Answers to the Exercises -- Chapter 3

Transcription

1 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 1 Answers to the Exercises -- Chapter 3 EXERCIE page 7 Produce phrase structure trees and logical forms for: Jose met Quincy in Paris Every spotted dog runs quickly A dog in the park ran down the walk VP, e DP V Jose V PP AG(e) = Jose V DP in Paris e is-in Paris met Quincy meeting e hm(e) = Quincy e [AG(e) = Jose & meeting e & hm(e) = Quincy & e is-in Paris] DP, x VP, e D N DP V every ADJ N x V ADV Agt(e) = x spotted dog runs quickly spotted dog running e quick e every x {spotted x & dog x} e[agt(e)=x & running e & quick e] DP, x VP, e D N DP V a N PP x V PP Agt(e) = x dog in the park ran down the walk dog dog running e e is-down the walk a x {dog x & x is-in the park} e[agt(e)=x & running e & e is-down the walk]

2 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 2 EXERCIE p. 9: Classify the main verbs (or adjectives) of these sentences as to whether they stand for states or events; in the latter case classify them into activity, and telic verbs. Quincy baked a cake: Event; Either elic or Atelic [OK] What Quincy did was bake a cake [OK] Quincy baked a cake and so did Agatha [OK] Quincy is baking a cake [OK] Bake a cake! [OK] It took her an hour to bake a cake [OK] [OK] he baked a cake in an hour. he baked a cake for an hour. Maria petted her cat: Event, Atelic [OK] What Maria did was pet her cat [OK] Maria petted her cat and George did so too [OK] Maria is petting her cat [OK] Pet your cat! [OK] It took her an hour to pet her cat [???] he petted her cat in an hour. [OK] he petted her cat for an hour. Jose is not in good health: tate [???] What Jose did was be in good health [BAD] Jose was in good health and so did Maria [???] Jose is being in good health [???] Be in good health <OK when interpreted as a modal, but not as an imperative> [???] It took her an hour to be in good health Quincy ran yesterday afternoon: Event; Atelic [OK] What Quincy did was run [OK] Quincy ran and so did Jose [OK] Quincy is running [OK] Run! [OK] It took her an hour to run [???] he ran in an hour. [OK] he ran for an hour. EXERCIE page 12: Identify the theta-roles to be used with each subject, direct object, and indirect object. Write out the logical form for each sentence. ome dog [AGEN] chased every cat [HEME] some x {dog x} every y {cat y} e[agt(e)=x & chasing e & hm(e)=y] hey[agen] gave her [GOAL] a gold watch [HEME] a x {gold x & watch x} e[agt(e)=them & Goal(e)=her & hm(e)=x] he[in] is afraid of the dog [HEME] the x {dog x} e[in(e)=her & being-afraid e & hm(e)=x] he [IN] fears the dog [HEME] the x {dog x} e[in(e)=her & fearing e & hm(e)=x]

3 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 3 Quincy [IN] has a dog [HEME] a x {dog x} e[in(e)=quincy & having e & hm(e)=x] Quincy [IN] is quiet e[in(e)=quincy & being-quiet e] EXERCIE page 14: 1. Produce the logical forms for the following sentences, and say which are logically related to which: Brutus stabbed Caesar in Rome during the Ides of March Brutus stabbed Caesar Brutus stabbed Caesar during the Ides of March e[agt(e) = b & stabbing e & hm(e) = c & e is-in Rome & e is-during Ides-of-March] e[agt(e) = b & stabbing e & hm(e) = c] e[agt(e) = b & stabbing e & hm(e) = c & e is-during Ides-of-March] he first entails both of the others; the last entails the middle. 2. Make all the sentences you can from the following ingredients, and determine the logical relations among them: Maria ran, in the rain, during Lent, in Los Angeles, fast hese are not all of the possiblilities; they are some samples (they obey a syntactic rule that we have not tried to include, which is that adverbs modifying a verb usually precede prepositional phrases modifying the same verb): Maria ran fast in the rain during Lent in LA Maria ran fast in the rain in LA during Lent Maria ran fast during Lent in LA in the rain Maria ran fast in LA in the rain during Lent Maria ran fast in the rain during Lent Maria ran fast in the rain in LA Maria ran fast during Lent in LA Maria ran fast during Lent Maria ran fast in LA Maria ran fast Maria ran in the rain Maria ran during Lent Maria ran in LA Maria ran Each sentence is entailed by any other that has the same modifiers or more, in any order. here are no other entailments. 3. We have not yet specified exactly what the scope should be for the existential quantifier that we use to quantify the event variable -- in particular, whether it should ever come outside of the scopes of DP s that are raised by QR. What options are there for the relative scopes in a sentence like Every squirrel ate an egg? uppose we decide that QR always gives DP s wider scope than the event variable associated with their verb; are there sentences which will thereby be incorrectly treated? In simple cases there is no apparent need for the event quantifier to have wider scope than the raised DP s. here is no general agreement about whether the event quantifier should sometimes take wider scope than those DP s. In this text we assume that it always takes narrowest scope; this simplifies the examples under consideration.

