Name: World Geography. Unit 7: Africa South of the Sahara. Chapter 19- Physical Geography of Africa South of the Sahara

Transcription

1 Name: World Geography Unit 7: Africa South of the Sahara Chapter 19- Physical Geography of Africa South of the Sahara Chapter 20- History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara Chapter 21- Africa South of the Sahara Today Isaiah 43:3- For I am the LORD, your God, the Holy One of Israel, your Savior; I give Egypt for your ransom, Cush and Seba in your stead. Chapter 19 Notes- Physical Geography of Africa South of the Sahara Essential Question- How do physical features influence a region s climate? Section 1- Physical Features

2 Landforms of Africa South of the Sahara Almost all of Africa south of the Sahara lies on a series of. The plateaus are formed from the solid rock that lies under most of the African continent and rise like across the continent from west to east and from the coasts into the interior. Many rise from 1,000 to 2,000 feet (305 to 610 m) in western Africa to 7,000 feet (2,134 m) or more in the east, giving the area the highest overall elevation of any world region more than feet (305 m) above sea level. In eastern and southern Africa, the edges of plateaus are often marked by steep, jagged cliffs called. Rivers that flow across plateaus drop suddenly at escarpments to become rushing rapids or tumbling. Escarpments create barriers to trade by blocking from sailing between the interior and the sea. Lowland areas include a narrow band of plains that border the region s Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines and low, sunken areas called. Basins formed when tectonic activity up the land surrounding them. The Basin is the largest lowland area in Africa s interior. In the east are the Ethiopian Highlands as well as volcanic mountain peaks, such as and Mount Kenya. Kilimanjaro in is the highest peak in the region, rising to a height of 19,341 feet (5,895 m). Even though the mountain sits almost on the, snow covers the summit year-round. The Great Valley cuts about 4,000 miles (6,437 km) through the flat plateau of eastern Africa, stretching from Southwest Asia to Southern Africa. A rift valley is a large break in the Earth s surface formed by shifting tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions, and. In some places, the walls rise feet (2,743 m) from the valley floor. Features include mountains, deep lakes, and rich volcanic soil that supports farming. Waterways of the Region Most of the large lakes in Africa south of the Sahara lie in or near East Africa s. Lake is 420 miles (676 km) in length, making it the longest freshwater lake in the world. Lake lies in a low basin and is Africa s largest lake and the world s second-largest freshwater lake, after Lake Superior in North America. Lakes in the Great Rift Valley provide and fish to people who live near them. Some Great Rift Valley also serve as the sources of rivers. Lake Victoria is the source of the Nile, and Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile.

3 These two rivers meet farther north in Sudan to form the Nile River, the world s river. Lake, which lies in West Africa, changes dramatically in size from about 10,000 square miles (25,900 sq. km) in the rainy season to about 3,800 square miles (9,842 sq. km) in the dry season. The same tectonic activity that produced the region s rugged landscape also affected the region s. Escarpments create waterfalls and that make transportation on some rivers difficult. The River in southern Africa plunges over a cliff, creating Victoria Falls, a series of waterfalls that drop as much as 420 feet (128 m). Rivers that begin in African highland areas the land. Many, like the Congo, flow through plateaus and carve deep, steep-sided valleys formed when rivers cut through the land. Other rivers are interrupted by inland lakes and that can hinder travel. Mineral Resources Plentiful deposits are found along the Atlantic coast from Nigeria to Angola and in landlocked Chad and Sudan. Oil has replaced products as the principal export in many countries. Natural gas is found in Central African countries along the Atlantic coast; Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of South Africa have deposits. Large reserves of iron ore exist throughout Africa south of the Sahara, including vast amounts in., needed to make steel, is mined in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and several countries of both West and East Africa. Deposits of uranium used to produce power and copper are also found in the region. South Africa is believed to have half of the world s and is also rich in platinum. Many gemstones are mined in the region, including, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires. Industrial diamonds mined here are used to make drills,, and grinding tools. Section 2- Climate Regions Factors Affecting Climate Africa south of the Sahara lies mainly in the, resulting in direct rays of the sun year-round and generally high temperatures. Places with high elevation, though, often are than lowland areas at the same latitude. Africa south of the Sahara has, dry, and temperate climate zones. Some parts of Africa south of the Sahara have long, or periods of time when there is no rain at all. Droughts can cause crop failures and widespread.

