NMR Spectroscopy. B = B o - B e ν o = γb/2π
|
|
- Cuthbert Marsh
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NMR Spectroscopy hem 345 Univ. Wisconsin, Madison hemical Shifts hemical shifts have their origin in the circulation of electrons induced by the magnetic field, which reduces the actual field at the nucleus. Thus a higher magnetic field has to be applied to achieve resonance. Different types of protons in a molecule are surrounded by different electron densities, and thus each one sees a slightly different magnetic field. B o e - A B = B o - B e ν o = γb/2π (magnetic field at nucleus) (Larmor precession frequency of A ) B e The Larmour precession frequency ν o depends on the magnetic field strength. Thus at a magnet strength of 1.41 Tesla protons resonate at a frequency of 60 Mz, at 2.35 Tesla at 0 Mz, and so on. Although z are the fundamental energy unit of NMR spectroscopy, the use of z has the disadvantage that the position of a peak is dependent on the magnetic field strength. This point is illustrated by the spectra of 2-methyl-2-butanol shown below at several different field strengths, plotted at a constant z scale. Effect of Spectrometer Magnetic Field Strength 2 Mz c d 3 b a 2 3 c 3 Me 4 Si c 0 Mz d b a Mz 0 0 For this reason, the distance between the reference signal (Me 4 Si) and the position of a specific peak in the spectrum (the chemical shift) is not usually reported in z, but rather in dimensionless units of δ, which is the same on all spectrometers. δ = (Frequency shift from Me 4 Si in z) (Spectrometer frequency, Mz) 1
2 1 hemical Shifts R X=,l, X X=N,S X Alkanes δ Downfield B o decreases B o increases Upfield Deshielded ν o increases ν o decreases Shielded igh frequency Low frequency The ranges above provide an estimate of the chemical shift for simple molecules, but don't help very much when there are multiple substituents. A simple scheme can be used to estimate chemical shifts of protons on sp 3 carbons. Use the base shift for methyl groups. 2 groups, and groups, and add to these the increments for each α substituent: Base Shift Increment (=)R 3.0 R l 2.4 Aryl 1.4 (=)R 1.0 = 1.0 Base shift : 1.5 α Ph: 1.4 α : 2.3 alculated: 5.3 bserved: 4.8 Ph l Base shift 2 : 1.2 α l: 2.4 alculated: 3.6 bserved:
3 Representative Proton hemical Shift Values (δ -4 to 6) Li (Me 3 Si) 3 Si-Te Ph-Te- (Me 3 Si) 3 Si-Se- Me-Te Se- 2 Ph 3 Li (Me 3 Si) 3 Si-S- ( 3 ) 2 Mg N ( 3 ) 3 l 3 - N Me ( 3 ) I ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) ( 3 2 ) 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 4 Sn ( 3 ) 4 Si Ph F S-Ph ( 3 ) 2 2 Ph ( 3 ) I 3 l N N ( 3 ) 2 N-Ph - -Ph (Me 2 N) 3 P= ( 3 ) 3 N 3 l 3 ( 3 2 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 S 3 Ph Ph- 3 I 3 ( 3 2 ) 3 N l 2 2 l l 2 2 Me ( 3 ) 2 2 Ph N 2 -SnMe 3 2 l 2 Ph SiMe 3 (Et) 3 Ac Ph 2 l 2 SiPh Me 3 Si Ac Ph 2 3 N 2 3 F ( 3 ) 2 l Me
4 Representative Proton hemical Shift Values (δ 6 to 12) l 3 N Ac Me Me 2 3 Me Ph Et 2 2 Et l 3 l Ph Me 2 N N 2 N 2 N NMe Ph Me NMe 2 N t Bu S Me Me N Se g 16.7 S ipr 3 Si Me
5 Integration of NMR Spectra - Number of Protons hem 345 NMR is unique among common spectroscopic methods in that signal intensities are directly proportional to the number of nuclei causing the signal (provided certain conditions are met). In other words, all absorption coefficients for a given nucleus are identical. This is why proton NMR spectra are routinely integrated, whereas IR and UV spectra are not. A typical integrated spectrum is shown below, together with an analysis z 26.5 mm 11.8 mm 16.2 mm If given the molecular formula ( 9 ), there are in molecule Total area: = 54.5 mm Thus 5.5 mm per 26.5 / 5.5 = 4.86 i.e / 5.5 = 2.16 i.e / 5.5 = 2.97 i.e. 3 The vertical displacement of the integral gives the relative number of protons. It is not possible to determine the absolute numbers without additional information (such as a molecular formula). Sometimes a numeric value will be given, or sometimes, as in the example above, you have to measure the distance with a ruler. In this example, if we add up all of the integrals, we get 54.5; dividing by the number of hydrogens in the molecular formula gives 5.5 mm per. We can then directly estimate the number of protons corresponding to each multiplet by rounding to the nearest integer. It is generally possible to reliably distinguish signals with intensities of 1-8, but it becomes progressively harder to make a correct assignment as the number of protons in a multiplet increases beyond 8, because of the inherent inaccuracies in the method. The two parts of aromatic proton integral at δ can be separately measured as a 2:3 ratio of ortho to meta+para protons. 5
