Blood Cells Flashcards

Transcription

1 1) The study of blood cells is called Hematology 2) A human body contains about liters of 5 blood 3) Blood transports from the lungs to the O 2 tissues. 4) Blood also clears those tissues of CO 2 5) The liquid portion of blood is called Plasma 6) Describe the morphology of a normal RBC Biconcave disc 7) How many nuclei does a normal human RBC None contain 8) RBC s are filled with a reddish protein called Hemoglobin 9) What is the diameter of a normal RBC 6-8 microns 10) The center of an RBC will appear Pale compared to the rest of the cell 11) An RBC count below normal is Anemia 12) An RBC count above normal is Polycythemia 13) How is hemoglobin concentration derived. Sample is measured in a photometer at 540 nm after conversion of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin with Drabkin s reagent. 14) Hematocrit is a ratio of over Volume of RBC s over volume of whole blood 15) A normal hematocrit is about % 45 16) Dr. Wright developed the Wright stain. Why was this so important? It allowed detailed visual examination of blood using a microscope of things previously difficult or impossible to see. Shape, color, size, central pallor, contents and function 17) RBC are fully described using these 6 parameters 18) What cells have no nucleus? Red blood cells 19) Why are red blood cells biconcave? To increase surface area 20) What are the smallest cells in the body? Red blood cells 21) What are red blood cells filled with that carry Hemoglobin oxygen throughout the body? 22) What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte? 120 days 23) Where in the body are old erythrocytes In the spleen and liver destroyed? 24) Where are RBC's made? In the red bone marrow 25) Hereditary spherocytosis is a red cell membrane disorder 26) What is the condition in which too many red blood cells are produced and requires therapeutic phlebotomy? Polycythemia 27) What is any condition of red blood cells in which the blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished? Anemia 28) What is the lack of oxygen to the tissues? Hypoxia 1

2 29) What is the reduced blood flow to a tissue Ischemia called? 30) What are some of the causes of hypoxia? Ischemia, malfunctioning hemoglobin, increasing altitude 31) What is the characteristic sign of anemia? Reticulocytes in the blood 32) What are reticulocytes? Immature red blood cells 33) Anemia can be caused by too few RBCs. 34) Anemia can also be cause by iron deficiency. 35) What is the rupture of RBCs? Hemolysis 36) Hemolytic anemia can be, from Hereditary, acquired autoimmune disorders or G6PD deficiency, or, from infections, or receiving the incorrect blood type in a transfusion. 37) G6PD deficiency is hereditary and X-linked, so Male almost all are. 38) G6PD is an that is important for RBC Enzyme metabolism. 39) G6PD is the most common human enzyme deficiency. 40) Pernicious anemia is also known as. Megaloblastic anemia 41) Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor. 42) After gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is no Vitamin B12, hemoglobin longer able to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb, which is needed to make in RBCs. 43) Without vitamin B12, the blood cells become Megaloblastic fewer and larger than normal, or. 44) Gastric bypass surgery patients must take vitamin B12 shots or sublingual supplements for the rest of their lives. 45) What is Thalassemia? A hereditary form of anemia where the RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin that deforms the cells 46) What is sickle cell disease? A hereditary mutation resulting in one valine amino acid substituted for glutamic acid. 47) Which group of people that sickle erythrocytes people with African ancestry present than other groups? 48) What kind of infections that the sickle shape can prevent? helps prevent malaria infections, but it also causes blood clots. 49) What is hereditary spherocytosis? The red blood cells shrink over time due to problems with the red blood cell membrane. 2

