Respiratory System. Biol 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 14
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1 Respiratory System Biol 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 14
2 Outline - Respiratory System I. Function of the respiratory system II. Parts of the respiratory system III. Mechanics of breathing IV. Regulation of breathing V. Disorders of the respiratory system
3 Respiratory system Function The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide.
4 The Respiratory System Breathing moves air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. Gas transport moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues. Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues. Oxygen transport Lungs Gas diffusion Carbon dioxide transport Gas diffusion Tissue Figure 14.1
5 This type of tissue covers and lines body parts 1. Connective 2. Epithelial 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
6 Cells lining respiratory tract Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells. The cilia sweeps mucus, germs and debris toward the throat. Mucas produced by goblet cells. Smoking damages the ciliated cells 8-4
7 The Respiratory System Figure 14.4a
8 Ciliated cells in respiratory tract
9 The Respiratory System Figure 14.3
10 The Respiratory System UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Filters, warms, and moistens air Nasal cavity Produces mucus Filters, warms, and moistens air Olfaction Sinuses Cavities in skull Lighten head Warm and moisten air Pharynx Passageway for air and food RESPIRATORY MUSCLES Cause breathing Intercostal muscles Move ribs during breathing Diaphragm Muscle sheet between chest and abdominal cavities with a role in breathing Figure 14.2 (1 of 2)
11 The Respiratory System LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Exchanges gases Larynx Air passageway Prevents food and drink from entering lower respiratory system Produces voice Bronchi Two branches of trachea that conduct air from trachea to each lung Bronchioles Narrow passageways to conduct air from bronchi to alveoli Epiglottis Covers larynx during swallowing Lungs Structures that contain alveoli and air passageways Allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and blood Trachea Connects larynx with bronchi leading to each lung Conducts air to and from bronchi Alveoli Microscopic chambers for gas exchange Figure 14.2 (2 of 2)
12 1. Nasal cavity Functions: 1. filter 2. warm 3. moisten the air entering the lungs 4. smell 8-3
13 1. Nasal cavity Parts of the nasal cavity: Mucus membranes - secrete sticky mucus to trap germs & debris. Contains olfactory receptor cells for the sense of smell Sinuses air filled cavities, warm and moisten air 8-3
14 2. Pharynx Functions - is a passageway for air, liquids, and food. (swallowing begins here). Connects the nasal cavity to the esophagus and the larynx Tonsils are found here lymphatic tissue that protects against infection 8-4
15 3. Larynx Functions 1. Connects the pharynx to the trachea 2. Contains vocal cords used to generate sound 3. Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract 8-4
16 3. Larynx Structure made from cartilage Epiglottis closes the trachea when swallowing 8-4
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19 4. Trachea Windpipe held open by concentric rings of cartilage Function Connects the larynx to the bronchi. 8-4
20 Bronchial Tree Trachea leads to the bronchial tree: Bronchi (bronchus) Bronchioles Alveoli (alveolus). 8-4
21 The Respiratory System Figure 14.7
22 7. Alveoli Sacs at the end of the bronchioles, they are surrounded by blood capillaries. Function: It is here that the oxygen diffuses across the membrane into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide goes from the capillaries to the inside of the lungs. 8-6
23 Alveoli Lungs - have about 300 million alveoli The structure of the alveoli increases surface area of lung For alveoli to function properly they are coated with phospholipid molecules called surfactant that keep them open
24 Alveoli Figure 14.8
25 The Respiratory System Table 14.1 (1 of 2)
26 The Respiratory System Table 14.1 (2 of 2)
27 What cells secrete mucus 1. Cilliated columnar epi 2. goblet 3. Squamous epi 4. osteocytes
28 The tube connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi is 1. pharynx 2. trachea 3. bronchioles 4. alveoli
29 Common passageway for air, food and drink 1. pharynx 2. trachea 3. bronchioles 4. alveoli
30 Conduct air from the trachea to the bronchioles 1. pharynx 2. trachea 3. bronchi 4. alveoli
31 Gas exchange takes place here 1. pharynx 2. trachea 3. bronchioles 4. alveoli
32 Which cavity is the lung located in? 1. Abdominal 2. Pericardial 3. Pleural 4. Dorsal
33 Inhalation Inhalation Rib cage moves up and out Air flow Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts and flattens The chest cavity increases in size, and pressure within the lungs decreases. Diaphragm contracts The lungs expand, and air moves in. (a) Figure 14.9a
34 Inhalation When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, causing the pressure in the lungs to decrease Inhalation is also called inspiration
35 Exhalation Exhalation Rib cage moves down and inward Air flow Intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward The chest cavity decreases in size, and pressure within the lungs increases. Diaphragm relaxes The lungs recoil, and air moves out. (b) Figure 14.9b
36 Exhalation Exhalation = Expiration When the same muscles relax, volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, pressure in the lungs increase
37 Air Volumes The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is called the tidal volume Tidal volume is usually around 500 ml The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs is an indication of health
38 Air Volumes Inspiratory reserve volume = forced inhalation volume Expiratory reserve volume = forced exhalation volume Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forced exhalation Vital capacity is the amount of air brought in and out of the lungs during forced breathing
39 Air Volumes Lung Volume (ml) Inspiratory reserve (forced inhalation) volume Tidal volume Vital capacity Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve (forced exhalation) volume Residual volume 0 Figure (1 of 2)
40 Gas Exchanges in the Body Remember that O 2 enters and CO 2 leaves the lungs = External respiration Then O 2 and CO 2 is exchanged between the blood vessels and tissues = Internal Respiration This gas exchange is due to diffusion 8-14