6 oupling - Splitting of NMR Signals If two protons have different chemical shifts and are within 3 bonds of each other (geminal or vicinal) then the protons will be coupled to each other: the signal will be split into a doublet (two lines separated by the coupling constant J) due to two magnetic orientations of the other proton. When there are two, three, or more neighbors, additional splittings can be observed α β J 1 J 2 E s d t s d dd s d t dd Two equal couplings. Two different couplings. When all of the couplings to a given proton are the same, then regular multiplets are formed, with the intensities shown below: # of Vicinal atoms Intensities Pascal's triangle) alled: Examples: 0 1 singlet X- 3 X X doublet X 2-3 X 2 -Y triplet X- 2-3 X 2-2 -X quartet X- 2-3 X- 2 --X pentet X X 3-2 -X sextet X 3 -X- 2 -R heptet X-( 3 ) 2 (X- 2 ) octet -( 3 ) nonet X 2 -( 3 ) 2 triplet n = 2 quartet n = 3 pentet n = 4 sextet n = 5 heptet n = 6 owever, when some of the coupling constants are different, then more complicated multiplets are seen. The simplest type is the doublet of doublets (dd) which arises from one proton coupled to two neighboring protons by different coupling constants. 6
7 oupling onstants oupling constants J vary widely in size, but the vicinal couplings in acyclic molecules that we are mostly going to be interested in are usually 7 z. The leading superscript ( 3 J) indicates the number of bonds between the coupled nuclei. 2 J = 2-15 z Typical: -12 z Typical: 7 z 3 J = 2- z geminal vicinal long-range 4 J = 0-3 z ne situation where the size of J provides important information is in the vicinal coupling across double bonds, where trans couplings are always substantially larger than cis couplings. J = z J = 8-12 z There are also a few situations where coupling across 4 bonds are observed in NMR spectra. This is rarely seen across single bonds, but small couplings (typically 1-3 z) are seen when there are intervening double or triple bonds. Meta 4 J = 2 to 3 z Allylic 4 J = 0 to 3 z Propargylic 4 J = 2 to 4 z Allenic 4 J = 6 to 7 z 7
8 NMR Spectra with no oupling hem Mz 1 NMR Spectrum Solv: Dl 3 Me Me Dimethyl malonate Mz 1 NMR Spectrum Solv: Dl 3 Source: Aldrich Spectral Viewer/ Me Methoxyacetone
9 Absence of Splitting between Equivalent Protons hem 345 Protons that have the same chemical shift do not show spin-spin splitting. Thus the 2 groups of both 1,2-dimethoxy- and 1,2-dibromoethane are singlets, whereas those of , where there is significant chemical shift between the 2 groups, are two triplets Mz 1 NMR Spectrum in Dl 3 Source: Aldrich Spectral Viewer/ 1,2-Dibromoethane Problem R-18U Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 1-Methoxy-2-bromoethane Mz 1 NMR Spectrum Solv: Dl 3 Source: Aldrich Spectral Viewer/ Me Me 1,2-Dimethoxyethane
10 Simple oupling Patterns hem 345 Problem R-18N 2 3 l Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 l l l 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Problem R l Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 l l 1,1-Dichloroethane Problem R-18G Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 omoethane
11 Simple oupling Patterns hem 345 Problem R-18F Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 1-omopropane Problem R-18E Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 2-omopropane
12 Practice Problems hem 345 Problem R-18Q: Mz 1 NMR Spectrum in Dl 3 Source: Aldrich Spectral Viewer/ 30 0 z Problem R Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl z
13 Size of oupling onstants hem 345 Vicinal coupling across double bonds shows a strong stereochemical dependence, with cis couplings (typically z) always being less than trans couplings (typically 15 z). Problem R-18P 3 3 l Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl l 30 0 z J = 13.6 z l 30 0 z Problem R-18Q 3 3 l Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl J = 8.1 z
