j \H P-\. ~ Crossword 12/05/12, Earth Science Name Date L I

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1 Crossword 12/05/12, Earth Science Name Date L I c~ j \H P-\. ~. Instructions: Complete the puzzle. Use the clues to help you fill the boxes with the correct words.

2 ACROSS 1. a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating r:attem 4. the way in which a mineral reflects light 7. the standard scale against which the hardness of minerals is ra1ed 9. the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance 10. the color of a mineral in powdered form 11. a nab..jrai, usually inorganic solid 1hat has a charac1eristic chemical composition, set of physical properties, and an orderly internal structure DOWN 1. in geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness 10 form smooth, flat surfaces 2. the basic unit of the structure of silica1e minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions 3. a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxj99f1 5. a person who examines, analyzes, and classiiies minerals 6. in geology, a break in a rock, which results fi'om stress, with or without displacement, including cracks, joints, and faults 8. a mineral 1hat contains a combination of silicon and oxygen and that may also contain one or more metals _. _ --

3 Mohs Hardness Scale Name One of the most useful properties used for identification of a mineral is its hardness. The Mohs hardness scale measures a mineral's hardness by means of a simple scratch test. Nome the mineral that belongs in each step of the Mohs Hardness Scale chart. Mohs Hardness Scale Hardness Mineral Common Tests Fingernail will scratch it. Fingernail will not scratch it; a copper penny will. 4 5 Knife blade or window glass will scratch it Will scratch a steel knife or window glass Will scratch all common materials. WORD BANK Talc Calcite Apatite diamond Topaz Feldspar/0rthoclase Gypsum Fluorite Corundum Quartz Ea rth Science IF Instructional Fair. Inc

4 f t Name That Minerai f\jome One can identify many minerals by carefully observing their physical characteristics, Some of these characteristics are: Hardness - This is determined with a scratch test, Color - Color depends on the substances that make up the crystals, Varies greatly, Luster - This refers to how light reflects off the mineral, Enough information has been given to you here to help you find the unknown minerals and fill in the chart, Hardness Scale Hardness Mineral Common Tests 1 Talc 2 Gypsum/ Kaolinite Fingernail will scratch it. Mica/ A copper penny 3 Calcite will scratch it. 4 Fluorite Knife blade or win 5 Apatite/ dow glass will scratch Hornblende it. 6 Feldspar 7 Quartz Will scratch a steel knife or window 8 Topaz glass. 9 Corundum 10 Diamond Will scratch all common materials. Color White: Yellow: Black: Gray: Colorless: Luster Glassy: Pearly: Dull : Mineral Quartz, Feldspar, Calcite, Kaolinite, Talc Quartz, Kaolinite Hornblende, Mica Feldspar, Gypsum Quartz, Calcite, Gypsum Mineral Quartz, Feldspar, Hornblende Mica, Gypsum, Talc Kaolinite THE UNKNOWN MINERALS- Hardness Color Luster Mineral Will scratch a steel knife or window glass, Will scratch a steel knife or window glass, A copper penny will scratch it. yellow gray black glassy glassy pearly Fingernail will scratch it, white pearly Knife blade or window glass will scratch it. black glassy Earth Sc ience IF Instruc tional Fair, Inc. - - _.._

5 ~~une Class Date Skills Worksheet 9.2 Observe Eight characteristics ofminerals that are used to identify them are given in Table 1, and Mohs' Hardness scale is given in Table 2. Table 3 classifies the characteristics ofsix minerals. Study the data in the three tables, then answer the questions. Table 1 Mineral Characteristics Characteristic Color Streak Luster Cleavage Fracture DefinitionlUse Determined by simple observation-least helpful trait for identifying minerals Color of powdered mineral-determined by rubbing the mineral sample on an unglazed tile and observing color of mark Quality of light reflected from its surface-minerals that shine like metals have a metallic luster. Minerals with a pearl ike, glassy, dull, or greasy reflection have a nonmetallic luster. Abi lity of a mineral to break along a flat surface or plane-cleavage occurs in one to six directions. Characteristic uneven surface when broken Specific gravity Density of a mineral compared to the density of water-usually between 2 and 5 Hardness Magnetism Fluorescence Res istance to being scratched Attraction to a magnet-example is magnetite. Glow when exposed to ultraviolet light-example is willemite, which fluoresces a bright green under UV light. Table 2 Mohs' Hardness Scale Mineral Hardness Field Test Talc 1 Easily scratched by a fingernail Gypsum 2 Can be scratched by a fingernail Calcite 3 Barely scratched by a copper penny Fluorite 4 Easily scratched by a steel knife blade Apatite 5 Can be scratched by a steel knife blade 32 Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