3 50) What is red blood cell (RBC) count? is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions. 51) What does Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures? the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood. 52) What does Hematocrit (Hct) measures? the percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood. 53) What is a quick screening test for anemia? the hematocrit test 54) How to perform the hematocrit test? A drop of blood is drawn up a small glass capillary tube and the tube is centrifuged to pack the red blood cells at the bottom with the plasma on top. 55) What does hematocrit measures? the percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes. 56) What is the ratio of the hematocrit? the ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume. 57) What percentage is normal hematocrit about 45% (46% for men and 38% for women.) 58) What is a measurement of the average size of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) your RBCs? 59) What is elevated when RBC are larger than Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) normal? 60) What is the term for larger than normal RBC? Macrocytic 61) Name one condition where MCV is elevated Anemia caused by B12 deficiency 62) What is the term for smaller than normal RBC? Microcytic 63) What is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) cell? 64) What is a calculation of the average concentration of oxygen on the hemoglobin molecules inside a red cell? Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 65) What is the term for decreased MCHC values? Hypochromia 66) What is the term for increased MCHC values? Hyperchromia 67) What is a calculation of the variation in the Red cell distribution width (RDW) size of your RBCs? 68) Having few RBC s with various shapes is Anisocytosis called? 69) Having many RBC s with various shapes is Poikilocytosis called? 70) What is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream by giving an athlete an unnecessary blood transfusion in order to enhance athletic performance? Blood doping 71) What is the technique for determining which specific protein type is present on the RBC? Blood typing 3

4 72) What are the proteins called when the cell membranes of the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that another person s body will think is a foreign body and reject it? Antigens (something that causes an allergic reaction) 73) What are the 2 types of blood antigens? Type A and Type B 74) If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion of type B blood, what would happen? the donated blood will clump in masses (coagulation), and the person will die. 75) Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why is this possible? O negative. It is possible because there are no antigens on the blood cell. 76) Which blood type is considered the universal acceptor? Why is this possible? 77) What is the rarest blood type? AB negative 78) What protein does the term positive or negative refer to in blood typing. 79) What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus in her womb (from an Rh+ father), and she has antibodies to the Rh factor? 80) If a woman is Rh- and pregnant the doctor will administer an injection of what at 18 weeks and again within 72 hrs after giving birth? 81) About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor? 82) or False: 83) During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy an Rh+ baby is not at risk of Hemalytic Disease of the Newborn. 84) What protein is another RBC antigen and similar to Rh factor; in that, it can cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. AB positive. This is possible because the plasma does not contain antibodies to A or B or Rh antigens. Rh Factor her antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the fetus because her body detects the Rh protein on the baby s red blood cells and thinks they are foreign objects. This is called Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN). Rhogam 18 weeks ; during the first birth (or miscarriage), the placenta tears away and that s when the baby s blood cells get into the mother s bloodstream. This begins the immune response. The Kell protein. People either have big K or little k proteins. Most people have little kk. If one parent has big K (either Kk or KK), the child can get Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. 85) Define Pathogen Something that causes a disease. 86) Bacterium, virus, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and Biological Pathogens worms are examples of what type of pathogen? 87) What is an example of a non-biological pathogen? Toxic chemicals, asbestos are two examples. 88) How many bacteria can fit inside a white blood cell? Bacteria are so small that hundreds of them can fit inside one WBC. 89) Where do bacteria live in the body? They usually do not invade cells, they live between cells of the body, using nutrients. 4

5 90) How do bacteria cause harm? By secreting toxins 91) How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus of Thousands one white blood cell? 92) How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus Hundreds area of a bacterium? 93) Where do viruses live in the body and why? They always try to invade body cells because they need host DNA or RNA to replicate 94) What happens when a body cell has been invaded by a virus? The entire host cell must be killed by a white blood cell. 95) What is an antigen? An Antigen is anything that can cause an immune response, not necessarily a biological pathogen. 96) What are some examples of non-biological antigens? Pollen, dust, grass, or anything that a person is allergic to. 97) List the Leukocytes 1) Basophils -Mast Cells 2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils 4) Monocytes -Macrophages 5) Lymphocytes -B cells -T cells 98) What percentage of all Leukocytes are 0.5 % Basophils? 99) What is secreted by Basophil granules and Histamines. It causes why? vasodilation so more WBCs can get to the infection site. 100) What interferes with the function of Basophils? Antihistamines 101) What is a Basophil that leaves the blood vessel Mast Cell and enters the tissues? 102) What percentage of Leukocytes are 1-4% Eosinophils? 103) What roles do eosinophils play? Ending allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They increase in numbers during these conditions (Eosinophilia) 104) Which is the most numerous White Blood Neutrophils Cell? 105) Which White Blood Cell is the first to respond Neutrophils to infection? 106) What roles do neutrophils play in response to infection? 1) Phagocytize and destroy bacteria 2) Also destroy bacterial toxins in body fluids 5