14 and N Protons The chemical shifts of and N protons vary over a wide range depending on details of sample concentration and substrate structure. The shifts are very strongly affected by hydrogen bonding, with strong downfield shifts of -bonded groups compared to free or N groups. Thus signals tend to move downfield at higher substrate concentration because of increased hydrogen bonding (see the spectra of ethanol below). Pure ethanol proton % Et in l 4 5% Et in l 4 0.5% Et in l There is a general tendency for the more acidic and N protons to be shifted downfield. This effect is in part a consequence of the stronger -bonding propensity of acidic protons, and in part an inherent chemical shift effect. Thus carboxylic amides and sulfonamides N protons are shifted well downfield of related amines, and groups of phenols and carboxylic acids are downfield of alcohols. hemical Shift Ranges of, N and S Protons: Except for alcohols, the shifts are for dilute solutions in Dl 3 R-S 2 N 2 R=F3 R-N 2 R= 3 Ar-S Ar-N 2 R-S R-N 2 R-S 3 Ar- R- 2 R-N 3 + concentrated R- dilute δ
15 Second rder Effects hem 345 When two sets of protons that are coupled to each other are relatively close in chemical shift (i.e. when the chemical shift between them is similar in size to the coupling between them) simple multiplets are no longer formed. A commonly observed effect is that the intensities of the lines no longer follow the simple integer ratios expected - the multiplets "lean" towards each other. In other words, the lines of the multiplet away from the chemical shift of other proton (outer lines) become smaller and lines closer (inner lines) become larger. This can be seen in the marked triplets below (see next page for a simpler example). The leaning becomes more pronounced as the chemical shift difference between the coupled multiplets becomes smaller Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 "leaning" "leaning" In addition there may be more lines than that predicted by the multiplet rules. A nice example is provided by the compound below. For the 2 2 group the two methylenes at δ 3.48 and δ 3.81 have a relatively large chemical shift separation, and they form recognizable triplets (although with a little leaning). For the Me 2 2 group the chemical shift between the 2 groups is small, and the signals are a complicated multiplet with only a vague resemblance to a triplet Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl
16 The "leaning" or "roof" effect Why equivalent protons do not show coupling ν AB = 50 z A B When the two protons are well separated in chemical shift, each one is a doublet due to coupling with the neighboring proton A B ν AB = 40 z ν AB = 30 z A B As the chemical shift becomes smaller, the the two peaks closest to each other (the inner peaks) become larger, and the outer peaks become smaller A B ν AB = z A B ν AB = z ν AB = 3 z A A B B Eventually the outer peaks disappear, and the inner peaks merge in to one - one sees only a singlet. So it is not that protons with the same shift don't couple, it is that the peaks that would show us the coupling (the outer peaks) have all disappeared z 16
17 oupling to Different Protons So far, we have seen only spectra where all of the couplings to a proton are the same, so that simple multiplets like triplets, quartets, etc are formed. owever, there are many circumstances where a proton may be coupled to two protons by different coupling constants, leading not to a triplet, but to a doublet of doublets. ne common situation of this type occurs in aromatic compounds, where both ortho and meta couplings are large enough to see, but the ortho coupling (8 z) is much larger than the meta (2 z). The para coupling is usually too small to see. This is thus one of the important exceptions to the rule that protons separated by more than 3 bonds do not show coupling. J 1 = J 2 J 1 J 2 t dd Problem R-23D 7 6 N Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl J ortho (coupling to 3 ) 30 0 z J meta (coupling to 6 ) N ther situations where protons separated by more than 3 bonds show coupling also involve intervening π bonds (double or triple bonds). Such couplings are typically smaller than the 7 z often seen for 3-bond couplings. See if you can assign the signals in the spectrum below, and identify the couplings. Problem R-27L Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 Source: Adam Fiedler/ z