4 Tropical and Dry Climates A tropical wet climate is found along the Equator in Africa and West Africa. Hot temperatures and plentiful rainfall in this zone support the growth of rain forests, or dense stands of trees and other plants that receive high amounts of each year. In a rain forest, vegetation grows at several different. The forest floor has, ferns, and shrubs. Above these, and other trees grow about 60 feet (18 m) high. The tops of the highest trees form an umbrella-like covering called the, which is alive with flowers, fruits, monkeys, parrots, and snakes. Rain forests support an enormous variety of plant and life. But because many tropical African countries rely on the sale of products from the rain forests, such as wood, for income, they take part in the widespread clearing of forestland, called. The soil on the cleared lands quickly becomes less, causing farmers to clear even more forestland. To preserve rain forests, and boost their economies, some African countries are encouraging ecotourism. is touring a place without causing harm to the environment. Farther from the Equator, rain forests give way to great stretches of grasslands with scattered woods, called tropical, where temperatures remain hot all year, but rainfall amounts are much lower than in rain forest areas. Savanna grasslands are home to, lions, rhinoceroses, and giraffes. Continuing farther from the Equator, rainfall becomes more scarce, and savannas merge into drier that have only about 8 to 15 inches (20 to 38 cm) of rain over the course of a few months each year. Vegetation includes different varieties of trees, thick, and grasses. Steppe areas are threatened by. Climate changes that bring long periods of extreme dryness and water lead to desertification. Clearing areas of trees and other vegetation for herding large amounts of can also damage and dry out the land. The Desert in the north has high temperatures and little rain. Instead of sandy dunes, it contains barren or stony plains covered by rocky gravel. Very vegetation can live outside the oases and the highlands. The Desert in Southern Africa is covered by vast stretches of sand. It has high temperatures and little rainfall. When rains do fall, they are immediately absorbed by the sand, leaving the surface. Certain areas of the Kalahari have trees with long that reach the moisture in the deep sand.

5 The Desert, along the southwestern coast, is made up of rocks and dunes. This desert is arid, but temperatures tend to be cooler because of from the ocean. Fog that forms along the coast reaches the desert and provides moisture to many varieties of, or plants, such as cacti, with thick, fleshy leaves that can conserve moisture. Moderate Climate Regions Moderate climates, with comfortable temperatures and enough rainfall for farming, are found in coastal Southern Africa and the of East Africa. Southeastern Africa has a humid climate of hot, wet summers and mild, wet winters. The farther you go in this region, the farther you are from the Equator, resulting in cooler temperatures. Southwestern Africa has a Mediterranean climate in which winters are mild and wet, but the summers are and dry. Most rainfall occurs during the area s months. Highland climates are found in areas of higher in East Africa. Temperatures in the highlands are cooler than in surrounding areas because of the higher. often falls at high elevations, and vegetation is abundant at lower elevations. Chapter 20 Notes- History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara Essential Question- What effect does the movement of people within a region have on that region? Section 1- History and Governments Early Africa History Early Africans lived as hunter-gatherers, or people who moved from place to place to hunt and gather. Over time, they began to herd and farm. As northern Africa s climate became drier and hotter, many people began migrating southward to more areas. Around 3000 B.C., the people known as the began migrating from modern-day Nigeria to the west and south, spreading their farming and iron-working skills and their language. Today, millions of Africans south of the Sahara speak Bantu., in what is now Ethiopia, prospered from the flow of goods from Africa, the Mediterranean area, and East Asia. In the A.D. 300s, King made Axum a major Christian power in East Africa. Arab in the 600s gained control of much of the surrounding region, isolating Axum, although it remained a center of African Christianity.