6 107) How many lobes does the nucleus of a 2-6 lobes neutrophil have? 108) How do Neutrophils contribute to immunity? Engulfing bacteria and foreign bodies (thorns, dirt) in a process called phagocytosis. They release the contents of lysosomes onto invader, dissolving it. 109) When bacteria have capsules, they are harder Opsonization by antibodies to phagocytize. What action makes this process easier? 110) What has some bacteria around them Capsule developed as a defense against phagocytosis. 111) or False: If a bacterium develops a capsule, neutrophils and macrophages cannot engulf it by themselves 112) The process of facilitation of phagocytosis is Opsinization called? 113) What is the structure called when an invading Antigen-antibody complex bacteria has the antibody attached to its cell membrane? 114) If a bacterium does not have a this structure, Capsule the neutrophil can destroy it without opsonization. 115) This type of cell comprise about 5% of all Monocytes WBC s. 116) This type of leucocyte use antibodies for Monocytes opsonization. They phagocytize bacteria, old cells, and foreign bodies. 117) When monocytes leave the bloodstream and Macrophages enter the tissue, they are called? 118) What cells are considered to be the most Neutrophils numerous of white blood cells? 119) or False: There are more macrophages in the tissue of the body than in the blood. 120) Neutrophils live only a few days where as Monocytes/Macrophages live for a few Monocytes/Macrophages live for how long? months. 121) What cells phagocytize bacteria until they die? Neutrophils 122) What type cell phagocytize and then take Macrophages pieces of dead bacteria and present them to lymphocytes so a larger immune response can occur? 123) What are the two type of phagocytes? Neutrophils and macrophages 124) What are Lymphocytes mostly needed to do? Kill off body cells infected by viruses. 125) Neutrophils and macrophages main function is To phagocytize bacteria not to phagocytize viruses, but to what? 6

7 126) What do macrophages have that make them recognize the surface of the pathogen s cell membrane? 127) When macrophages phagocytize bacteria, pop their lysosomes onto it and dissolve it, what do the macrophages do to their own cell membrane and for what reason? 128) Macrophages present pieces of T cell lymphocytes and that T cell will present it to a what type of lymphocyte? 129) The B lymphocyte feels the shape of the bacteria pieces, and the B lymphocyte can them launch an attack in the rest of that type of bacteria still alive in the body. What is this Surface receptors Macrophages place a piece of the bacteria s cell membrane on it s own cell wall until the macrophage finds a lymphocyte to present it to. B cell lymphocyte Antigen presentation process called? 130) What is a lymphocyte? Lymphocytes are cells which produce antibodies to kill any pathogens which invade the body. 131) There are two types of lymphocytes. What One makes antibodies and the other does one do and what does the other do? engages in direct combat with viruses. 132) What are the two main classes of lymphocytes? B cells and T cells 133) Where do the B cells originate from? Bone marrow 134) B cell that has not been presented to an Virgen B cell invader is called a? 135) After a B cell has been introduced to an Plasma cell invader, the B cell will mature into a what? 136) A mature plasma cell fights infection by Antibodies producing what? 137) After the war of infection is over, the plasma Memory cell cell will mature into a queen called a what? 138) Where do the T cells originate? Thymus gland 139) What do the T cells attack directly? They attack foreign cells including organ transplants. 140) What does a B cell mature into once they have Plasma Cell been presented to? 141) What is a function of a Plasma Cell? Secrete Antibodies 142) What is the function of the antibody from a Kill the attacking cell Plasma cell? 143) How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an They attach to bacteria and pop the cell attacking cell? membrane 144) How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an They attach to encapsulated bacteria to attacking cell? help neutrophils and macrophages to 145) How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking cell? phagocytize them They agglutinate (clump all over the bacteria, binding their receptor site so they cannot cause harm) 7

