An Approach to Improve Irrigation Management of Groundwater Use to Secure Future Dates Demands IN KSA

Transcription

1 An Approach to Improve Irrigation Management of Groundwater Use to Secure Future Dates Demands IN KSA A.S. ELAMIN, A.A. BUKHARI, B.S. QUNAIBI Center of Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Mineral Dhahran, KSA 23 rd Joint GCC-Japan Environment Symposium (The 5 th Joint KISR - JCCP Environment Symposium) December 15-17, 2014 Kuwait City,Kuwait.

2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSUMPTION IN KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA IRRIGATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT

3 INTRODUCTION Available Water Resources in Saudi Arabia (MCM) Surface water 5,000 8,000 (2,230 available for use) Groundwater resources Groundwater recharge 2,185,000 (84,000 renewable groundwater in shallow aquifers) 3,958 (1,196 to shallow aquifers and 2,762 to deep aquifers in the Arabian shelf) Desalination 1,050 Treated wastewater 400

4 INTRODUCTION The overall objectives of water resource management in the Kingdom as presented in the Seventh Plan for 1420/1-1424/5 AH or 2000/1-2004/5 include: To continue with the supply of potable water in sufficient quantities and good quality; To consider water as a basic factor and an important determinant in assessing the economic viability of public and private projects; To conserve water resources and rationalize water consumption; and To increase the role of the private sector in management, operation and maintenance of water facilities.

5 INTRODUCTION Increase in Water Consumption in KSA Comparison between 1980 and % Sea Water desalination 38% Nonrenewable Groundwater 2010 Seawater desalination capacity greatly increased, it only, satisfies - 7% of the total national water demand % 38% 60% 60% Surface Water Shallow aquifer Recharge 10 BCM Reliance or nonrenewable water sources tremendously increased 17.5 BCM Source: KFUPM-RI & MOWE

6 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT KSA Cultivated land in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia between 1986 (left) and 2004 (right)

7 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KSA Total Area and Water Consumption of Cereals, Fodder and Permanent Crops. (1972,1992 and 2011) Year 1972 Crop Area Water consumption (Hectare) (CM) Area (Hect.) Water consumption (CM) Area (Hect.) Water consumption (CM) Cereals 15, ,833,571 1,124,201 6,549,025, ,236 1,301,160,413 Fodder 32, ,397, ,646 3,858,820, ,542 6,243,736,666 Per. Crops 35, ,356, , ,529, ,145 1,187,374,098

8 AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSUMPTION IN KSA Total water consumption Item Cereals Fodder Permanent Crops Vegetables Total Total Water consumption (BCM) Percentage

9 AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSUMPTION IN KSA Water level, obs.well No. H-6-A, Alat Aquifer Al- Hasa Water Level Trends before and after agricultural boom Year Water Level, Obs. Well No. 1-Q-139S, Saq Aquf. Al-Qassem Water Level (m) Water level (m) Year

10 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA WORLD TOP 10: DATE FRUIT PRODUCING COUNTRIES 2011 RANK COUNTRY (1000 metric tons) 1 Egypt 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Iran 1, United Arab Emirates Algeria Iraq Pakistan Oman Tunisia Libya SOURCE: UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)

11 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Total Annual Water consumption by Permanent crops ( ) Total Water consumed by permanent Crops ( ) Total water consumed (Dates ( )) Total Water consumed (Citrus fruits ( )) 2,000,000,000 Total water Consumed (Grapes ( )) Total water consumed (Other Fruit( )) 1,500,000,000 Total water consumed (All fruits ( )) 1,000,000, ,000, Total water consumed in cubic meters 2,500,000,000

12 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Percentage of water consumed by different permanent crops Percentage of the Total water consumed by(dates ( )) 21%(9.6 BCM) Percentage of the Total Water consumed by (Citrus fruits ( )) 5.80% (2.7BCM) 11%(5.2 BCM) 62% (29BCM) Percentage of the Total water Consumed by (Grapes ( )) Percentage of the Total water consumed by (Other Fruit( ))

13 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Average dates production and average water consumption of Dates in different areas of Saudi Arabia. Province Eastern Province Riyadh Region Al-Qaseem Region Hail Region Tabouk Region Al-Madinah Makkah Region Asir Region Al-Baha Region Jazan Region Najran region Al-jouf region Northern Province Average production (Ton/hectare) Average Water consumption (1000M*** ton)

14 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Average Production per hectare and Water consumption per ton in different areas of Saudi Arabia Average production(ton/hec) Av. Water consumption(1000m***\ton)

15 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Irrigation of date palm tree by drip system using orifice emitter method Irrigation of date palm tree using valves method Irrigation of date palm tree by drip system using bubbler method Irrigation of date palm tree by drip system using spray method

16 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA VALUES OF THE FIELD APPLICATION EFFICIENCY Irrigation methods Field application efficiency Surface irrigation (border, furrow, basin) 60% Sprinkler irrigation 75% Drip irrigation 90%

17 DATE PALM CULTIVATION IN KSA Future Date Demand and future water demand ( ) Year Average per Capita date Demand (kg/capita/yr) Total Date Demand (1000 tons) Average water demand m3/ton Total water demand (1000 m3) ,878, ,446,186 3,075, ,659, Source: calculated from KSU future agricultural plan, KSA, second report 1442 H 2,155,210 2,753,385 3,359,822

18 IRRIGATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT Irrigation Demand Management for Water Conservation Objective Technology Reduce Water Delivery Reduce Crop Water Requirement (Bucks et al,1992) Irrigation Scheduling: Provide information on when, how much and how to apply irrigation water. Increased Irrigation Efficiency: Increase physical measures such as canal lining pipes, land leveling, control structures, improved and automated systems. Reduce Water Evaporation: Use of chemical films, conditioners, and floating objects to impede the escape of water molecules. Reduced Soil Evaporation: Use of crop residues, plastic mulches, synthetic or natural soil conditioners and install surface and subsurface irrigation systems. Reduce Water Use by Non-economic and Phreatophytes Vegetation: Clearing, thinning of phreatophytes. Limited Irrigation: Apply less water than maximum ET demand. Limited Irrigated Cropland Acreage: Convert irrigated cropland in watershort areas to dry land farming. Crop selection and Modification: Select drought-resistant strains that can withstand dry periods. Decision-Making Models and Systems: Use of data on water availability and other factors to recommended optimum management of energy, salinity, fertilizer, insect, etc.

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