Computation of Tissue Temperature in Human Periphery during Different Biological and Surrounding Conditions
|
|
- Rodger Rice
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Computation of Tissue Temperature in Human Periphery during Different Biological and Surrounding Conditions M. P. Gupta National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research Bhopal Abstract-- A mathematical model is presented to determine tissue temperature in the periphery of human thigh during moderate(23 ) and cool(15 ) environment temperature and the effect of sweat evaporation on heat loss from human body is also measured. The region under study is a circular cross-section of human thigh and further has been partitioned into three concentric tissues layers on the basis of biological properties. The outer surface of the region is assumed to be exposed to moderate and cool surrounding temperature and heat exchange takes place with the environment through convection radiation and evaporation. The variation in biological parameters like blood mass flow thermal conductivity of tissues specific heat of the tissues are considered varying with respect to position in different concentric tissues layers. The metabolic heat generation is assumed to vary with respect to both position and temperature. Keywords-- tissue temperature periphery tissues layers metabolic heat generation. I. INTRODUCTION Temperature plays an important role in the functioning of human biological system. The human body is hypothetically divided into core and shell (Chatterji [1]). The core consists of the brain and the internal organs in the trunk and maintains its temperature of about 37. Shell contains the remaining parts of the body the periphery surface tissues and limbs. The temperature of this region is less constant. When environment conditions vary core temperature is maintained partly by behaviour and partly by the body`s thermo- regulatory system. The surface temperature of a man in heat balance is always lower than the core temperature (Guyton[2]). This means that the arterial blood which flows to the outer shell losses heat and returns as colder venous blood. As per anatomy (Gary[3]) and Physiology of human body it is found that temperature not only varies along the axial direction but also varies along the angular direction in the limbs. This is because the arteries carry blood from the body core to the extremities of the limbs from where this blood is carried back by veins to the core. The major artery lies on one side of the limbs while the vein in the other side of the limb. The blood coming in the vein is at the lower temperature than the blood in the artery. Thus one side of limb is at lower temperature than the other side of the limb. Hence under varying environmental conditions the temperature distribution in human periphery is interesting for various practical purposes. 588 The study of heat transfer under various conditions in the human body has been attempted by several researchers [4-14]. Initially in 1948 Pennes devised his bio-heat equation (known as heat sink equation) which describes the blood to tissue heat transfer as if it all takes place in the capillaries. Later in1962 Perl introduced a mathematical model which elaborates heat and matter distribution in body tissues. Since then these mathematical models have been widely used to develop theoretical and experimental concept for various clinical/advanced research purpose. Earlier experimental work was carried out by Patterson to determine temperature profiles in the peripheral regions of human. Mitchell et al. presented an analytical model to predict temperature as a function of time in human legs. Weinbaum et. Al. further developed the research to study the heat flow in human limbs. Saxena and Pardasani extended the research work to study the heat migration in skin and dermal region of human body Further Saxena and Bindra Saxena and Gupta developed a Pseudo Analytic method (PAM) for two dimensional case to study the temperature distribution in human limbs. Here the research work has been extended with more complexity of the cross-section and biological parameters to study the behaviour of tissue temperature during cool(15 ) and moderate(23 ) environmental temperature for two dimensional case. The mathematical model used here for computing tissue temperature in Human periphery is based on the Perl s model. This mathematical model in equation form can be written as ρ = div [ K grad u ] + m b c b (u A u) + S (1) the symbols used in this equation has the meaning as given below: ρ= tissue density = tissue specific heat u= tissue temperature t= time K= tissue thermal conductivity m b = blood mass flow rate c b = specific heat of blood u A = Arterial blood temperature S = metabolic heat generation rate. Geometrically the human body organs are very close to cylinder in shape and the projection of transverse cross section is very close to circular in shape.
