Light Emitting Diodes for Solid State Lighting

Transcription

1 Light Emitting Diodes for Solid State Lighting Klaus Streubel Outline Osram at a Glance Motivation Advances in LED Technology Solid State Lighting OLED: next generation LED for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 2 1

2 OSRAM at a Glance OSRAM: one of the world's two leading lighting manufacturers (headquarters: Munich) Trademark registration: on April 17, 1906 at the then Imperial Patent Office in Berlin Founded on July 1, 1919 by the merger of the incandescent lamp manufacturing activities of AEG, Siemens & Halske AG and Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt (Auer-Gesellschaft) The art project SEVEN SCREENS at OSRAM headquarters in Munich a project developed in cooperation with OSRAM Light Consulting - shows that the OSRAM brand is 102 years young. 700,000 high-power RGB LEDs (16 mio different colours possible) have been installed on the masts and can be controlled via fiber optic cable from a central computer room. Employees: More than 43,500 Production: 46 factories in 17 countries Turnover: EUR 4.6 billion Group profit: EUR 401 million R&D: 6 % of sales FY 2008 for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 3 OSRAM - Part of the Industry Sector of Siemens Siemens is a global powerhouse in electronics and electrical engineering, operating in the industry, energy and healthcare sectors. Industry Drive Technologies Industry Automation Building Technologies Mobility Lighting (OSRAM) Industry Solutions Energy Fossil Power Generation Renewable Energy Oil & Gas Energy Service Power Transmission Power Distribution Healthcare Imaging & IT Workflow & Solutions Diagnostics Industry Automation Drive Technologies Industry Solutions Building Technologies OSRAM Mobility Divisions for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 4 2

3 OSRAM Activities Consumer Lighting PL SP CL OS Professional Lighting Special Lighting Opto Semiconductors L E D L E D L E D L E D High Pressure Discharge (HPD) LED Systems Automotive Lighting (AM) Halogen, CFL LED Retrofit LEDs, OLEDs, Laser, IR L E D L E D L E D Electronics & Controls (EC) Luminaires Display / Optic (DO) Low Pressure Discharge (LPD) for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 5 Osram: Driving Innovation for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 6 Oscar Academy Award 1983, 1986 German Sustainability Prize 2008 Emmy Award 2007 Foto: Mark Davis/Mathew Imaging German "President's Prize for Technology and Innovation" 2007 red dot design award

4 LEDs for General Lighting Many rational arguments: Highly efficient Long lifetime Small & Rugged Mercury free Instand on, dimmable Directional emission All colors available. for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 7 LEDs for General Lighting Emotion for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 8 4

5 LED is driver for future growth of the lighting market Billion 20 15''9 Total market for light sources '' 10''7 12''9 Conventional light sources: stable, slighty decreasing market 5 LED components*: strong market growth Year for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 9 * OSRAM estimation, only general lighting Efficiency Lighting accounts for 19% of global electricity consumption 2651 TWh were used for lighting in 2005 (=consumption of Japan and China) It would be technically feasible to save about 50% of this energy Then, 460 Million Tons of CO 2 would not be emitted into the atmosphere for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 10 5

6 Efficiency of High Brightness LEDs 60% External Efficiency 50% (Al x Ga 1-x ) 0.52 In 0.48 P 40% In x Ga 1-x N 30% 20% 10% 0% Wavelength (nm) Datensammler InGaN u InGaAlP Effizienz.xls for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 11 Auger Loss in Visible LEDs optical output power [a.u.] IQE [a.u.] E-3 1E-5 1E-5 1E-4 1E Defects: I n 1 Radiative: I n 2 Auger: I n 3 Auger model with literature coefficent Karpov (STR) 0.0 1E-5 1E-4 1E current density [ka/cm 2 ] Non-radiative losses proportional to n³ Signature of Auger Auger model with coefficient from literature fits experimental data for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 12 6