4 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 4 EXERCIE page 15: 1. Produce the logical forms of the two indicated sentences, and explain why they are equivalent. o do this, you will need to assume the equivalence of: e[stroking e &... ] with: some e {stroking e}... VP DP V Maria V ADV V DP gently stroked pot e[agt(e) = Maria & stroking e & hm(e) = pot & gentle e] DP D N VP ome N PP DP V e by Maria V ADV N PP was gentle stroking of pot indicates agent indicates theme special simple logical form with event variable ome e {stroking e & hm(e) = pot & Agt(e) = Maria} & gentle e 2. Devise another equivalence of a similar nature. A dancing by Maria was graceful is equivalent to Maria danced gracefully. he logical forms are: a e {dancing e & Agt(e) = Maria} graceful e e[agt(e) = Maria & dancing e & graceful e]

5 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 5 EXERCIE page 20: Produce logical forms for the following sentences: Maria is clever VP,e -Past DP V Maria V ADJ be clever e[e u & Agt(e) = Maria & being-clever e] Maria didn t pet pot Neg not VP,e +Past DP V Maria V DP pet pot e[e<u & Agt(e) = Maria & petting e & hm(e) = pot] A dog chased every cat DP,x D N DP,y a dog D N VP,e every cat +Past DP V x V DP chase y a x {dog x} every y {cat y} e[e<u & Agt(e) = x & chasing e & hm(e) = y]

6 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 6 EXERCIE page 22. Produce logical forms for these sentences: In the following, the phrase structures have event variables next to modal and VP nodes for convenience in producing the logical forms. Maria will not pet pot Neg not ModalP,e -Past Modal VP,e will/wd DP V Maria V DP pet pot e [e u & e[e <e & Agt(e) = Maria & petting e & hm(e) = pot]] Every dog will chase a cat DP,x D N DP,y every dog D N ModalP,e a cat -Past Modal VP,e will/wd DP V x V DP chase y every x {dog x} a y {cat y} e [e u & e[e <e & Agt(e) = x & chasing e & hm(e) = y]]

7 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 7 Everybody will be happy DP,x D N ModalP, e every -body -Past Modal VP,e will/wd DP V x V ADJ be happy every x {-body x} e [e u & e[e <e & In(e) = x & is-a-being-happy e]] Does the last sentence require for its truth that everybody be happy simultaneously? hould it? It does not. here appears to be a way to take the sentence so that it says that there will a time when everyone is happy then, but it is not clear whether this is a reading of the sentence or a possible implicature. EXERCIE page Produce the phrase structures and logical forms for the following sentences: Maria is running Maria has run Maria has been running Maria is running ProgP,e -Past Prog VP,e be DP V Maria run e [e u & e[e = Prog(e) & Agt(e) = Maria & running e]]