2 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Hence the above equation (1) for three dimensional steady state case in cylindrical polar form with M= m b c b can be put as II MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION Here assuming that the physiological parameters are symmetrical with respect to Z-direction but varies along angular and radial direction. The region under study is a transverse cross section of human thigh which is geometrically circular in shape. Therefore for study state two dimensional case Perl's heat equation in polar cylindrical coordinates reduces to the following form + + (2) Heat flow inside human body occurs when the temperature of the body surface is lower than that of the body interior. The body supply to the skin is the chief determinate of heat transport to the skin. Heat loss occurs by the processes of radiation Conduction Convection and evaporation. Hence at outer surface the boundary condition is given by u(a 0 θ) = function of θ (4) Now on non-dimensionalizing r and u and transforming the equations (2) and (3) in variational form with respect to radial coordinate we get I = ( ) ( ) ] + a 0 [ h( a) 2 α 2 ] Ω (5) Where τ is the region under study and Ω is the outer surface of the region = =( ) ( ) = LE/ Further on the basis of biological properties circular cross-section is partitioned into three concentric layers with radii a 0 (core of the limb) a 1 a 2 and a 3 (outer surface of the region) in r direction. Hence the descretized variational integral(5) for each sub-region is represented by = ( ) ( ) ] + (6) K h (u ) (3) Where symbols are defined as under h = Coefficient of heat transfer to environment u a = environmental temperature. L = Latent heat of evaporation. E = rate of evaporation from the surface. As per the physiology and anatomy of the human limb core temperature also vary along angular direction hence at the inner boundary taking the following variation as boundary condition (0 θ 2π) and S in the are the values of K M th layer and a 0 [ h( - a) 2 α 2 ] Ω III. SOLUTION Since the region under study has been divided into three concentric layers on the basis of their biological properties following assumptions in mathematical form regarding M S and K is taken Layer No. K M S I K 1 m (1) II K= ( - ) + ( - ) M=m ( - ) S=s ( - ) III K = 589
3 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Now the following variation for field variable assigned in each layer = + (7) in which = = and is the value of in the layer The integral I in equation (6 ) for each layer is evaluated and assembled to find th is ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] Now I (equation 8) is extremized with respect to each to give the following system of partial differential equations [ θ ] (12) ] + ] + (9) ] + ] + (10) ] + (11) ( ) ( ) Where and are constants depending on various constants and parameters involved in above equations. At the inner boundary (core of the thigh) the following parabolic variation is assigned to along angular direction; θ θ θ (13) Where if and are the temperatures at θ and θ respectively then ( ) and ( ) The equations (12) are solved by using Fourier series for θ coordinate. Hence we take for [ θ θ ] (14) Equations (12 ) and (14 ) yield the following system of simultaneous equations (15) here notations are defined as given below ( ) [ ] ( ) 590 [ ] [ ]
4 [ ] [ ] Using the values of above Fourier coefficients in equation (14 ) we get the value of. Now the tissue temperature can be obtained by the relation. in which = = = = = = IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The calculations have been performed for two different cases of atmospheric temperatures as given below: Where w w2 0 w The numerical results have been obtained by using the following clinical and experimental values of physical and physiological constants/parameters for human body : w w2 w3 The system of equation (15 ) is solved to obtain Fourier series constants which are given below; Where = ] ] ] = ] = = = = The graph has been plotted for different values of angle (for θ. The drop in tissue temperature is shown in Figure 1. On analyzing the graph we find that the tissues temperature drop sharply when outer surface of the thigh is exposed to environment with the condition at 23 as compared to no evaporation at 15. The temperature gradient also increases as we move from inner boundary to outer surface. This indicates that as evaporation increases at the outer surface of the region understudy the heat loss from human body also increases and we conclude that evaporation play significant /major role in the process of heat loss from the human body. The variation in tissues temperature in angular direction in each layer reflects the effect of assumed boundary condition at the core of thigh and this effect decreases as we move towards outer surface from the core. 591
5 REFERENCES [1] Chatterji C.C. Text book of Human Physiology Medical Allied Agency 2/ [2] Guyton A.C. and Hall J.E. Text book of Medical physiology Elsevier2008. [3] GaryH. Text Book of Gary`s Anatomy. Longmans Press1973 [4] Pennes H.H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 85: [5] Perl W. Heat and matter distribution in body tissues and determination of tissue blood flow by local clearance methods J.Theo. Biol [6] Patterson A. M. Measurement of temperature profiles in human skin S.Afr.J.Sc [7] Saxena V. P..and Bindra J. S. Indian J. pure appl.math. 18(9) [8] Saxena V. P. and Pardasani K. R. Effect of dermal tumors on temperature distribution in skin with variable blood flow Mathematical Biology USA. Vol. 53 No [9] Mitchell J. W. Galvez T. L. Hengle J. Myers G. E. and Siebecker K. L. Thermal response of human legs during cooling J.Appl.PhysiologyU.S.A. 29 (6) [10] Weinbaum S Jiji LM. A new simplified bioheat equation for the effect of blood flow on local average tissue temperature. J Biomech Eng.;107: [11] Saxena V. P and Bindra J. S. Pseudo-analytic finite partition approach to temperature distribution problem in human limbs Int. J. Math.Sciences. Vol [12] Saxena V. P.. and Gupta M. P. Steady state heat migration in radial and angular direction of human limbs Ind. J. Pure. Appl. Math. 22(8)