7 Thin-Film Process Flow AlGaInP GaAs GaAs GaAs GaAs Ge Ge Epitaxy dry etching metalization soldering substrate removal InGaN Sapphire Sapphire Sapphire Sapphire Sapphire Ge Ge Ge Epitaxy metalization soldering laser lift-off surface roughening for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 13 Thin-Film A new LED Platform InGaAlP InGaN AlGaAs High efficiency Scalable area Novel possibilities for chip designs Surface emission Ideal for 2D chip arrays for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 14 7

8 Advanced Thin-Film Chip Designs Standard ThinGaN ThinGaN UX:3 n p Conductive carrier Cross sectional view n-contact Absorption vrs. Series resistance n p Conductive carrier Cross sectional view Luminance Linearity Luminance Top 1,4 A for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 15 Top Luminance 2,8 A R&D 1mm Power ThinGaN blue and green 1mm² nm, Golden Dragon+ 1mm² nm, Golden Dragon+ Ie [W] 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Advanced Package: 643 mw ,4 A 601,4 350 ma A 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 Luminous Flux Φv [lm] lm lm/w Luminous Efficacy [lm/w] I [A] Driving Current [ma] Advanced Package Blue: 643 mw; Vf= 3.24 V, WPE = 57% for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 16 J. Baur et al.: IWN08 M. Peter et al: IWN08 8

9 R&D 1mm² Power ThinGaN white 1mm² chip, CLC Ultra White, Golden Dragon+ (CCT = 5000K) 1mm² chip, CLC, Golden Dragon+ (CCT=3000K, Ra=80) Luminous Flux Φv [lm] lm/w lm lm 73 lm/w Current [ma] Luminous Efficacy [lm/w] Luminous Flux Φv [lm] Advanced Package White: 155 lm; 136 lm/w; 3.24 V; 5000 K for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 17 J. Baur et al.: IWN08 M. Peter et al: IWN lm lm lm/w lm/w Current (ma) Luminous Efficacy [lm/w] Generation of Light and Heat Chip: 1 x 1 mm² Operation: V Efficiency: 40% Total power: 3.2 W Emitted: 1.3 W Heat: 1.9 W 1mm Power Density: W/m² for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 18 9

10 Innovative Package Development TOPLED 2 lm single chip white Power TOPLED 3 lm single chip white Advanced Power TOPLED 10 lm single chip white Golden Dragon 30 lm single chip white Increasing drive current / output Improved thermal performance OSTAR lm 10-50W multi chip Chipled 0,8mm for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 19 MicroSIDELED 1,0mm SmartLED 0,6mm MicroSIDELED 0,6mm Firefly 0,5mm SmartLED 0,3mm Electrical and Optical Power Flow Current Status and Optimization limit R&D status: El. loss IQE 80% LEC 86% 1134mW 986mW 787mW 677mW 0.35A; 3.2V Heat: 148mW 199mW 110mW chip out P opt =677mW; 60% P heat =457mW; 40% R&D status P opt. : 643mW blue at 350mA 155lm white Chip optimization limit: El. loss IQE 95% LEC 95% chip out 1020mW 945mW 898mW 853mW P opt =853mW; 84% 0.35A; 2.9V P heat =167mW; 16% Heat: 75mW 47mW 45mW Chip limit / Dragon: P opt. : 810mW blue at 350mA 190lm white Limit for 1mm chip at about lm at 350mA for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 20 10

11 White Light by Phosphor Conversion Blue emitting LED Yellow phosphor Phosphor concentration Color coordinate + Chip wavelength nm for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 21 Blue Pumped Phosphors High quality white light requires more than one phosphor Each phosphor system has specific strong and weak properties y 0,9 0,8 0,7 0, ,5 520 CIE (x,y)-chromaticity-diagram lm/w Oxynitrides (yellow, green) Garnet (yellow, green) Orthosilicates (green, orange) Intensive research and development activities 0,4 0,3 0, Nitrides (orange, red) blue InGaN-LED 480 0,1 0,0 0, ,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 x for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 22 11