18 Diastereotopic Effects Diastereotopic protons are defined as two protons which have identical connectivity to the rest of the molecule, but have different chemical shifts because of some stereochemical feature of the molecule. The situation is simple with gem-alkene protons - it is easy to see how they are different. owever, it is more complicated for sp 3 carbons. l These two prrotons are diastereotopic These two prrotons are diastereotopic It turns out that 2 groups in any molecule that has a true asymmetic center (a center of chirality) anywhere in the molecule will be diastereotopic (see the substitution test in the text book). An typical example is 1,2-dibromopropane (NMR below). Rotation around the 1,2-- bond does not actually interchange the environment of the two hydrogens. To convince yourself of this, make two models of 1,2-dibromopropane, and put both in the same conformation. In one mark one of the hydrogens at 1, in the other mark the other one. Then see if you put the two marked hydrogens in exactly the same environment by rotating the bonds (this is the substitution test done with models). You can see that 1,2-dibromopropane has four sets of signals, with the two protons of the 2 group separated by about 0.3. Not only are the shifts of the two -1 protons different, but the coupling constant to the -2 proton is also different. The bond coupling (to the other proton at -1) is accidentally nearly the same as the bond coupling (to the proton at -2) for one of the protons at -1. This gives the triplet at δ 3.55 Some people call these "apparent triplets" because the two couplings are certainly different, but apparently not by much. For the other proton at -1 the --- coupling is much smaller, and so a dd is seen at δ The proton at -2 is pretty complicated - it is actually a doublet of doublets of quartets (ddq) from coupling to the two different protons at -1 and the methyl group at -3. Problem R Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl 3 Source: ASV/ 30 0 z
19 Effect of Electron Donating and Withdrawing Substituents on NMR hemical Shifts Problem R-19 ( 6 7 N) 300 Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl N Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl Me l 300 Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl l N Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl N
20 Isomeric Methoxynitrobenzenes hem 345 Problem R-19B ( 7 7 N 3 ) 300 Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl
21 Three Isomeric Trichlorobenzenes hem 345 Problem R-19A Three isomers of 6 3 l Mz 1 NMR spectrum in Dl z
22 arbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy hem 345 hemical Shift Ranges: N X arboxylic esters acids, amides = Alkyl halide alkyl amine Me 4 Si Ketones, aldehydes N R 3 -- Alkanes δ hemical shifts of some simple compounds: Me 3 Me 2 2 == Me Me Dl 3 N = Me 2 NMe 4 Mel 2 =N 2 Me Me-Me 4 Si N 4 MeS Me MeLi MeI δ == 2 Me + N Me Me 3 - N 2 2 =N-Me - N + -Me = 2 (Et) 3 2 = 2 ==NMe Li N-Me δ 0 22
23 arbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy hem 345 Shown below are the 13 NMR spectra of three isomers of 6 : Determine the expected numbers of carbons for each isomer. Determine which spectrum corresponds to which compound Identify the types of carbon signals, do a rough assignment Dl SiMe
Organic Chemistry Tenth Edition
Organic Chemistry Tenth Edition T. W. Graham Solomons Craig B. Fryhle Welcome to CHM 22 Organic Chemisty II Chapters 2 (IR), 9, 3-20. Chapter 2 and Chapter 9 Spectroscopy (interaction of molecule with
More informationExamination of Proton NMR Spectra
Examination of Proton NMR Spectra What to Look For 1) Number of Signals --- indicates how many "different kinds" of protons are present. 2) Positions of the Signals --- indicates something about magnetic
More informationUsed to determine relative location of atoms within a molecule Most helpful spectroscopic technique in organic chemistry Related to MRI in medicine
Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance CHEM 241 UNIT 5C 1 The Use of NMR Spectroscopy Used to determine relative location of atoms within a molecule Most helpful spectroscopic technique in
More informationThe Four Questions to Ask While Interpreting Spectra. 1. How many different environments are there?