6 Farther south, people in several East African coastal cities Kilwa, Mombasa, and traded with Arabia, India, and China. Between A.D and A.D. 1500, a blend of Arab and African ways led to the rise of the culture. The Great Empire arose inland in southeastern Africa and supplied gold, silver, and ivory to the East African coast during the 1400s., West Africa s earliest empire, controlled trade between the Sahara and West Africa s rain forests. By taxing the trade of salt, cloth, gold, and, Ghana became very wealthy. In the late 1000s, North African invaders Ghana s trade and the kingdom collapsed. After Ghana s fall, the empire of replaced it and grew wealthy from farming and control of the gold and salt trade. Its most famous ruler,, was a skilled administrator who led Timbuktu to become a center of trade, education, and Islamic culture. In the 1400s, the kingdom of took over Mali. Muhammad Toure was the most famous Songhai leader. In about 1600, invaders from North Africa defeated the Songhai, the empire. European Contact In the 1400s and 1500s, merchants from set up trading posts along Africa s western coast, and traders from other countries soon followed. Europeans did not introduce or the slave trade to the African continent. For centuries, African rulers had enslaved and traded. traders had brought enslaved Africans to the Islamic world since the A.D. 800s. The slave trade did, however, greatly increase when Europeans began shipping Africans to the. Between about 1500 and the late 1800s, nearly million Africans were sent to the Americas. Beginning in the 1880s, European countries declared slavery but continued to claim Africa south of the Sahara for their own profit and political advantage. They carved the region into colonies, ripping apart once-unified regions and throwing together ethnic groups that had little in. By 1914, almost the entire region was under control. Europeans built railroads and roads, introduced new feeds and fertilizers to improve farming, and provided some Africans with European-style and medical care. But because a chief goal of Europeans was to export Africa s raw materials to help their economies, few industries were established in Africa, and the region remained largely undeveloped. In their own lands, Africans had fewer and economic opportunities than the Europeans who lived there.

7 Many Africans were forced to work in harsh conditions in mines or on large farms called. Any opposition to European rule was severely. Independence As the 1900s began, feelings of arose among European-educated Africans. Nationalism is a people s desire to themselves and have their own independent country. Eventually, leaders came forth who convinced greater numbers of Africans to demand. After World War I, more Africans became active, staging staged protests against discrimination, or unfair and unequal treatment of a group. European governments responded with force and, and they also made some reforms, but Africans demanded complete independence. In the early 1950s, Kwame led a nationalist movement in Britain s colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa, and in 1957 that country, now renamed Ghana, became independent. By the end of the 1960s, most African territories had off European rule. After independence many countries in Africa south of the Sahara kept the old colonial borders and mix of sometimes conflicting groups. Many of the new African countries suffered from wars, and ethnic conflicts divided people in Nigeria, Sudan, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. During these civil wars, many people died or became, people who flee to another country to escape mistreatment or disaster. Some of this unrest over from one country to another. In some cases, United Nations (UN) peacekeeping troops were called in to restore and maintain. In South Africa, white South Africans strengthened their rule through a system knows as. Apartheid, or apartness, was carried out through laws that separated ethnic groups and limited the rights of South Africans. Black South Africans protested the laws, and the government responded by arresting the protesters. Many black leaders, such as Nelson, were jailed. The United Nations apartheid, and many countries cut off trade with South Africa. Because of this pressure, the white-run government ended apartheid in the early and released Nelson Mandela from prison. In 1994, South Africa held its first democratic election in which people of different races were allowed to vote. South Africans elected Nelson Mandela as their nation s first president.

8 Section 2- Cultures and Lifestyles The People of Africa South of the Sahara The rate of population growth in Africa south of the Sahara is among the in the world, with about 750 million people at present. Two reasons are that better and medical care have lowered the death rates for infants and children and that the region has a high birthrate, with families averaging five to seven children. Challenges due to rapid population growth include overcrowding leading to poor living conditions in towns and cities and the inability of the governments to provide food, shelter, water, and for new city dwellers. To slow population growth, some governments have tried to promote the idea of having families. The region s growing population is distributed due to climate and land features. Most of the region s people are crowded into the areas of West Africa, the lakes region of East Africa, and along the eastern coast of southern Africa because of their plentiful rainfall, milder temperatures, and fertile soil. Most of the region s, industries, and businesses are located in these areas. Only about a third of the region s population lives in cities and towns, but the cities are rapidly. A trend, or general tendency, in the region s population is toward. The region has the world s rate of urbanization. Despite population growth and better health care in Africa south of the Sahara, the region s death rate remains high to other world regions. People in many parts of Africa south of the Sahara suffer from, or poor health due to not eating the right foods or enough food. Many rural Africans lack clean water to drink, as well as adequate, or removal of waste products. Famines have many people, especially in East Africa and areas bordering the Sahara. Diseases such as are widespread. Insects such as the mosquito and tsetse fly transfer viruses to people and animals. Because of these problems, care is a major issue in Africa south of the Sahara. Governments and private groups are trying to deal with health concerns, but providing good health care is very. In addition, health emergencies have made even more difficult. One factor may drastically limit population growth in the future. Millions of Africans have been infected with the virus that causes. In countries such as and South Africa, the disease has resulted in the decline of life expectancy. is the average number of years a group of people can expect to live.