8 146) Define the term Mononucleosis A disorder of B-cell lymphocytes 147) What is the cause of Mononucleosis? The Epstein Barr Virus 148) What is a characteristic of Mononucleosis? Inflammation of lymph vessels(lymphangitis) 149) What is Lymphangitis? Lymph vessel inflammation; usually from infection 150) What is a visual characteristic of Mononucleosis? Infected lymphocytes have a scalloped edge where they touch RBC s 151) What is the function of a T-cell? Coordinate the immune response by recruiting other white blood cells. 152) How does a T-cell directly destroy bacteria? Popping their cell membrane 153) How does a T-cell directly destroy a foreign Popping their cell membrane cell? 154) Host body cells that have become infected with T-cell viruses may be killed by what type of cell? 155) What are characteristics of a T-cell regarding the killing of an invading cell? 156) What is the relationship of a T-cell and antibodies? They do not need to phagocytize the invading cell, they just kill the cell and the macrophage dissolves the debris. T-cells do not need the assistance of antibodies in order to destroy an invading cell. Organ transplant patients 157) Which type of patient is at risk due to the function of T-cells? 158) What type of cell attacks the organs of an T-cell organ transplant patient? 159) What types of drugs are designed to inhibit the Immunosuppressive drugs action of T-cells? 160) What cell is attacked by the HIV (AIDS) virus? T-cell 161) Where do T-cells originate from? Thymus Gland 162) What does the Thymus Gland secrete? Certain hormones which can cause T-cells to become immunocompetent 163) What happens when a T-cell becomes Makes the cells mature and start to work immunocompetent? 164) What are the three types of T-cells? Cytotoxic (killer), Helper, and Suppressor T- cells 165) What is the function of a Cytotoxic (killer) T- Go out and directly kill bacteria or infected cell? host cells 166) What are the functions of a Helper T-cell? Release chemicals called cytokines to call more white blood cells of all types to join the war. All WBCs can secrete cytokines. 167) What happens when a T-cell presents a macrophage s antigen to a B-cell? Present the macrophage s antigen to a B- cell. Produce antibodies against that particular bacteria 8

9 168) What are the functions of a Suppressor T-cell? Stop the immune process when it is over Tell plasma cells to remember how to destroy that specific pathogen. 169) What type of B-cell remembers how to destroy Memory B-cells a pathogen that has once invaded the body? 170) What is the function of Memory B-cells? React to remembered pathogens faster the next time it invades. 171) Why can Memory B-cells react to remembered Memory B-cells already have the proper pathogens faster? antibodies stored up for that pathogen. 172) or False? 173) A pathogen can get past the body s physical and chemical barriers and the inflammation response. 174) What are pathogens engulfed by? Macrophages 175) What is another word for macrophage? Monocyte 176) What does the macrophage release onto a The contents of its lysosomes bacterium to dissolve it? 177) or False? 178) There are still some pieces of the bacterium s cell membrane left. 179) What are surface proteins of macrophages also Antigens known as? 180) Where does the macrophage force the antigens To it s own cell surface. of the bacterium? 181) or False: False. 182) B-cells touch these surface antigens to make a Correct cell: Helper T-cells copy of their shape. 183) Which cell is presented the surface antigen? B-cells 184) B-cells create against pathogens. Antibodies 185) or False? 186) Helper T-cells multiply and have two main roles 187) Helper T-cells activate which type of cells? B-cells and Killer T-cells 188) What does the Helper T-cell tell the B-cells to do? Helper T-cells tell B-cells how to neutralize the pathogen by presenting the pieces of the bacterium cell membrane. 189) What do the B-cells turn into? Plasma cells 190) Plasma cells multiply and produce Antibodies; neutralize to a specific pathogen 191) What is the second role of the Helper T-cells? To activate the Killer T-cells. 192) What do Killer T-cells secrete to recruit other Cytokines WBCs to join the war? 193) or False? 194) Killer T-cells can destroy the pathogen itself (bacteria) 9