1 H NMR Spectroscopy (#1c) The technique of 1 H NMR spectroscopy is central to organic chemistry and other fields involving analysis of organic chemicals, such as forensics and environmental science. It
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize organic molecules by identifying carbonhydrogen frameworks within
More informationProton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Introduction: The NMR Spectrum serves as a great resource in determining the structure of an organic compound by revealing the hydrogen and carbon skeleton.
More informationNuclear Shielding and 1. H Chemical Shifts. 1 H NMR Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NMR Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nuclear Shielding and hemical Shifts What do we mean by "shielding?" What do we mean by "chemical shift?" The electrons surrounding a nucleus affect the effective
More informationPROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (H-NMR)
PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (H-NMR) WHAT IS H-NMR SPECTROSCOPY? References: Bruice 14.1, 14.2 Introduction NMR or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a technique used to determine
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Introduction NMR is the most powerful tool available for organic structure determination. It is used to study a wide variety of nuclei: 1 H 13 C 15 N 19 F 31 P 2
More informationNMR SPECTROSCOPY A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O... Self-study booklet NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE. 4 3 2 1 0 δ PUBLISHING
A N I N T R O D U T I O N T O... NMR SPETROSOPY NULEAR MAGNETI RESONANE 4 3 1 0 δ Self-study booklet PUBLISING NMR Spectroscopy NULEAR MAGNETI RESONANE SPETROSOPY Origin of Spectra Theory All nuclei possess
More informationProton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-NMR) Spectroscopy
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-NMR) Spectroscopy Theory behind NMR: In the late 1940 s, physical chemists originally developed NMR spectroscopy to study different properties of atomic nuclei,
More informationFor example: (Example is from page 50 of the Thinkbook)
SOLVING COMBINED SPECTROSCOPY PROBLEMS: Lecture Supplement: page 50-53 in Thinkbook CFQ s and PP s: page 216 241 in Thinkbook Introduction: The structure of an unknown molecule can be determined using
More informationSolving Spectroscopy Problems
Solving Spectroscopy Problems The following is a detailed summary on how to solve spectroscopy problems, key terms are highlighted in bold and the definitions are from the illustrated glossary on Dr. Hardinger
More informationBackground A nucleus with an odd atomic number or an odd mass number has a nuclear spin that can be observed by NMR spectrometers.
NMR Spectroscopy I Reading: Wade chapter, sections -- -7 Study Problems: -, -7 Key oncepts and Skills: Given an structure, determine which protons are equivalent and which are nonequivalent, predict the
More informationChemistry 307 Chapter 10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Chemistry 307 Chapter 10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of three spectroscopic techniques that are useful tools for determining the structures of organic
More informationChapter 11 Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 11.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 11 Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 11.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Many atomic nuclei behave
More informationDetermining the Structure of an Organic Compound
Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants In the 19 th and early 20 th
More informationHow to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems
How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems You should be looking for: Mass Spectrometry (MS) Chemical Formula DBE Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Important Functional Groups o Alcohol O-H o Carboxylic Acid
More information13C NMR Spectroscopy
13 C NMR Spectroscopy Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the most powerful tool available for structural determination. A nucleus with an odd number of protons, an odd number
More informationOrganic Spectroscopy: a Primer
EM 03 rganic Spectroscopy: a Primer INDEX A. Introduction B. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 3. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( NMR) Spectroscopy A. Introduction The problem of determining the structure
More informationProton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
CHEM 334L Organic Chemistry Laboratory Revision 2.0 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy In this laboratory exercise we will learn how to use the Chemistry Department's Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
More informationIR Applied to Isomer Analysis
DiscovIR-LC TM Application Note 025 April 2008 Deposition and Detection System IR Applied to Isomer Analysis Infrared spectra provide valuable information about local configurations of atoms in molecules.