9 Individuals and governments find it difficult to pay the costly medical bills that are associated with treating AIDS patients, and the loss of skilled workers to AIDS economies. The United Nations predicts that the number of African children orphaned by AIDS could reach million by Culture in Africa South of the Sahara African influence other cultures worldwide. In the past, enslaved Africans carried their culture and to other parts of the world. Modern forms of music such as jazz, rock and roll, and rap, for example, have their roots in African. Many Africans feel a stronger loyalty to their group than to a national government. In Africa, a person s particular ethnic group is most commonly defined by the he or she speaks. Most people in the region are or Muslim. Many Christians live in coastal areas where Africans had contact with during the colonial period. Most in the region live in West Africa, where Islamic empires prospered in the 1400s and 1500s. Hundreds of African religions also are practiced, most of which include belief in a supreme being, other gods, and the spirits of dead ancestors, all of whom influence everyday life. Throughout Africa, many followers of different religions live together, although conflict sometimes occurs between rival religious groups. In recent years, Nigeria and Sudan have experienced among Christians, Muslims, and followers of traditional religions. from the region often has a religious meaning or use. make masks and statues for religious ceremonies, and some works tell stories or are practical. Artists working in wood,, or bronze show the faces of important and everyday people. design brightly colored textiles, such as West Africa s kente cloth, for people to wear. For Africans, music and dance are of a community s life. The roles that people have in these dances often reflect their social, or position in the community. Many Africans include special dancing in ceremonies called that mark particular stages of life, such as when young boys or girls reach adulthood. Africans also have a tradition. Stories are told aloud and passed down from generation to generation. In West Africa,, or storytellers, preserve a group s history by telling these stories.

10 In modern times, literature has become popular. Daily Life in Africa South of the Sahara About percent of all Africans live in rural areas and depend on farming or livestock herding for their livelihood. Most rural farming villages are made up of a cluster of and maybe a few shops, a medical clinic, or a schoolhouse. In the past, families often lived in a, or a group of houses surrounded by walls. The homes of rural Africans are often made from dried with straw or palm leaves for roofs. In many parts of the region, young men leave their farm villages and work at least a few years as in the cities. The who are left behind in the villages have had to take on new roles, such as running the farms. City residents make up about percent of Africa s population south of the Sahara. African leaders, wanting to depend less on agriculture and more on manufacturing and service industries in the hope of improving the standard of living in their countries, have encouraged new factories and business offices to be in urban areas. Because of better jobs, most city dwellers in Africa south of the Sahara have a higher of living than rural people. Some people are and live in luxury apartments or large, modern houses. Most people, however, live in -story homes. Many residents are into communities on the edge of cities, in homes made of wood or concrete with sheet metal roofs. In rural areas, most people live in families, or households made up of several generations, including grandparents, parents, and children. In the cities, families, or a husband, a wife, and their children, are becoming more common. African families traditionally have been organized into, a large group of people who are untied by a common ancestor in the far past. Many Africans also belong to a particular, or a larger family group with close blood ties. Chapter 21 Notes- Africa South of the Sahara Today Essential Question- How might government use their countries resources to help people? Section 1-West Africa Nigeria

11 is one of the largest nations in Africa south of the Sahara, and it has the largest population of any country in the region. Ethnic conflict and political uncertainty have kept Nigeria from benefiting from its rich resources. Although nearly all of Nigeria s economy relies on oil production, most of the country s people are farmers who have farms, or small plots where they grow only enough to feed their families. Larger farms produce cash crops, such as rubber, peanuts, palm oil, and, a tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa. By focusing on cash crops, Nigeria has not grown enough food crops, so food must be. Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, the four largest being the Hausa,, Yoruba, and Ibo. Nigerians speak many different African languages, but they use in business and government. About percent of Nigeria s people are Muslim, 40 percent are Christian, and 10 percent practice traditional African religions. Although 60 percent of Nigerians still live in areas, many people have left their farms in search of better jobs in the cities. The largest city is the port of., Nigeria s capital, is a planned city that was built during the 1980s. Nigeria is a, with powers divided between a national government and states. Nigeria still faces the challenge of building a, or secure, democracy, and ethnic and religious differences continue to threaten national unity. In the early 2000s, violence between and Muslims in certain areas raised fears of another civil war. The Sahel and Coastal West Africa Except for Mauritania, the Sahel countries Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad are, or without a sea or an ocean border. The lack of a good system and ports limits the ability of the Sahel countries to develop their valuable deposits of uranium, gold, and oil. Only grasses and small trees grow in the, which receives little rainfall. A major farming activity is raising livestock but, or when the animals strip areas so bare that winds blow away the soil, combined with the dryness of the area, contribute to desertification. Populations in the Sahel are because of the difficult living conditions. The countries of Coastal West Africa include the Islands and the mainland countries that stretch from Senegal to Benin. As in other regions, rain forests here have been cleared for, coffee, cacao, and rubber plantations.