6 [13] Pardasani K. R. and Shakya M. Infinite element thermal model for human dermal regions with tumors." International Journal of Applied Sc. & computations vol. 15 No. PP [14] Gurung D.B. and Saxena V.P. Transient temperature distribution in human Dermal part with protective layer at low atmospheric temperature. International Journal of Biomathematics03(04) Pg
Integration of a fin experiment into the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory
Integration of a fin experiment into the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory H. I. Abu-Mulaweh Mechanical Engineering Department, Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA E-mail: mulaweh@engr.ipfw.edu
More informationDifferential Relations for Fluid Flow. Acceleration field of a fluid. The differential equation of mass conservation
Differential Relations for Fluid Flow In this approach, we apply our four basic conservation laws to an infinitesimally small control volume. The differential approach provides point by point details of
More informationModule 1 : Conduction. Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction
Module 1 : Conduction Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction Objectives In this class: An example of optimization for insulation thickness is solved. The 1D conduction is considered
More informationNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BIOHEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE HUMAN EYE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BIOHEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE HUMAN EYE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Marek Paruch Department for Strength
More informationEFFECT ON HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMAL DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIATIVELY PARTICIPATING FLUID IN A CHANNEL FLOW
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359
More informationEffect of Blood Perfusion and Metabolism in Temperature Distribution in Human Eye
Advances in Applied Mathematical Biosciences. ISSN 2248-9983 Volume 4, Number 1 (2013), pp. 13-23 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Effect of Blood Perfusion and Metabolism
More informationEffect of design parameters on temperature rise of windings of dry type electrical transformer
Effect of design parameters on temperature rise of windings of dry type electrical transformer Vikas Kumar a, *, T. Vijay Kumar b, K.B. Dora c a Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University
More informationInternational Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology Volume 4, Issue 2: Page No.161-166, March-April 2015
International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology Volume 4, Issue 2: Page No.161-166, March-April 2015 http://www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm ISSN (Online):2278-5299 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
More informationSteady Heat Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction In thermodynamics, we considered the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another. hermodynamics gives no indication of how long
More informationA Comparison of Analytical and Finite Element Solutions for Laminar Flow Conditions Near Gaussian Constrictions
A Comparison of Analytical and Finite Element Solutions for Laminar Flow Conditions Near Gaussian Constrictions by Laura Noelle Race An Engineering Project Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Rensselaer
More informationEffects of Cell Phone Radiation on the Head. BEE 4530 Computer-Aided Engineering: Applications to Biomedical Processes
Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on the Head BEE 4530 Computer-Aided Engineering: Applications to Biomedical Processes Group 3 Angela Cai Youjin Cho Mytien Nguyen Praveen Polamraju Table of Contents I.
More informationModelling the Drying of Porous Coal Particles in Superheated Steam
B. A. OLUFEMI and I. F. UDEFIAGBON, Modelling the Drying of Porous Coal, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 24 (1) 29 34 (2010) 29 Modelling the Drying of Porous Coal Particles in Superheated Steam B. A. Olufemi *
More informationAmpacity simulation of a high voltage cable to connecting off shore wind farms
Ampacity simulation of a high voltage cable to connecting off shore wind farms Eva Pelster 1, Dr. David Wenger 1 1 Wenger Engineering GmbH, Einsteinstr. 55, 89077 Ulm, mail@wenger-engineering.com Abstract:
More informationTEXTILE FABRICS AS THERMAL INSULATORS
TEXTILE FABRICS AS THERMAL INSULATORS Zeinab S. Abdel-Rehim 1, M. M. Saad 2, M. El-Shakankery 2 and I. Hanafy 3 1 Mechanical Engineering Department of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt 2
More informationTemperature Increase in the. Human Eye When Subjected to a. Laser Source
Validation of a Model to Predict Temperature Increase in the Human Eye When Subjected to a Laser Source Corinna Sue Thompson, Antonio Campo, PhD., University of Vermont, Undergraduate Research Endeavors
More informationCoupling Forced Convection in Air Gaps with Heat and Moisture Transfer inside Constructions
Coupling Forced Convection in Air Gaps with Heat and Moisture Transfer inside Constructions M. Bianchi Janetti 1, F. Ochs 1 and R. Pfluger 1 1 University of Innsbruck, Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings,
More informationStudy on Pressure Distribution and Load Capacity of a Journal Bearing Using Finite Element Method and Analytical Method
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:1 No:5 1 Study on Pressure Distribution and Load Capacity of a Journal Bearing Using Finite Element Method and Method D. M.