41 Oxygen Transport Oxygen is transported on Hemoglobin. When Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, then it is called Oxyhemoglobin 8-15
42 Carbon Dioxide Transport 1. CO 2 is transported dissolved in the plasma (10%) 2. CO 2 is bound to hemoglobin (20%) 3. CO 2 is converted to bicarbonate ions (70%) 8-14
43 Bicarbonate ions Carbonic anhydrase CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO
44 Diffusion of Gasses: Alveoli and Capillaries Figure (2 of 2)
45 Diffusion of Gasses: Capillaries and Tissues Figure (1 of 2)
46 Regulation of Breathing Normally we breath ventilations per minute. This rate is controlled by the medulla oblongata region of the brain. Nerves transmit signal to the diaphragm and muscles. Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and arteries detect levels of CO 2 and O 2 in the blood, controlling the rate and depth of breathing. 8-12
47 Respiratory Disorders Common cold Flu Pneumonia Strep Throat Tuberculosis Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Lung Cancer 8-16
48 Respiratory Disorders Common Cold The common cold - Caused by several types of viruses. Symptoms: runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, nasal discharge Treatment: rest and plenty of fluids Prevention: wash your hands
49 Respiratory Disorders - Flu The flu is caused by the Influenza viruses but there are many variants of these viruses Symptoms: Similar to colds but appear suddenly and more severe. Usually have fever and chills, may have muscle aches, headache, and weakness. Treatment and prevention same as cold Can take drugs to ease symptoms and antiviral medications may ease symptoms
50 Respiratory Disorders - Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs that causes fluid to accumulate in the alveoli, reducing gas exchange Usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath. Treatment depends on cause bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.
51 Respiratory Disorders Strep throat Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus bacteria Can lead to rheumatic fever which can damage heart and kidney disease Symptoms: Sore throat accompanied by swollen glands and fever Treatment: antibiotics
52 Respiratory Disorders - Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria = mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacteria spread through airborne transmission Our body encapsulates the bacteria with a fibrous capsule made of connective tissue to try to protect itself, capsule is called tubercles
53 Respiratory Disorders - Tuberculosis Symptoms: similar to flu, weight loss, tired, dry cough. Treatment: Antibiotics must be taken for 6 months to 2 years some people to stop early leads to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
54 Respiratory Disorders - Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi Caused by viruses, bacteria, or chemical irritation Symptoms: Inflammation results in the production of excess mucus, which triggers a deep cough Treatment: Depends on cause
55 Respiratory Disorders - Asthma The smooth muscles surrounding the bronchi spasm causing the bronchi to constrict, making it hard to breathe Causes and triggers: allergies, colds, exercise, stress
56 Respiratory Disorders - Emphysema Emphysema is caused by the destruction of alveoli, usually by smoking Reduction in the surface area available for gas exchange and the increased dead air space results in shortness of breath Treatment - no cure, can supplement with oxygen and drugs can dilate airways.
57 Respiratory Disorders - Emphysema Figure 14.14
58 Lung Cancer Lung Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division forms a tumor The smoke irritates the lining of the bronchi. The cilia that normally function to clear dust and particles from the lungs are destroyed. Often caused by inhaled carcinogens, including those found in tobacco smoke. Between 85 90% of lung cancer is from smoking.
59 Lung Cancer Lung cancer is more common in men, but as more women are smoking, the rate of lung cancer in women is rising. Women are more at risk Many compounds in the smoke are cancer promoters, they trigger the progression of cancer in cells. 8-16
60 Effects of Smoking The 5-year survival rate is 13%. Smoking can cause cancers of other parts of the respiratory system. 8-16
61 Effects of Smoking on Pregnancy Cigarette smoke contains CO, the fetal blood has a higher affinity for CO than the mothers blood, so CO builds up in the fetuses body. Nicotine is also passed into the fetus, stimulating the developing nervous system. Men smoking can damage the DNA in their sperm and pass genetic mutations to their offspring. 8-16
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63 Lung Cancer Figure 14.15
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67 What is the smoking policy on campus? 1. You can smoke anywhere 2. You can smoke anywhere outside 3. You can smoke at designated spots 4. No smoking on campus
68 Do you think smoking should be allowed on campus? 1. Yes 2. No
69 Do you smoke? 1. Never 2. Used to, but quit 3. Smoke, but trying to quit 4. Smoke
70 Important Concepts Read Ch 15 What is the function of the respiratory system? What is the location and function of the all the parts of the respiratory system? What are the parts of the nasal cavity and their functions? What are the parts of the larynx and their functions?
71 Important Concepts What cell types lines the trachea, what are their functions, be able to discus how smoking effects this tissue? Where does the exchange of gases occur in the lungs? What cavity contains the lungs? What controls the rate of breathing? Be able to discuss the mechanics of breathing?
72 Important Concepts How is oxygen carried in the blood? How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood, know all the ways, and the which is the predominate mode? (You don t need to know the chemical equation of bicarbonate formation) What is the diaphragm and what is its function?
73 Important Concepts Be able to discuss the disorders of the respiratory system including the description, symptoms, cause, and treatments. How does smoking effect pregnancy?
74 Definitions Goblet cells, sinuses, epiglottis, surfactant, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, Inhalation/inspiration, exhalation/expiration tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, chemoreceptors, tubercles, antibiotic resistant
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