 65

66 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITY 4 Let s scan amphibians. Answer the following questions. 1. Where do young amphibians live? 2. Where do adult amphibians live? 3. This word starts with a "G." Young amphibians breathe underwater using these. What is this word? 4. This word starts with an "F." It is an amphibian that loses its tail when it is an adult. What is it called? 5. This word starts with a "T." It is an amphibian that has poison glands and warty skin. What is it called? 6. This word starts with a "T." It is an early, swimming stage in the life cycle of a frog or toad. What is it called? Amphibians 66

67 ANIMAL WORLD 7. This word starts with an "S." It is an amphibian that has a tail its entire life. What is it called? 8. This word starts with an "N." It is a type of brightly-coloured salamander. What is it called? 9. This phrase starts with a "P." It is a type of poisonous amphibian that lives in South America. What is it called? 10. This word starts with a "G." It is a long-extinct amphibian that lived over 200 million years ago. What is it called? ACTIVITY 5 Use these clues to complete the crossword puzzle. 1. Amphibians develop for breathing air. 2. Amphibians spend their near the water. 3. Red-Eyed Tree Frogs are larger than males. 4. Many newts have spots along their sides. 5. & 6. Toads eat insects and other small animals, them with their long, tongue. 7. Amphibian s eggs are laid in the water. When they they breathe with gills and swim. 8. Amphibians must return to the water to their eggs. 1 L 2 I 3 F 4 E - 5 C 6 Y 7 C 8 L 9 E Amphibians 67

68 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science What is a reptile? REPTILES Reptiles are cold-blooded animals. This means they need heat from the sun to warm their bodies. Reptiles have scales to protect their bodies. The scales make a thick, tough skin. I have scales so I have a thick, rough skin Reptiles lay their eggs on land. The shells protect the baby reptiles while they grow. Types of reptiles There are many different types of reptiles. There are more than 6000 species of reptiles. Lizards, crocodiles, snakes and turtles are reptiles. Reptiles 68

69 ANIMAL WORLD We have a backbone and scales Reptiles live in different habitats. Crocodiles and alligators live in swamps and rivers in warm climates. Turtles can live in the sea. Lizards and snakes live in the dessert. Reptiles 69

70 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Lizards Most lizards have four legs and a long tail. Their scales are bright and colourful. Lizards eat insects, small animals and plants. They can move quickly to catch their food. Many Lizards have sharp claws for digging, climbing and catching food. A lizard s day How does a lizard spend the day? by Anna Argemí 1. Early Morning. At sunrise a lizard moves slowly. It warms itself in the sun before going hunting. 2. Late Morning. The warm lizard can move quickly. Lizards hunt and catch insects and small animals. 3. Afternoon. After feeding, the lizard rests in the sun to digest its food. 4. Night. At night the lizard finds a safe place to sleep. During the night the lizard s body cools down. In the morning the lizard can only move slowly. Reptiles 70

71 ANIMAL WORLD Crocodiles and alligators Crocodiles and alligators have four short legs and a long tail. They can hide under the water and breathe through their noses. Their long tails help them to swim. Crocodiles and alligators eat fish and other animals. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws help them to catch food. Baby crocodiles look like their parents Life Cycle of a Crocodile How a crocodile grows from an egg to an adult by Partricia Serrano Miró 1. A crocodile lays its eggs in a nest under the ground. 2. The mother crocodile protects the eggs until they hatch. 3. The baby crocodiles hatch out of their eggs. The baby crocodiles look like their parents, only smaller. 4. Baby crocodiles eat insects, frogs and small fish. As the crocodiles grow bigger, they grow new scales. Reptiles 71

72 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Snakes Snakes have long, slim bodies covered by scales. They have no legs, but they can move quickly over the ground by wriggling from side to side. Some snakes can climb trees, and others can swim. Snakes eat small animals. They move very quickly to catch their food. Some snakes, such as pythons, kill by crushing. Venomous snakes kill small animals by injecting them with venom. They have sharp teeth called fangs. When the snake bites, its fangs inject venom into the animal. How a snake hunts for food by Vanessa Tauleria Villa 1. At sunrise a snake moves slowly out of its hole into the sun. 2. Snakes have a very good smell. The snake smells the air using its forked tongue. 3. A mouse comes near, looking for food. The snake moves quickly. Its fangs inject venom into the mouse. 4. The mouse dies. The snake swallows the whole mouse. Reptiles 72

73 ANIMAL WORLD Turtles Turtles have a hard shell. This hard shell protects them from depredators. Scales and skin cover the rest of the turtle s body. The scales are smooth. Most turtles live in ponds and rivers. They feed on insects, small animals such as frogs, and plants. Some turtles live on land. Some turtles live in the sea. Their feet are shaped like flippers that are good for swimming. Sea turtles come out of the water to lay their eggs in the sand. They eat fish and plants. ACTIVITY 1 Match words and pictures Snake Turtle Crocodile Chameleon Alligator Iguana ACTIVITY 2 Complete the sentences using these words. warm, cold-blooded, scales, reptiles, shells, lay Lizards, crocodiles, snakes, alligators, chameleons, iguanas and turtles are Reptiles are covered in Reptiles their eggs on land Reptiles 73