More informationHEAT TRANSFER IM0245 3 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK THERMODYNAMICS - IM0237 2014_1
COURSE CODE INTENSITY PRE-REQUISITE CO-REQUISITE CREDITS ACTUALIZATION DATE HEAT TRANSFER IM05 LECTURE HOURS PER WEEK 8 HOURS CLASSROOM ON 6 WEEKS, HOURS LABORATORY, HOURS OF INDEPENDENT WORK THERMODYNAMICS
More informationTWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FORCED CONVECTION FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A LAMINAR CHANNEL FLOW
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FORCED CONVECTION FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A LAMINAR CHANNEL FLOW Rajesh Khatri 1, 1 M.Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.A.T.I., vidisha
More informationDetermination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress Bali, Indonesia, - April Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Indra Noer Hamdhan 1 and Barry G. Clarke 2 1 Bandung National of Institute
More informationAn experimental investigation of heat transfer of free convection on triangular fins in order to optimize the arrangement of fins
International Journal of Science, Technology and Society 2014; 2(5: 152-160 Published online September 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijsts doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.18 ISSN: 2330-7412
More informationCFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue2, July-2012 1 CFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER ABSTRACT (1) Mr. Mainak Bhaumik M.E. (Thermal Engg.)
More informationFigure 1 - Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a One-dimensional Slab
The Numerical Method of Lines for Partial Differential Equations by Michael B. Cutlip, University of Connecticut and Mordechai Shacham, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The method of lines is a general
More informationNumerical Model for the Study of the Velocity Dependence Of the Ionisation Growth in Gas Discharge Plasma
Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Volume 37.Number 5.A ((2011)) Available online at: www.basra-science -journal.org ISSN 1817 2695 Numerical Model for the Study of the Velocity Dependence Of the
More informationInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 2419 2426 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt
More informationMotor-CAD Software for Thermal Analysis of Electrical Motors - Links to Electromagnetic and Drive Simulation Models
Motor-CAD Software for Thermal Analysis of Electrical Motors - Links to Electromagnetic and Drive Simulation Models Dave Staton, Douglas Hawkins and Mircea Popescu Motor Design Ltd., Ellesmere, Shropshire,
More informationEffect of Aspect Ratio on Laminar Natural Convection in Partially Heated Enclosure
Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering (1): 8-33, 014 DOI: 10.13189/ujme.014.00104 http://www.hrpub.org Effect of Aspect Ratio on Laminar Natural Convection in Partially Heated Enclosure Alireza Falahat
More informationEXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL AND FULLY CHARGED THERMAL STRATIFIED HOT WATER STORAGE TANKS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359
More informationRate of Heating Analysis of Data Centers during Power Shutdown
2011. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 117, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction,
More informationSizing of triple concentric pipe heat exchanger
Sizing of triple concentric pipe heat exchanger 1 Tejas M. Ghiwala, 2 Dr. V.K. Matawala 1 Post Graduate Student, 2 Head of Department 1 Thermal Engineering, SVMIT, Bharuch-392001, Gujarat, INDIA, 2 Department
More informationCryopreservation of Umbilical Cord Tissue for Stem Cell Harvesting Executive Summary Figure 1. Cross section of normal umbilical cord.
Cryopreservation of Umbilical Cord Tissue for Stem Cell Harvesting By Steven Buchwald, Nicole Chiu, Melvin Chu, Hesed Kim, Calvin Yeang BEE 453 5/2/03 Executive Summary Stem cell transplantation has become
More informationExperimental study of a parabolic solar concentrator
Revue des Energies Renouvelables CICME 08 Sousse (008) 193-199 Experimental study of a parabolic solar concentrator A.R. El Ouederni 1*, A.W. Dahmani, F. Askri 3, M. Ben Salah 3 and S. Ben Nasrallah 4
More informationComparison of Heat Transfer between a Helical and Straight Tube Heat Exchanger
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Volume 6, Number 1 (2013), pp. 33-40 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Comparison of Heat Transfer
More informationEffect of Sleeve Shrink-fit on Bearing Preload of a Machine Tool Spindle: Analysis using Finite Element Method
Effect of Sleeve Shrink-fit on Bearing Preload of a Machine Tool Spindle: Analysis using Finite Element Method Aslam Pasha Taj 1, Chandramouli SR 2* ACE Designers Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore-560058
More informationNumerical Analysis of Independent Wire Strand Core (IWSC) Wire Rope
Numerical Analysis of Independent Wire Strand Core (IWSC) Wire Rope Rakesh Sidharthan 1 Gnanavel B K 2 Assistant professor Mechanical, Department Professor, Mechanical Department, Gojan engineering college,
More informationBasic Equations, Boundary Conditions and Dimensionless Parameters
Chapter 2 Basic Equations, Boundary Conditions and Dimensionless Parameters In the foregoing chapter, many basic concepts related to the present investigation and the associated literature survey were
More informationDimensional analysis is a method for reducing the number and complexity of experimental variables that affect a given physical phenomena.