8 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 8 Maria has run PerfP,e -Past Perf VP,e have DP V Maria run e [e u & e[e = Perf(e) & Agt(e) = Maria & running e]] Maria has been running PerfP,e -Past Perf ProgP,e have Prog VP,e be DP V Maria run e [e u & e [e =Perf(e ) & e[e = Prog(e) & Agt(e) = Maria & running e]] 2. uppose Maria starts running at noon on uesday and runs for exactly one hour. At which times will each of the above sentences be true? According to the theory given here: Maria is running will be true any time between noon and one o clock. Maria has run will be true any time after noon. Maria has been running will be true any time after noon. 3. Compare the truth conditions of: Mary ate Mary has eaten he former is true when there is an eating event in the past of the time of its utterance. he latter is true if there is a perfect state holding at the time of its utterance; this will be so only if there is a running event that precedes the perfect state. o the sentences will be true at exactly the same times.

9 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter Could the sentence he has run forever ever be true? Explain. No. In order for this to be true at a time, there must be a perfect state holding at that time. he perfect state will start to hold as soon as the VP event culminates. ince that event culminates only when a running has lasted forever, there is no time for the perfect state to begin. EXERCIE page 29. Give the phrase structures and logical forms for the following sentences. At noon, Fido had eaten. ADVP ADV PerfP, e +Past at noon Perf VP, e have DP V Fido eat e [e <u & e is-at noon & e[e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Fido & eating e]] Fido had eaten at noon PerfP, e Perf VP, e +Past have DP V Fido V ADV eat at noon e [e <u & e[e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Fido & eating e & e is-at noon]]

10 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 10 omorrow Mary will have run. ModalP, e -Past Modal Modal will/wd ADV PerfP, e tomorrow Perf VP, e have DP V Mary run e [e u & e [e <e & e is-tomorrow & e[e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Mary & runing e]]] Mary will have run tomorrow. -Past ModalP, e Modal PerfP, e will/wd Perf VP, e have DP V Mary V ADV run tomorrow e [e u & e [e <e & e[e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Mary & runing e & e is-tomorrow]]]

11 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 11 omorrow Mary will have been running. ModalP, e Modal Modal -Past will/wd ADV PerfP, e tomorrow Perf ProgP, e have Prog VP,e be DP V Mary run e [e u & e [e <e & e is-tomorrow & e [e = Perf(e ) & e[e =Prog(e) & AG(e) = Mary & runing e]] Mary will have been running tomorrow. -Past ModalP, e Modal PerfP, e will/wd Perf ProgP, e have Prog VP,e be DP V Mary V ADV run tomorrow e [e u & e [e <e & e [e = Perf(e ) & e[e =Prog(e) & AG(e) = Mary & runing e & e is-tomorrow]]

12 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 12 EXERCIE page 31: Write the phrase structures and logical forms for: When Maria was sleeping, Quincy arrived. Quincy arrived when Maria was sleeping. When Maria was sleeping, Quincy had arrived. Quincy had arrived when Maria was sleeping. Which of these are equivalent to one another? UB-CLAUE, e D indef VP +Past +Past Maria be sleeping ADV VP UB-CONJ DP DP V when e Quincy arrive indef e {e <u & e [e = Prog(e ) & AG(e ) = Maria & sleeping e ]} e[e<u & e when e & AG(e) = Quincy & arriving e] UB-CLAUE, e D indef VP VP,e +Past +Past Maria be sleeping DP V Quincy V ADV arrive when e indef e {e <u & e [e = Prog(e ) & AG(e ) = Maria & sleeping e ]} e[e<u & AG(e) = Quincy & arriving e & e when e ]

13 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 13 UB-CLAUE, e D indef VP +Past +Past Maria be sleeping ADV PerfP,e UB-CONJ DP Perf VP,e when e have Quincy arrive indef e {e <u & e [e = Prog(e ) & AG(e ) = Maria & sleeping e ]} e [e <u & e when e & e[e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Quincy & arriving e]] UB-CLAUE, e D indef VP PerfP,e +Past +Past Maria be sleeping Perf VP, e have V ADV Quincy arrive when e indef e {e <u & e [e = Prog(e ) & AG(e ) = Maria & sleeping e ]} e [e <u & e = Perf(e) & AG(e) = Quincy & arriving e & e when e ] he first two are equivalent in virtue of their logical forms; there are no other equivalences that are due to the logical forms. EXERCIE page 35. Write phrase structures and logical forms for these sentences: Maria awoke he wax melted he Bismarck will sink