74 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Reptiles are animals Reptiles live in or hot places The protect the baby reptiles while they grow. ACTIVITY 3 Match the words with their definitions. The first example is done for you. ACTIVITY 4 a) Backbone The poison used by some animals to kill prey b) Fangs The place where an animal or plant lives c) Habitat The sharps, hollow teeth of snakes d) Venom Place with particular weather e) Climate a The spine f) Predator An animal that hunts and eats other animals Words related to a lizard s day. Use them in sentences. Early Morning Lizard s day Afternoon Late morning Night Reptiles 74

75 ANIMAL WORLD Early Morning: Late Morning: Afternoon: Night: ACTIVITY Complete this chart. With an animal picture Live Eat Have got Ponds, rivers, sea and land Insects, animals plants small and Shell On land and in the sea Small animals No legs Near water Fish and other animals Long tail strong jaws In warm parts of the world Insects, animals plants small and Four legs and a long tail Reptiles 75

76 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITY 6 Complete the follow crossword Reptiles 76

77 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 7 Reptiles 77

78 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science MAMMALS Mammals are warm-blooded animals that have a backbone. Mammals are the only animals that feed their babies with mother s milk. All mammals are warm-blooded. That means they keep the same body temperature all the time. Most mammals are covered with fur or hair. The fur helps to keep the animals warm. Whales have a layer of fat to keep them warm. Mammals give birth to babies. Mothers make milk to feed their babies. Milk is a special food that helps the young mammal to grow. How a mammal grows from baby to adult. a) A baby mammal develops inside its mother. b) After it is born, the baby suckles on milk from its mother. At first, the milk is all the food the baby needs. c) A baby mammal learns to feed itself. d) A young adult can look after itself and it leaves its parents. Mammals 78

79 ANIMAL WORLD Mammals are divided into six groups Mammals with hoofs Carnivores Monkeys and Apes Mammals Sea Mammals Rodents Flying Mammals Mammals with Hoofs eat plants. They are herbivores. Zebras, giraffes and elephants are all mammals with hoofs. Mammals 79

80 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Many hoofed mammals live in groups called herds. The herd moves from place to place in search for food. Hoofed mammals are plant-eaters. Plant-eaters have flat, wide teeth to grind their food. Zebras eat grass. Giraffes and elephants eat leaves. Carnivores. Mammals that are carnivores hunt and eat other animals. Lions, tigers and foxes are carnivores. Lion and tigers are the largest of the big cats. They use their sharp teeth and claws to catch and kill their food. Lions kill and eat zebras. Foxes hunt and eat other animals. They use their sharp teeth to catch and eat their food. Foxes kill and eat birds, rodents and other small animals. Monkeys and Apes are mammals called primates. They are warm-blooded, furry animals that feed their babies with the mother s milk. They eat nuts, seeds, fruit and leaves. Monkeys are very good climbers. They use their hands, feet and tails to help them climb. Mammals 80

81 ANIMAL WORLD Chimpanzees, orang-utans and gorillas are all apes. Apes do not have tails. Mammals 81

82 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science Sea mammals. Whales, dolphins and seals are mammals. They are warmblooded animals that live in the sea and feed their babies with milk. Sea mammals have flippers instead of legs. Dolphins and seals use their flippers and tails to swim through the water. Dolphins and seals have sharp teeth. They use them to catch fish and squid. The blue whale is the largest animal to ever live. Blue whales feed on tiny creatures. Blue whales have a layer of fat under their skin called blubber. The blubber helps to keep them warm in the cold water. Dolphin SEAL Mammals 82

83 ANIMAL WORLD Rodents are small mammals with four sharp front teeth. They are warmblooded, furry animals that suckle their babies. Rodents live in almost every part of the world. Rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs are all rodents they feed on grass, seeds, nuts and plants. Flying mammals. Bats are the only mammals that can fly. They are warmblooded, furry animals that suckle their babies. Bats do not have feathers like birds. They have wings of skin that stretch from their fingers to their feet. Many bats eat insects and fruits, bats hunt at night. They use the echoes to help them find and catch insects. They have large eyes to help them see in the dark. Mammals 83

84 IES Ramon Casas i Carbó Department of Science ACTIVITY 1 Use these clues to complete the crossword puzzle Mamals that are hunt and eat other animals arme small mammals with four sharp front teeth After a baby mammal is born, the baby on milk from its mother 4. - The moves from place to place in search of food Vertebrates are animals that have a 6. - is a special food that helps the young mammal to grow Apes and are mammals called primates is an animal that eats plants have feathers and they can fly Sea mammals have a layer of fat under the skin. What is it called? Mother mammals make milk to her babies. 1 C 2 O 3 L 4 D - 5 B 6 L 7 O 8 O 9 D 10 E 11 D ACTIVITY Match these two columns. Milk keeps the same body temperature all the time Warm-blooded Suckle Vertebrates Blubber special food that helps the young mammal to grow. animals that have a backbone feed on milk from the mother s body a layer of fat under the skin of sea mammal Mammals 84

85 ANIMAL WORLD ACTIVITY 3 Write three mammals with hoofs. ACTIVITY 4 Make a list of three mammals that are carnivores. ACTIVITY 5 Pick two animals and compare them. What things do they have in common, and what things are different about them? Write them on the diagram. Zebras are hoofed mammals that have black and white stripes. They live in herds. They eat grass. They are herbivores. They are mammals with Giraffes are the tallest land animals. They eat leaves. They are herbivores. They are mammals with hoofs Elephants are mammals with hoofs. They live in herds. They are herbivores. They eat leaves. They are the largest land animals Mammals 85