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Dimensional analysis is very useful for planning, presentation, and interpretation of experimental data. As discussed previously, most practical fluid mechanics problems
More informationNumerical Simulation of Temperature and Stress Fields in the Rock Heating Experiment
Numerical Simulation of Temperature and Stress Fields in the Rock Heating Experiment Author P. Rálek 1*, M. Hokr 1 1 Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic *Corresponding author: petr.ralek@tul.cz
More informationAdaptation of General Purpose CFD Code for Fusion MHD Applications*
Adaptation of General Purpose CFD Code for Fusion MHD Applications* Andrei Khodak Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory P.O. Box 451 Princeton, NJ, 08540 USA akhodak@pppl.gov Abstract Analysis of many fusion
More informationLecture 3 Fluid Dynamics and Balance Equa6ons for Reac6ng Flows
Lecture 3 Fluid Dynamics and Balance Equa6ons for Reac6ng Flows 3.- 1 Basics: equations of continuum mechanics - balance equations for mass and momentum - balance equations for the energy and the chemical
More informationWEEKLY SCHEDULE. GROUPS (mark X) SPECIAL ROOM FOR SESSION (Computer class room, audio-visual class room)
SESSION WEEK COURSE: THERMAL ENGINEERING DEGREE: Aerospace Engineering YEAR: 2nd TERM: 2nd The course has 29 sessions distributed in 14 weeks. The laboratory sessions are included in these sessions. The
More informationThe Basics of FEA Procedure
CHAPTER 2 The Basics of FEA Procedure 2.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the spring element, especially for the purpose of introducing various concepts involved in use of the FEA technique. A spring
More informationThe Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering
Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared
More informationLaminar Flow and Heat Transfer of Herschel-Bulkley Fluids in a Rectangular Duct; Finite-Element Analysis
Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 99 107 (2009) 99 Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer of Herschel-Bulkley Fluids in a Rectangular Duct; Finite-Element Analysis M. E. Sayed-Ahmed
More informationExperimental Study of Free Convection Heat Transfer From Array Of Vertical Tubes At Different Inclinations
Experimental Study of Free Convection Heat Transfer From Array Of Vertical Tubes At Different Inclinations A.Satyanarayana.Reddy 1, Suresh Akella 2, AMK. Prasad 3 1 Associate professor, Mechanical Engineering
More informationSTEADY STATE MODELING AND SIMULATION OF HYDROCRACKING REACTOR
Petroleum & Coal ISSN 1337-7027 Available online at www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal Petroleum & Coal 54 (1) 59-64, 2012 STEADY STATE MODELING AND SIMULATION OF HYDROCRACKING REACTOR Abhinanyu Kumar, Shishir
More informationThe temperature of a body, in general, varies with time as well
cen2935_ch4.qxd 11/3/5 3: PM Page 217 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION CHAPTER 4 The temperature of a body, in general, varies with time as well as position. In rectangular coordinates, this variation is expressed
More informationMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SHREE SARASWATI EDUCATION SANSTHAN S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS AT PO, RAJPUR TA. KADI, DIST. MEHSANA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SYLLABUS FOR MID SEM EXAMINATON EVEN SEM 2015 SUBJECT
More informationINJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS
INJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS Tom Kimerling University of Massachusetts, Amherst MIE 605 Finite Element Analysis Spring 2002 ABSTRACT A FEA transient thermal structural
More informationDifferential Balance Equations (DBE)
Differential Balance Equations (DBE) Differential Balance Equations Differential balances, although more complex to solve, can yield a tremendous wealth of information about ChE processes. General balance
More informationTwo-Dimensional Conduction: Shape Factors and Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rates
Two-Dimensional Conduction: Shape Factors and Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rates Chapter 4 Sections 4.1 and 4.3 make use of commercial FEA program to look at this. D Conduction- General Considerations
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology General
Human Anatomy & Physiology General Biology is the study of life but, what exactly is life? how are living things different from nonliving things eg. a human from a rock eg. a a human from a robot eg. a
More informationCBE 6333, R. Levicky 1 Differential Balance Equations
CBE 6333, R. Levicky 1 Differential Balance Equations We have previously derived integral balances for mass, momentum, and energy for a control volume. The control volume was assumed to be some large object,