12 The Phosphor System is the Key Parameter phosphor property parameter relevant LED property spectral emission λ dom FWHM C x, c y LED stability efficiency producibility color rendering/ & maintenance color gamut spectral absorption phosphor efficiency grain characteristics phosphor stability λ Rmin R λex QE LE d 50 (d 10, d 90 ) shape TQ T-stability hν-stability chemical stability for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 23 Efficacy and Color Rendering of PC-LEDs Simulations for Various Down Conversion Approaches intensity (a.u.) intensity (a.u.) constant opt. Power of blue chip Cx & Cy = 0,33 CRI Daylight 100 Efficiency standard phosphor % red & green phosphor % wavelength (nm) narrow yellow phosphor % CRI and Efficiency strongly depend on chosen phosphor solution Estimation of max. 150 CRI 80 and 180 CRI 60 for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 24 12

13 Color Rendering and Color Preferences of White LEDs Many options to tune color impression: Enhancement of color saturation for more vividness by spiky spectrum Smoothening of color contrasts for more natural appearance LED light sources show often higher people preference ratings than suggested by their CRI CRI likely not the most suitable metrics for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 25 White LEDs Color Quality is Key for Success in General Lighting Dynamic Daylight Simulation Our biological clock has a strong influence on nocturnal sleep quality body core temperature and heart rate mood and well being alertness, cognition and reaction time performance and vigilance for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 26 13

14 LEDs Can Play their Benefits Everywhere! USPs per Field of Application Architainment Design freedom Infinite color change possibilities Light quality and comfort Energy saving Additional features Shop lighting Light quality Changeable light (colour) Energy saving (freezers) Office lighting Street, Tunnel, Parking Safety feeling (homogeneity, no glare) Energy saving Instant on, dimming Hospitality Energy saving Design freedom Direct and indirect light Infinite color change Variable scene settings possibilities Energy Savings and TCO is important, but there is as well emotion, amazing new designs & smart features for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 27 Street- & Tunnel-Lighting Yantzi River Tunnel for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 28 14

15 LED = Light where it should be! LEDs need less lumens to reach the brightness target: lower energy consumption and environmental protection by better directionability Conventional system LED System Lamp 1 Light where it should be Lamp 2 Light where it should NOT be 30% of light is wasted Light pollution disturbing residents Birds and animals breeding can be disrupted with unwanted light perfect use of the lumen packages Homogeneous light distribution increased safety, less fatigue for drivers Animals and birds can live undisturbed for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 29 The Optical Concepts for Technical Street Lighting 1 Oval Optics PCB LED Oval lens OSRAM Golden DRAGON oval Plus 2 Tilted focusing optics LED with focusing lenses PCB 3 Combination of wide beam spread optics and reflector PCB LED Reflector Lens with wide beam spread OSRAM Golden DRAGON Plus (exclusive secondary optics) OSRAM STREETlight Advanced 4 Combinations PCB LED with lens Reflector for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 30 OSRAM STREETlight Protect (HPML) 15

16 LED Module STREETlight Advanced Technical illumination of service and trunk roads, in future main roads, as well as illumination of paths and places Special benefits Efficient and most uniform illumination of street & pavement with the reflector concept Illumination of street according to street lighting standard EN (glare limitation fulfilled) Fast and tool less module swap for easy maintenance Small & constant (standardized) module size enables individual luminaire designs Long module life time: up to 50 k hours LED module STREETlight Advanced for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 31 Preliminary Product Highlights / Benefits A high power modular light source which can be stacked and configured to meet all types of applications; street lighting, warehouse, freezer, factory, task lighting, etc.. STREETlight Protect Benefits / USP - No light wastage with oval light distribution focusing light on targeted areas - Modular concept, stackable, easily configurable - Uniform heat dissipation (Long life maintenance) - IP66 rated - wide operating temperature -25 to 55 o C enables wide range of applications - rotational bracket (optional) for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 32 16