10 195) Why would a Killer T-cell destroy an entire body cell? 196) When an immune response is over, what kind of cell stops the process? 197) What do Supressor T-cells tell some B-cells to do? 198) B-cells (plasma cells) now become. 199) What is leukemia? And what kind of cell does it involve? 200) What happens when one stem cell does not function properly? It is infected with a virus Suppressor T-cells Suppressor T-cells tell some B-cells (plasma cells) to remember how to destroy that specific pathogen Memory B-cells Cancer of the blood involving the white blood cells It will make huge amounts of clones of itself which do not function the right way, resulting in not enough normal WBC being made 201) What is a result from a decrease of WBC? The body cannot fight infection 202) Where are the immature white cells sent to? The bloodstream 203) Define Leukemia Leukemia can be defined as too few mature WBC 204) or False? 205) Even though WBC count is high, they are all immature forms 206) Leukemia is a form of cancer classified as a disorder of where too few mature are made 207) or False? 208) Lymphoblastic is defined as too many mature lymphocytes Leukocytes; WBCs False. Lymphoblastic is defined as too many immature lymphocytes 209) Too many immature neutrophils is defined as? Myeloblastic 210) What do people with severe leukemia need A bone marrow transplant transplated? 211) Before a bone marrow transplant, what has to happen with the recipients WBCs? 212) The donor usually has a small cylinder of bone Hip removed from their 213) How is the bone marrow given to the recipient? I.V. 214) or False? 215) The new WBC s may kill the patient or it may save their life The WBCs of the recipient have to be killed off with a medicine since they are mostly malfunctioning. 216) Define WBC count A count of the actual number of white blood cells per volume of blood. 217) or False? 218) An increase or decrease is WBC s can be significant 10

11 219) Define White blood cell differential It identifies the types of white blood cells present 220) How many different types of WBC are there? Five 221) Name the different types of WBC s Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. 222) Neutrophils are also known as Segs, PMNs, granulocytes, grans 223) Excess neutrophils is defined as Neutrophilia 224) Too few neutrophils is defined as Neutropenia 225) Define thrombocytophilia Excess platelets 226) Define thrombocytopenia Too few platelets 227) How long do Lymphocytes live can live a lifetime 228) How long do Erythrocytes live 4 months 229) How long do Platelets live about 2 months 230) How long do Monocytes live 30 days 231) How long do Neutrophils live about a week 232) Antibodies are also known as what? immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig 233) What are antibodies made by? are proteins made by plasma cells. 234) What are typically basic structural unit? each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains 235) What shape does the antibody form? to form a unit shaped like the letter Y 236) What are the tips of the Y? have receptors that are specific for a particular antigen 237) What does the stem of the Y do? can be grasped by a phagocyte. 238) What is the hypervariable region? Small region at the tip of an antigen allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist 239) What is the advantage of the hypervariable region? allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide diversity of antigens 240) Why are people sick more often as children than in their 20 s and 30 s? we build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity from more and more antigens during adulthood 241) What are platelets made from? Pieces break off of a megakaryocte and are 242) What happens when a platelet encounters a broken blood vessel? known as platelets it uses clotting factors (made in the liver and circulating in the blood) to form a web to clots blood. 243) Platelets are responsible for what? clot (thrombus) formation 244) What is a platelet? Is the cell fragment that is broken off from megakaryocytes. 245) What is the primary function of a platelet? Function in clotting of blood 246) Where are platelets located? In the plasma called Clotting factor in order for then to become activated form a clot. They are found in Fibrin; it is made from Fibrinogen. 11