More informationMagnetohydrodynamic free convection between vertical parallel porous plates in the presence of induced magnetic field
DOI 1.1186/s464-15-197-1 RESEARCH Open Access Magnetohydrodynamic free convection between vertical parallel porous plates in the presence of induced magnetic field Sarveshanand 1,2* and A K Singh 2 *Correspondence:
More informationBIOHEAT EQUATIONS BIOHEAT EQUATIONS. Heat transfer in blood vessels and tissues. Mihir Sen 1/ 36
1/ 36 BIOHEAT EQUATIONS Heat transfer in blood vessels and tissues Mihir Sen March 17, 2013 2/ 36 Outline Bioheat transfer problem Large blood vessels Tissues and microvasculature Pennes s equation Other
More informationMODELLING HEAT TRANSFER IN HUMANS
MODELLING HEAT TRANSFER IN HUMANS A.J.H. Frijns, G.M.J. van Leeuwen and A.A. van Steenhoven Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the
More informationConductive and Radiative Heat Transfer in Insulators
Conductive and Radiative Heat Transfer in Insulators Akhan Tleoubaev, Ph.D. LaserComp, Inc., December 1998 Heat transfer for most thermal insulation materials occurs via both conduction and radiation.
More informationThermal Management of Electronic Devices used in Automotive Safety A DoE approach
Thermal Management of Electronic Devices used in Automotive Safety A DoE approach Vinod Kumar, Vinay Somashekhar and Srivathsa Jagalur Autoliv India Private Limited, Bangalore, India Abstract: Electronic
More informationHEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION THROUGH DIFFERENT PASSIVE INTENSIFIER METHODS
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION THROUGH DIFFERENT PASSIVE INTENSIFIER METHODS P.R.Hatwar 1, Bhojraj N. Kale 2 1, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research,
More informationLearning Module 4 - Thermal Fluid Analysis Note: LM4 is still in progress. This version contains only 3 tutorials.
Learning Module 4 - Thermal Fluid Analysis Note: LM4 is still in progress. This version contains only 3 tutorials. Attachment C1. SolidWorks-Specific FEM Tutorial 1... 2 Attachment C2. SolidWorks-Specific
More informationFinite Element Analysis for Acoustic Behavior of a Refrigeration Compressor
Finite Element Analysis for Acoustic Behavior of a Refrigeration Compressor Swapan Kumar Nandi Tata Consultancy Services GEDC, 185 LR, Chennai 600086, India Abstract When structures in contact with a fluid
More informationCarbon Cable. Sergio Rubio Carles Paul Albert Monte
Carbon Cable Sergio Rubio Carles Paul Albert Monte Carbon, Copper and Manganine PhYsical PropERTieS CARBON PROPERTIES Carbon physical Properties Temperature Coefficient α -0,0005 ºC-1 Density D 2260 kg/m3
More information8.5 Comparing Canadian Climates (Lab)
These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139
More informationThe Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second aw of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law places no restriction
More informationIII. Cell destruction by freezing and cryoprobe development
III. Cell destruction by freezing and cryoprobe development 1 WHAT IS CRYOSURGERY? Cryoprobe Surface iceball formation Ice-ball Cryoprobe Cryosurgery of liver (Angular insertion) Cryosurgery of liver (Vertical
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EXERGY IN A CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp. 16-22, Article ID: IJMET_06_11_002 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=6&itype=11
More informationThermal insulation. Don t be afraid of low temperatures. www.kit.edu. Institute for Technical Physics Holger Neumann
Thermal insulation Institute for Technical Physics Holger Neumann Don t be afraid of low temperatures www.kit.edu Content Relevance of thermal insulation in cryogenics Overview of different insulation
More informationME6130 An introduction to CFD 1-1
ME6130 An introduction to CFD 1-1 What is CFD? Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving numerically
More informationName: Period: # Plate Tectonics. Journey to the center of the Earth
Plate Tectonics Journey to the center of the Earth Use pages 124 129 to answer the following questions. Exploring Inside Earth (p. 125-126) 1. What are the two main types of evidence that Geologist use
More informationNUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND ON BUILDING STRUCTURES
Vol. XX 2012 No. 4 28 34 J. ŠIMIČEK O. HUBOVÁ NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND ON BUILDING STRUCTURES Jozef ŠIMIČEK email: jozef.simicek@stuba.sk Research field: Statics and Dynamics Fluids mechanics
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics through a Rectangular Microchannel Heat Sink
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics through a Rectangular Microchannel Heat Sink Dr. B. S. Gawali 1, V. B. Swami 2, S. D. Thakre 3 Professor Dr., Department of Mechanical