17 Modular concept advantage One standard module for all different pole heights Flexible Array scalable to meet different street height application 70 lm/w, 350mA/LED = 1100 lm 4-module lamp for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 33 8-module lamp HPML Module in Korea for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 34 17

18 Standardization in Solid State Lighting Efforts are Going on all over the Globe The innovative LED technology is on the way to revolutionize General Illumination. SSL is leaving its niche to broaden manifold applications in various market segments. Standardization, driven by Governments and Lighting Industries, is essential to pave the road to a successful market entry. The key drivers are: - Energy Efficiency - Lifetime - Labeling - Environment Protection - Safety - Retrofits Worldwide consistent standards will be the success factor for midterm push in SSL. for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 35 The Key Issues to Make LEDs Ready for Prime Time Play the unique technology advantages Color & dynamic light Small size Unique forms Light patterns and intensity distributions Make SSL easy to control Provide high quality white light at highest efficiency Control cost - cut back the payback times go for high maintenance & high energy cost applications Secure the investment by getting the -abilities in place: upgrade-ability reorder-ability compatibility Focus on excellent system reliability for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 36 18

19 The Next Wave in SSL The Organic LED OSRAM OS: released on Oct 20th 2009 for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 37 OLED The Aesthetics of Light OLED positioning will be centered on the emotional perception: OLED is just light - not loaded with lot s of luminaire materials OLED is ultimately reduced & pure aesthetics OLED delivers harmony of form and light for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 38 19

20 Some application examples (I) Decorative & Mood lighting Source: PPML design contest 2009, Osram OS for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 39 Some application examples (II) Source: PPML design contest 2009 for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 40 20

21 Some application examples (III) Room Separator Desktop Illumination Source: Osram OS for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 41 Outstanding Features High energy efficiency: - 62 lm/w on R&D level - >100 lm/w in future High quality white light: CRI > 80 Diffuse non glaring area light source Instant on/off Mercury-free Low voltage DC driven Functionality -Various colors - Different color temperatures Design & aesthetics - Thin, flat, lightweight - Diffuse transparent mirror - Flexibility for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 42 Mercury free Normalized Radiance (a. u.) White broad band emission Wavelength (nm) 21

22 R&D Result: Large Area Transparent OLED Transparent OLEDs open up completely new opportunities regarding design and applications! Technology facts: 145 mm 210cm 2 active lighting area 55% transparency Highly conductive electrodes No busbars required 2 contact pads (lighting conform) for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 43 OLED Lighting - Market Development OLED market will develop from high end to high volume applications I. Luxury Designs "Light Art" "The birth of a light revolution" Extreme thin - superior CRI II. Functional Designs "Design & Illumination" "Great value propositions by (e.g.) transparency" III. General Lighting "White Volume Flatlight" "A key segment in the world's volume lighting portfolio" Market Entry Transition to Volume Volume Business Emotional factors overweigh the price Amazing features will enable impressive, new applications. Volume fit per cost, performance & capacity. for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 44 22

23 The Application Categories Lead to Challenging Requirements...to be fulfilled without sacrificing Luminous the aesthetic Objects appeal General and the Illumination lighting essentials: lumen maintenance, sustainability, low cost and efficiency Mood Lighting Object Illumination General Illumination - Decorative light - Accent light - Windows - Shop - Specialty - Task light - Integrated ceiling & wall light Requirements: - Diffuse emission at moderate luminance level (<500 Cd/m2) - Excellent off-state appearance Requirements: - Large area & transparency and/or aesthetic tiling concepts Requirements: - High luminance level (up to 4000 Cd/m 2 ) & directional beam shaping Note: Automotive applications are currently not in focus due to high required temperatures for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 45 OLED Beyond Glass Substrates First proof of principle on bendable substrates successful (top emitter on metal substrate). Flexible OLEDs on e.g. plastic foils will be available in 3-5 years. At OSRAM OS bendable and flexible substrates are part of the activities regarding R&D as well as potential applications. for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 46 23

24 Thank You For Your Attention for SSL Romme, Sweden Page 47 24