12 This has led to along the area s densely settled coasts. As people migrate in search of work, they have settled in port cities, such as (Senegal) and Accra (Ghana). Civil wars have cost many lives and destroyed the economies in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte d Ivoire; but Ghana, Senegal, and have stable democracies and generally prosperous economies. Section 2- Central and East Africa Central Africa The Democratic Republic of the is a major source of copper, tin, and industrial diamonds. Many of the minerals are found in the country s interior, but thick rain forests, unrest, and lack of roads limit the mining of the resources. For many years, a civil war hurt efforts to develop the country s. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than different ethnic groups who speak African languages, but French is the country s official language. Although most Congolese people live in rural areas, the capital,, has more than 6 million people. has used its rich resources of oil, manganese, uranium, and timber to build a prosperous economy. produces cacao and coffee for export. Both Congo and the Central African Republic have remained in because of weak governments. Equatorial has benefited from its oil resources. Likewise, the island country of São Tomé and Principé have shifted to production instead of exporting cacao and coconuts. Southern East Africa, the largest of the southern East African countries, has many ethnic groups, each with its own language, but most people speak Swahili. Friendly relations among the groups plus a stable government have prevented conflict in Tanzania since. Most Tanzanians or herd livestock. Export crops are coffee and sisal, a plant fiber used to make rope and twine. The island of Zanzibar, off Tanzania s coast, supplies a spice called. National parks in Tanzania help to protect the habitats of the country s. A is the type of environment in which a particular animal species lives. National Park attracts many ecotourists, or people who travel to another country to view its natural wonders and wildlife.

13 Most of Kenya s people live in the in the center of the country. Nairobi is the country s capital and the city in East Africa., on the Indian Ocean coast, is a large and busy port. Most Kenyans are farmers who raise corn, bananas, sweet potatoes, and, a plant whose roots are ground to make porridge. Some larger farms raise coffee and tea for export. The country also has a large system of parks to help protect its wildlife. Kenya has many different ethnic groups, with the people making up one-fourth of the population. Most Kenyans live in areas, but many have moved to the cities in search of a better life. Since achieving independence from Britain in, Kenya has enjoyed prosperity and had a stable government. Recently, Kenyans demanded political change from the one-party system, and the process became more democratic. Uganda,, and Burundi are landlocked countries in the highlands of East Africa. Rich soil and plentiful rainfall are good for both subsistence farms and plantations. Crops are, cassava, potatoes, corn, grains, coffee, cotton, and tea. Rwanda and Burundi have the highest population in Africa south of the Sahara. Uganda was ruled for much of the 1970s by a cruel dictator, Idi, but in recent years, it has become more democratic and prosperous. About 80 percent of the people in both Rwanda and Burundi are, but the Tutsi ran the governments and economies for many years. In the 1990s, civil war erupted, including, or the deliberate murder of a group of people because of their race of culture. A Hutu-led government in Rwanda killed hundreds of thousands of. Two million more Tutsi became refugees. The Horn of Africa Sudan, the largest in Africa, is covered in the north by the dunes of the Sahara and the Nubian Desert. In the central area of grassy plains, the two main tributaries of the River the Blue Nile and the White Nile join at Khartoum, Sudan s capital. Southern Sudan receives plenty of rain and has fertile soil and. Most of Sudan s people live along the Nile River or its tributaries and use Nile waters to irrigate their fields of, grains, dates, and cotton the country s leading export. Sudan also has large of oil in the south. During the A.D. 500s, brought Christianity to the region.