6 Feldspar 6 Easily scratches glass Quartz 7 Easily scratches glass and steel Topaz 8 Scratches quartz Corundum 9 No simple test Diamond 10 No simple test Table 3 Characteristics of Some Minerals Mineral Color Cleavage Streak Hardness Augite black to green in 2 directions gray-green 6 Graphite dark gray to black none black 1 Magnetite black none black 6 Quartz colorless, white, gray, pink none white 7 Talc white, light gray in 1 direction green-white 1 Gypsum.. colorless, white, light gray in 3 directions none or white 2 1. a. Why would you be unable to distinguish between talc, gypsum, and quartz by observing their color only? b. What two tests would you use to identify talc? Explain. c. How could you use cleavage and hardness to identify quartz? Addison-Wesley Publishing Company 33

7 2. a. What tests would you perform to distinguish between graphite and magnetite? Explain. t ; b. Would testing color or streak be more helpful in distinguishing between graphite and magnetite? Explain. c. Would color or streak be more helpful in distinguishing between a piece of augite and magnetite? Explain. 34 Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (.

8 NAME DATE CLASS I. REINFORCEMENT Minerals Use the table below and your text to answer Q:J,estions Rock-forming minerals Chemical classification Mineral Elements Silicates orthoclase plagioclase amphiboles pyroxenes olivine micas clay minerals quartz K,AI,Si,O " AI, Si, 0, Ca, Na Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, AI, Si, 0 AI, Si, 0, F, Mg, Ca, Na Mg, Fe, Si, 0 K, AI, Si, 0, (OH), Mg, Fe AI, Si, 0, (OH) Si,O. Carbonates calcite dolomite Ca, (C0 3 ) Ca, Mg, (C0 3 ) Oxides hematite Fe, 0 Sulfates gypsum anhydrite Ca, (S04)' Hp Halides rock salt Na, CI 1. Draw a circle around each of the minerals listed below that do not belong to the silicate family. plagioclase gypsum mica pyroxene calcite quartz 2. Write the names and symbols of the two elements found in all silicate minerals. and 3. To which chemical classification group does dolomite belong? 4. Give an example of a mineral that contains the (C0 ) group From what element do the sulfates get their names? 6. Give an example of an oxide. 7. Which of the rock-forming mineral groups makes up the largest group of minerals in Earth's crust? ~_~ " --.'. J 8. Which group of rock-forming minerals contains the mineral gypsum? 9. What commonly used metal is extracted from hematite? 10. To which chemical classification group does rock salt belong? Copyright Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw HiII Users of Meni// Earth Science hove the publisher's permission 10 reproduce this page. 13 ~-~

9 NAME DATE CLASS STUDY GUIDE c::ap Minerals ages sa 51 Find the error in each statement. Rewrite the statement correctly on the line provided. 1. A mineral is a solid that comes from organic matter. 2. Salt, diamonds, graphite, and coal are minerals. 3. The elements in a mineral are arranged in a repeating pattern to form crystals. 4. Some minerals form from magma, which is hot, liquid rock material on Earth's surface. 5. Halite crystals are formed when fresh lake water evaporates. 6. The smallest group of rock-forming minerals consists of silicates. In the blank at the left, write the term in the box that correctly completes each statement. crystal halide silicates carbonates elements oxides 98 percent 6 7. Scientists know of more than minerals. 8. Most of these are composed of only elements. 9. These few elements make up of Earth's crust. 10. Minerals that combine to form the most common rock-forming group are. 11. A group that includes rock salt is the group. 12. Each mineral has a differen t formation. 13. Scientists have identified major formation systems. 14. Two other major groups of minerals are and. Copyright Glencoe Division of Macmilion/McGraw Hili Users of Merrill farlh Science have the publisher's permission 10 reproduce this page

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Class: Date: Minerals Study Guide Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.