14 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 14 VP,e +Past DP V Maria awaken e[e<u & hm(e) = Maria & e [being-awake e & e is-the-becoming-of e ]] VP,e +Past DP V the wax melt e[e<u & hm(e) = wax & e [being-molten e & e is-the-becoming-of e ]] ModalP, e -Past Modal VP, e will/wd DP V the Bismarck sink e [e u & e[e <e & hm(e) = Bismarck & e [being-sunken e & e is-the-becoming-of e ]]] (OPIONAL) EXERCIE page 36 (his exercise presupposes a bit of logic that has not been explicitly covered in this text.) Relying on the two principles just cited, show how: Maria will awaken entails: Maria will be awake. <<answer not given here>>

15 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 15 EXERCIE page Give the phrase structure and logical form for: Maria melted the wax Quincy felled the tree vp, e +Past DP v Maria v VP, e CAUAL DP V the wax melt e[e<u & Agt(e) = Maria & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = wax & melting e ]] Adding the analysis of the inchoative: e[e<u & Agt(e) = Maria & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = wax & e [being-molten e & e is-a-becoming-of e ]]] vp, e +Past DP v Quincy v VP, e CAUAL DP V the tree fall e[e<u & Agt(e) = Quincy & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = tree& falling e ]] Adding the analysis of the inchoative: e[e<u & Agt(e) = Quincy & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = tree & e [being-fallen e & e is-a-becoming-of e ]]]

16 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter A famous proposal is that the word kill is the causative transitive verb corresponding to the intransitive die, which is in turn the inchoative of dead. If this is true, what is the logical form for Maria killed Quincy? vp, e +Past DP v Maria v VP, e CAUAL DP V Quincy die e[e<u & Agt(e) = Maria & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = Quincy & dying e ]] Adding the analysis of the inchoative: e[e<u & Agt(e) = Maria & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = Quincy & e [being-dead e & e is-a-becoming-of e ]]] EXERCIE page 40. Give all the phrase structures and logical forms for: Quincy exploded the bomb in Rome here are two: vp, e +Past DP v Quincy v VP, e CAUAL DP V the bomb V ADV explode in Rome e[e<u & Agt(e) = Quincy & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = bomb & exploding e & e is-in Rome]] < explode is not an inchoative>

17 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 17 vp, e +Past DP v Quincy v ADV v VP in Rome CAUAL DP V the bomb explode e[e<u & Agt(e) = Quincy & e is-in Rome & e [e CAUE e & hm(e ) = bomb & exploding e ]] EXERCIE page 41. Write out the whole logical form for Quincy wiped the table clean. vp, e +Past DP v Quincy v VP, e wipe CAUAL DP V the table V ADJ be clean e[e<u & Agt(e) = Quincy & wiping e & e [e CAUE e & e [ In(e ) = table & being-clean e & e is-a-becoming-of e ]] EXERCIE page Write the phrase structures and logical forms for: Maria saw Bill run Maria saw Quincy stab Jose

18 Answers to Exercises -- Chapter 3 18 mclause, e VP, e indef Bill run +Past DP V Maria V DP see e indef e {Agt(e) = Bill & running e} e [e <u & IN(e ) = Maria & seeing e & HM(e ) = e] mclause, e VP, e indef Quincy stab Jose +Past DP V Maria V DP see e indef e {Agt(e) = Quincy & stabbing e & hm(e) = Jose} e [e <u & IN(e ) = Maria & seeing e & HM(e ) = e] 2. mall clauses seem to occur with the progressive verb form. Extend the proposal above so as to apply to: Maria saw Quincy hitting Bill mclause, e VP, e indef Quincy hitting Bill +Past DP V Maria V DP see e indef e {e [e = Prog(e ) & Agt(e ) = Quincy & hitting e & hm(e ) = Bill]} e [e <u & IN(e ) = Maria & seeing e & HM(e ) = e]