12 247) What Term means lack of platelets? Thrombocytopenia; it is abnormal lowing concentration of platelets. 248) Primary vitamin that is needed for blood Vitamin K clotting factor? 249) Where is vitamin K found? Found in green, leafy vegetables. 250) What is a Therapeutic use for Aspirin Can help blood clots by blocking the action of platelets. It 251) What is hemophilia? A hereditary disease of males, where they are unable to clot properly because they are missing some clotting factors. When they get even a slight bump or bruise they have to have an intravenous infusion of clotting factors or they will bleed to death. 252) What is a thrombus? A clot in a vessel 253) What is an Embolism? A thrombus that broke away and travels in the blood stream. It usually lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks circulation distal to that point. 254) What is platelet count? The platelet count is the number of platelets in a given volume of blood. 255) What can thrombocytophilia and Both increases (thrombocytophilia) and thrombocytopenia indicate? decreases (thrombocytopenia) can point to abnormal conditions of excess bleeding or 256) What is the Mean Platelet Volume and how does it relate to the age of platelets? 257) What are the uses of PT and PTT tests and which are the coagulation factors they evaluate? 258) How Heparin is used as anticoagulant drug therapy? clotting. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machinecalculated measurement of the average size of your platelets. New platelets are larger, and an increased MPV occurs when increased numbers of platelets are being produced. The PTT test is used to investigate unexplained bleeding or clotting. It may be ordered along with a PT (Prothrombin Time) test to evaluate hemostasis (the process of clot formation). The PTT evaluates all the coagulation factors except for VII. The PT test evaluates factor VII. These tests are used to monitor heparin anticoagulant therapy. Heparin is a drug that is given intravenously (IV) or by injection to prevent and to treat blood clots. IV s are also flushed with heparin to prevent clot formation. When it is administered for therapeutic purposes, it must be closely monitored. If too much is 12

13 259) What primary diseases are monitored by CBC and what are the parts of a Complete Blood Count? given, the treated person may bleed excessively; with too little, the treated person may continue to clot. The complete blood count or CBC test is used as a broad screening test to check for such disorders as anemia, infection, and many other diseases. It is actually a panel of tests that examines different parts of the blood and includes the following: White blood cell (WBC) count White blood cell differential Red blood cell (RBC) count Hemoglobin Hematocrit Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Red cell distribution width (RDW) platelet count PT, PTT (separate test from CBC) 260) What is septicemia? Septicemia (aka bacteremia or toxemia) is the condition when bacteria invade the body and circulate in the blood. 261) What entry points bacteria can use in order to gain access to the blood? 262) What consequences does the presence of bacteria have in the blood? Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of infections (like pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery (especially when involving mucous membranes such as the gastrointestinal tract), or due to catheters and other foreign bodies entering the arteries or veins (including intravenous drug abuse). Bacteremia can have several consequences. The immune response to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a relatively high mortality rate (kills 1 person in 5). Bacteria can also use the blood to spread to other parts of the body (which is called hematogenous spread), causing infections away from the original site of infection. Ex endocarditis or osteomyelitis. 263) What is the treatment of septicemia? Treatment is with antibiotics, and prevention with antibiotic prophylaxis can be given in situations where problems are to be expected. 264) What are the stem cells? STEM CELL: A cell that has not matured and differentiated yet. 13

14 265) What are the advantages of stem cells and why would research use embryos as stem cell sources rather than the placenta? An embryo has lots of stem cells which have not decided to become a nerve cell, muscle cell, liver cell, etc. Stem cells become the type of cell the body needs. The placenta of a newborn infant has many of these stem cells, too, but not as many as an embryo. That s why people want to research stem cells on embryos; there are more stem cells there. 266) What is the first step for a stem cell? To differentiate in order to decide which cell it belongs to. 267) What is hematopoiesis? blood cell formation 268) Where are plasma proteins made? In the liver 269) Where are blood cells made? In the red bone marrow/spongy bone 270) Where is red bone marrow located? Epiphyses of long bones, girdles (clavicle, scapula pelvic bones), axial skeleton (sternum and vertebral bones) 271) What are characteristics of yellow bone marrow? Contains many fats cells, located in long bones of adults, has nothing to do with forming blood cells. 272) What is released into the bloodstream once blood cells completely mature? 273) Where are blood cells destroyed once they are in the spleen and the liver old? 274) Where do T cells mature? the thymus gland 275) What cells originate from blood stem cells? erythroblasts: red blood cells lymphoblasts: lymphocytes myeloblasts: all other white blood cells 276) What happens when a RBC loses its nucleus? it gains room for more hemoglobin 277) What are reticulocytes? cells with some bits of nucleus for about two days 278) What is the relationship between lymphoblasts Lymphoblast give rise to lymphocytes and lymphocytes 279) What are myeloblasts? These are the stem cells that mature into the other leukocytes. 280) What is Leukemia? Leukemia is cancer of the stem cells 281) What is an inflammation reaction? When you get stuck by a thorn or have an infected cut, the body goes through a series of events called an inflammatory reaction. 282) What are the four signs of inflammation? Redness (erythema or rubor) Heat (calor) Swelling (edema or tumor) Pain (dolor) 283) What causes redness in the stages of inflammation? Redness is caused from the blood vessels dilating to allow more blood flow to the area. Within the blood are platelets to clot 14