More information240EQ014 - Transportation Science
Coordinating unit: 240 - ETSEIB - Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering Teaching unit: 713 - EQ - Department of Chemical Engineering Academic year: Degree: 2015 MASTER'S DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
More informationNatural Convection. Buoyancy force
Natural Convection In natural convection, the fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. Since the fluid velocity associated with natural convection is relatively low, the heat transfer coefficient
More informationExpress Introductory Training in ANSYS Fluent Lecture 1 Introduction to the CFD Methodology
Express Introductory Training in ANSYS Fluent Lecture 1 Introduction to the CFD Methodology Dimitrios Sofialidis Technical Manager, SimTec Ltd. Mechanical Engineer, PhD PRACE Autumn School 2013 - Industry
More informationHeat Transfer Prof. Dr. Aloke Kumar Ghosal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Heat Transfer Prof. Dr. Aloke Kumar Ghosal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module No. # 02 One Dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer Lecture No. # 05 Extended
More informationMathematics (MAT) MAT 061 Basic Euclidean Geometry 3 Hours. MAT 051 Pre-Algebra 4 Hours
MAT 051 Pre-Algebra Mathematics (MAT) MAT 051 is designed as a review of the basic operations of arithmetic and an introduction to algebra. The student must earn a grade of C or in order to enroll in MAT
More informationChapter 12 - Liquids and Solids
Chapter 12 - Liquids and Solids 12-1 Liquids I. Properties of Liquids and the Kinetic Molecular Theory A. Fluids 1. Substances that can flow and therefore take the shape of their container B. Relative
More informationCreating a Crust on Bread.
Creating a Crust on Bread. Mentor: Dr. Colin Please, University of Southampton. Dr. Donald Schwendeman, RPI. Group Adith Venkiteshwaran, RPI Hatesh Radia, University of Mass, Lowell Andrew Mykrantz, University
More informationHEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS IN A 3D SQUARE CHANNEL LAMINAR FLOW WITH USING BAFFLES 1 Vikram Bishnoi
HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS IN A 3D SQUARE CHANNEL LAMINAR FLOW WITH USING BAFFLES 1 Vikram Bishnoi 2 Rajesh Dudi 1 Scholar and 2 Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, OITM, Hisar (Haryana)
More informationChapter 2. Derivation of the Equations of Open Channel Flow. 2.1 General Considerations
Chapter 2. Derivation of the Equations of Open Channel Flow 2.1 General Considerations Of interest is water flowing in a channel with a free surface, which is usually referred to as open channel flow.
More informationINVESTIGATION OF FALLING BALL VISCOMETRY AND ITS ACCURACY GROUP R1 Evelyn Chou, Julia Glaser, Bella Goyal, Sherri Wykosky
INVESTIGATION OF FALLING BALL VISCOMETRY AND ITS ACCURACY GROUP R1 Evelyn Chou, Julia Glaser, Bella Goyal, Sherri Wykosky ABSTRACT: A falling ball viscometer and its associated equations were studied in
More informationAbaqus/CFD Sample Problems. Abaqus 6.10
Abaqus/CFD Sample Problems Abaqus 6.10 Contents 1. Oscillatory Laminar Plane Poiseuille Flow 2. Flow in Shear Driven Cavities 3. Buoyancy Driven Flow in Cavities 4. Turbulent Flow in a Rectangular Channel
More informationInternational Journal of Research in Science and Technology
EFFECT OF DISSIPATION AND THERMODIFFUSION ON CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FLOW OF A VISCOUS FLUID IN A NON UNIFORMLY HEATED VERTIC AL CHANNEL BOUNDED BY FLAT WALLS *Dr.G.KATHYAYANI, ** P.SAMBA SIVUDU,
More informationChapter 9 Partial Differential Equations
363 One must learn by doing the thing; though you think you know it, you have no certainty until you try. Sophocles (495-406)BCE Chapter 9 Partial Differential Equations A linear second order partial differential
More informationChapter 22: Electric Flux and Gauss s Law
22.1 ntroduction We have seen in chapter 21 that determining the electric field of a continuous charge distribution can become very complicated for some charge distributions. t would be desirable if we
More informationMASTER DEGREE PROJECT
MASTER DEGREE PROJECT Finite Element Analysis of a Washing Machine Cylinder Thesis in Applied Mechanics one year Master Degree Program Performed : Spring term, 2010 Level Author Supervisor s Examiner :
More informationExperiment 3 Pipe Friction
EML 316L Experiment 3 Pipe Friction Laboratory Manual Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department College of Engineering FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Nomenclature Symbol Description Unit A cross-sectional
More informationHeat Transfer and Energy
What is Heat? Heat Transfer and Energy Heat is Energy in Transit. Recall the First law from Thermodynamics. U = Q - W What did we mean by all the terms? What is U? What is Q? What is W? What is Heat Transfer?