14 About 900 years later, Arabs entered northern Sudan and converted its people to Islam. The British and together ruled Sudan from the late 1800s until 1956 when the country became independent. Since then, Sudan has been ruled mostly by leaders. From 1983 to 2004, Arab Muslims in northern Sudan and Christian black Africans and followers of traditional religions in southern Sudan fought a bitter civil war, killing about million and driving many more from their homes. Another 200,000 likely have been killed during a conflict in Sudan s western region that began in Landlocked landscape varies from hot lowlands to highlands and rugged mountains. Mild temperatures and good soil in the highlands are good for raising grains, sugarcane, potatoes, and, a major export crop. In the 1980s, a drought in Ethiopia turned the once-rich fields into seas of. A resulting killed more than 1 million Ethiopians through starvation and disease. About 85 percent of Ethiopians live in rural areas, although the capital, is one of the largest cities in East Africa. Ethiopians practice, Islam, or traditional African religions. Almost languages are spoken in Ethiopia., similar to Hebrew and Arabic, is Ethiopia s official language. Eritrea is a small Muslim country that broke away from Ethiopia in 1993 and sits on the shores of the Sea. Most of Eritrea s people farm, but farming is work because the climate is dry. is situated on the tip of the Horn of Africa and has a long coastline but few natural harbors. Much of the country is and dry, which makes farming difficult. Most of Somalia s people are herders on the country s plateaus. In the south, provide water for irrigation of fruits, sugarcane, and bananas. Nearly all the people of Somalia are Muslims, but they belong to different. In the late 1980s, disputes among these clans led to civil war. Today, groups control various parts of Somalia. The country does not have a truly government. is located at a narrow water passage that links the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. This passage is the meeting point of a number of trade routes that link the Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea, as well as Africa with Southwest Asia. Djibouti has an excellent harbor and modern port at its capital, the city of.

15 and commerce have become the heart of Djibouti s economy. Most of Djibouti s people are who in the past lived a nomadic life of herding, but the dry climate makes farming and herding difficult. Many have moved to the city of Djibouti to find. Section 3- Southern Africa Republic of South Africa South Africa (officially called the Republic of South Africa) has the most highly economy in Africa. Important exports are minerals such as, diamonds, and platinum. Industry, farming, and are also developing successfully in South Africa. In rural areas, many people live in poverty and depend on farming. In the cities, industries have not grown fast enough to provide jobs. In the early 1900s, British and settlers fought for control of South Africa, but in 1910 these groups united their territories to form the Union of South Africa. It was part of the British Empire and was ruled by. South Africans set up the African National Congress (ANC) in 1912 in hopes of gaining power. White South Africans established to control the non-european population, but apartheid ended in the early 1990s. South Africans then wrote a new based on majority rule. A constitution is a document describing the and powers of a government and the rights of citizens. The constitution declared that people of races and both genders would have equality. It granted, or the right to vote, to all citizens who are 18 or older. Other Southern African Countries The six countries of inland southern Africa include, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. Each is landlocked, has a mild climate, and is dominated by high. Most of the practice subsistence farming in rural villages. Thousands move to the cities or to South Africa as workers. They spend most of the year working in mines and, visiting their families only a few times for brief periods. Within South Africa are Lesotho and, both enclaves, or small territories located inside a larger country.

16 Both are poor countries that depend on Africa for goods and markets. Botswana is a country with and part of the vast Kalahari Desert. Its economy relies on the mining and exporting of and other minerals. The dry climate limits farming, so must be imported from South Africa. Botswana is one of Africa s democracies. is rich in gold, copper, iron ore, and asbestos. Some large grow coffee, cotton, and tobacco. For years, owned Zimbabwe s richest farmland. In recent years, the government has tried to turn over this land to, but this has led to disorder and violence. The economy has been hurt, and there are widespread. People in Zimbabwe have protested against the strong-handed rule of their president, Robert. City-dwellers in work in mining and service industries. Villagers grow corn, rice, and other crops to their families. boasts wetlands, lakes, mountains, and forests. Wildlife in Malawi s national parks attracts from around the world. Its people grow, tea, and sugar for export. After years of harsh government, Malawi became in the mid-1990s. and Namibia have Atlantic Ocean coastlines. Angola is one of Africa s major oil producers, and Namibia mines diamonds, copper, gold, and. Despite this mineral wealth, most people in Angola and Namibia live in and practice herding and subsistence farming. borders the Indian Ocean. After achieving independence, the country s development was slowed by war and famine. Recently, Mozambique has begun to attract investors. Madagascar,, Mauritius, and Seychelles are island nations in the Indian Ocean. They are populated by a mix of peoples from as well as from Africa. Madagascar has a sizable population, but the others are relatively small, especially tiny. All of these countries depend on agriculture, although Mauritius has a growing industry, and Seychelles has a strong tourist industry.