15 the blood, proteins to repair the damage, and macrophages, which are white blood cells that eat up the foreign body, bacteria, or the dead cells. 284) What causes heat in the stages of Heat is caused because of the extra amount inflammation? of warm blood flow to the area. 285) What causes swelling in the stages of Swelling is caused from the plasma that inflammation? leaks out of the swollen blood vessels. 286) What causes pain in the stages of Pain is caused from the pressure of the inflammation? extra fluid pressing on nerves in the area. 287) What are the two types of immune response? The immune response is divided into two parts: Innate Immunity (WBC) and Adaptive Immunity (Antibodies) 288) What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity? Active immunity and Passive immunity 289) What is active immunity? Active means the person s own body makes the antibodies. Naturally Acquired The body is naturally exposed to an infectious agent and launches an immune reaction Artificially Acquired The person is injected with a weakened (attenuated) or killed organism, as found in a vaccination 290) What is naturally acquired active immunity? It is when the body is exposed to an infectious agent and the body has to work to produce antibodies which specifically 291) In naturally acquired active immunity, which cells secrete these antibodies, how long can they live, and how do they attack? attack that infectious agent. The white blood cells secrete these antibodies which will continue to circulate sometimes for years, ready to attack that type of bacteria and cause them to pop like a balloon before the body can become sick. 292) Can you get the same cold virus twice? No, you will become immune to it. Your next cold is from a different virus. 293) Which diseases may kill you at first exposure? Polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and influenza. 294) What is a vaccine? It is an altered or attenuated form of the virus that the body recognizes as foreign, but they can t cause disease. 295) What is the point of vaccination? If the person is exposed to the real organism later, the antibodies are already there to kill it off without the body getting sick. 296) What is an example of Artificially Acquired Active Immunity? A child is vaccinated against measles as a baby, so when he gets to school and is exposed to the disease, he doesn t get sick. 15

16 297) What does passive in Passive Immunity mean? PASSIVE means the person s body does not have to make the antibodies. 298) What is an example of naturally acquired An example is the passing of antibodies immunity? from mother to infant in breast milk. 299) What are the two types of passive immunity? Naturally acquired or artificially acquired 300) What are two examples of artificially acquired The first example is when a person receives immunity? an infusion of antibodies from someone else. The second is an example of an ebola survivor that donates his blood to another 301) Are active or passive immunity for life or short life? infected person. Active immunity is long-lived, and may last for years or even a life time. Passive immunity is short lived, and may last only for a few months. 302) What are allergies? It is a hypersensitivity to substances such as pollen or animal hair that would not ordinarily cause a reaction. 303) What are the two types of allergic responses? Immediate and delayed. 304) What is an immediate allergic response? A reaction that occurs within seconds of contact with the thing causing the allergy. 305) What will stop an allergic reaction for peanuts A shot of epinephrine will stop the reaction. or seafood? 306) What is a delayed allergic response? When the body s first exposure to the substance will not cause a reaction, but all exposures afterward will trigger the response. 307) What is an example of a delayed allergic Not itching the first time you touch poison response? ivy. 308) What is a wheal-and-flare reaction? Pruritis (itching), erythema on the skin 309) What are some examples of symptoms of an allergic reaction? bronchoconstriction mucous secretion vasodilation (shock) 310) What is localized anaphylaxis? A reaction limited to the site of allergen exposure 311) What is the definition of pruritis? Itching 312) What is the definition of urticarial? Hives 313) What is allergic rhinitis? Hay fever 314) What is atopic dermatitis? Eczema 315) What are the symptoms of an allergic asthma attack? airway edema mucous secretion inflammation 316) What is an autoimmune disease? A hereditary problem where the body thinks its own tissues are foreign bodies, and it constantly tries to kill off its own tissues. 16