More informationThermal Mass Availability for Cooling Data Centers during Power Shutdown
2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions (2010, vol 116, part 2). For personal use only. Additional reproduction,
More information1D STEADY STATE HEAT
D SEADY SAE HEA CONDUCION () Prabal alukdar Aociate Profeor Department of Mechanical Engineering II Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in Convection Boundary Condition Heat conduction at the urface in a
More information1. A wire carries 15 A. You form the wire into a single-turn circular loop with magnetic field 80 µ T at the loop center. What is the loop radius?
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES O THE MAGNETC ELD 1. A wire carries 15 A. You form the wire into a single-turn circular loop with magnetic field 8 µ T at the loop center. What is the loop radius? Equation 3-3, with
More information4.3 Results... 27 4.3.1 Drained Conditions... 27 4.3.2 Undrained Conditions... 28 4.4 References... 30 4.5 Data Files... 30 5 Undrained Analysis of
Table of Contents 1 One Dimensional Compression of a Finite Layer... 3 1.1 Problem Description... 3 1.1.1 Uniform Mesh... 3 1.1.2 Graded Mesh... 5 1.2 Analytical Solution... 6 1.3 Results... 6 1.3.1 Uniform
More informationThree dimensional thermoset composite curing simulations involving heat conduction, cure kinetics, and viscoelastic stress strain response
Three dimensional thermoset composite curing simulations involving heat conduction, cure kinetics, and viscoelastic stress strain response Harrison Poon, Seid Koric, M. Fouad Ahmad National Center for
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SPEED RESPONSE LAMINAR FLOW METER FOR AIR CONDITIONING
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SPEED RESPONSE LAMINAR FLOW METER FOR AIR CONDITIONING Toshiharu Kagawa 1, Yukako Saisu 2, Riki Nishimura 3 and Chongho Youn 4 ABSTRACT In this paper, we developed a new laminar flow
More informationME 315 - Heat Transfer Laboratory. Experiment No. 7 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCED CONCENTRIC TUBE AND SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
ME 315 - Heat Transfer Laboratory Nomenclature Experiment No. 7 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCED CONCENTRIC TUBE AND SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS A heat exchange area, m 2 C max maximum specific heat rate, J/(s
More informationFREE CONVECTION FROM OPTIMUM SINUSOIDAL SURFACE EXPOSED TO VERTICAL VIBRATIONS
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 214-224, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_022 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationMINIMALLY INVASIVE THERMAL THERAPY FOR CANCER TREATMENT BY USING THIN COAXIAL ANTENNAS
MINIMALLY INVASIVE THERMAL THERAPY FOR CANCER TREATMENT BY USING THIN COAXIAL ANTENNAS K. Ito 1, K. Saito 1, T. Taniguchi 2, S. Okabe 2, and H. Yoshimura 1 1 Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,
More informationInvestigations of a Long-Distance 1000 MW Heat Transport System with APROS Simulation Software
th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT ) Espoo, Finland, August 9-4, 9 SMiRT -Division 3, Paper 56 Investigations of a Long-Distance MW Heat Transport System with
More informationCalculating Heat Loss by Mark Crombie, Chromalox
Calculating Heat Loss by Mark Crombie, Chromalox Posted: January 30, 2006 This article deals with the basic principles of heat transfer and the calculations used for pipes and vessels. By understanding
More informationANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SPRING BACK EFFECTS IN A TYPICAL COLD ROLLED SHEET
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 119-130, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_013 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More information