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR is probably the most useful and powerful technique for identifying and characterizing organic compounds. Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel
More informationChapter 13 Spectroscopy NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis
Chapter 13 Spectroscopy NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis Main points of the chapter 1. Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance a. Splitting or coupling (what s next to what) b. Chemical shifts (what type is it) c. Integration
More informationIR Summary - All numerical values in the tables below are given in wavenumbers, cm -1
Spectroscopy Data Tables Infrared Tables (short summary of common absorption frequencies) The values given in the tables that follow are typical values. Specific bands may fall over a range of wavenumbers,
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance notes Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a spectrometric technique which provides information
More informationDetermination of Molecular Structure by MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Determination of Molecular Structure by MOLEULAR SPETROSOPY hemistry 3 B.Z. Shakhashiri Fall 29 Much of what we know about molecular structure has been learned by observing and analyzing how electromagnetic
More informationSignal Manipulation. time domain NMR signal in MHz range is converted to khz (audio) range by mixing with the reference ( carrier ) frequency
NMR Spectroscopy: 3 Signal Manipulation time domain NMR signal in MHz range is converted to khz (audio) range by mixing with the reference ( carrier ) frequency Ref in (MHz) mixer Signal in (MHz) Signal
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Most spinning nuclei behave like magnets. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy asics owever, as opposed to the behavior of a classical magnet the nuclear spin magnetic moment does not always align with
More informationNMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds (#1e)
NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds (#1e) 1 H NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds Erich Hückel s study of aromaticity in the 1930s produced a set of rules for determining whether a compound is aromatic.
More informationDetermination of Equilibrium Constants using NMR Spectrscopy
CHEM 331L Physical Chemistry Laboratory Revision 1.0 Determination of Equilibrium Constants using NMR Spectrscopy In this laboratory exercise we will measure a chemical equilibrium constant using key proton
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 1) Calculate the magnetic field that corresponds to the proton resonance frequency of 300.00
More informationProton NMR. One Dimensional H-NMR. Cl S. Common types of NMR experiments: 1-H NMR
Common types of NMR experiments: 1- NMR Proton NMR ne Dimensional -NMR a. Experiment igh field proton NMR (400Mz). single-pulse experiment. b. Spectral nterpretation i. Number of multiplets gives the different
More information4. It is possible to excite, or flip the nuclear magnetic vector from the α-state to the β-state by bridging the energy gap between the two. This is a
BASIC PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) 1. The nuclei of certain atoms with odd atomic number, and/or odd mass behave as spinning charges. The nucleus is the center of positive
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Wade Textbook
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Wade Textbook Background Is a nondestructive structural analysis technique Has the same theoretical basis as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Referring to MRI as nuclear
More informationINFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (IR)
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (IR) Theory and Interpretation of IR spectra ASSIGNED READINGS Introduction to technique 25 (p. 833-834 in lab textbook) Uses of the Infrared Spectrum (p. 847-853) Look over pages
More informationUsing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Identify an Unknown Compound prepared by Joseph W. LeFevre, SUNY Oswego
m o d u l a r l a b o r a t o r y p r o g r a m i n c h e m i s t r y publisher:. A. Neidig organic editor: Joe Jeffers TE 711 Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Identify an Unknown ompound
More informationE35 SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
E35 SPECTRSCPIC TECNIQUES IN RGANIC CEMISTRY TE TASK To use mass spectrometry and IR, UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy to identify organic compounds. TE SKILLS By the end of the experiment you should be able
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy 紅 外 線 光 譜 儀
Infrared Spectroscopy 紅 外 線 光 譜 儀 Introduction Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. It destroys little or no sample (nondestructive method). The amount of light absorbed
More informationMOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
MLEULAR REPRESENTATINS AND INFRARED SPETRSPY A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give examples
More informationfor excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration
! = 1 2"c k (m + M) m M wavenumbers! =!/c = 1/" wavelength frequency! units: cm 1 for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Dr. Dean L. Olson, NMR Lab Director School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Called figures, equations, and tables are from Principles
More informationSuggested solutions for Chapter 3
s for Chapter PRBLEM Assuming that the molecular ion is the base peak (00% abundance) what peaks would appear in the mass spectrum of each of these molecules: (a) C5Br (b) C60 (c) C64Br In cases (a) and
More informationCHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTRSCPIC METHDS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESNANCE SPECTRSCPY REACTINS: None TECHNIQUES: IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
More informationNMR - Basic principles
NMR - Basic principles Subatomic particles like electrons, protons and neutrons are associated with spin - a fundamental property like charge or mass. In the case of nuclei with even number of protons
More informationOrganic Spectroscopy. UV - Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. !! 200-800 nm. Methods for structure determination of organic compounds:
Organic Spectroscopy Methods for structure determination of organic compounds: X-ray rystallography rystall structures Mass spectroscopy Molecular formula -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationMass Spec - Fragmentation
Mass Spec - Fragmentation An extremely useful result of EI ionization in particular is a phenomenon known as fragmentation. The radical cation that is produced when an electron is knocked out of a neutral
More informationHOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone:
HMEWRK PRBLEMS: IR SPECTRSCPY AND 13C NMR 1. You find a bottle on the shelf only labeled C 3 H 6. You take an IR spectrum of the compound and find major peaks at 2950, 1720, and 1400 cm -1. Draw a molecule
More informationNMR 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 1H NMR
A P T E R 13 Spectroscopy A P T E R U T L I N E 13.1 Principles of Molecular Spectroscopy: Electromagnetic Radiation......... 518 13.2 Principles of Molecular Spectroscopy: Quantized Energy States..........
More informationSymmetric Stretch: allows molecule to move through space
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Infrared Spectroscopy Before introducing the subject of IR spectroscopy, we must first review some aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy http://www.yteach.co.uk/page.php/resources/view_all?id=nuclear_magnetic _resonance_nmr_spectroscopy_spin_spectrometer_spectrum_proton_t_pag e_5&from=search
More informationA Grignard reagent formed would deprotonate H of the ethyl alcohol OH.
216 S11-E2 Page 2 Name Key I. (9 points) Answer in the boxes below the following questions for the Grignard reagent C 3 -Mg. (1) (2 points) Is the carbon atom associated with magnesium electrophilic or
More informationNMR SPECTROSCOPY. Basic Principles, Concepts, and Applications in Chemistry. Harald Günther University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
NMR SPECTROSCOPY Basic Principles, Concepts, and Applications in Chemistry Harald Günther University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany Second Edition Translated by Harald Günther JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester
More informationThe Experiment Some nuclei have nuclear magnetic moments; just as importantly, some do not
Chemistry 2600 Lecture Notes Chapter 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Page 1 of 23 Structure Determination in Organic Chemistry: NMR Spectroscopy Three main techniques are used to determine the
More information1 Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy
Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy Tremendous progress has been made in NMR spectroscopy with the introduction of multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and pulse Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy. For a deeper
More informationExperiment 11. Infrared Spectroscopy
Chem 22 Spring 2010 Experiment 11 Infrared Spectroscopy Pre-lab preparation. (1) In Ch 5 and 12 of the text you will find examples of the most common functional groups in organic molecules. In your notebook,
More information12.4 FUNCTIONAL-GROUP INFRARED ABSORPTIONS
552 APTER 12 INTRODUTION TO SPETROSOPY. INFRARED SPETROSOPY AND MASS SPETROMETRY PROBLEM 12.9 Which of the following vibrations should be infrared-active and which should be infrared-inactive (or nearly
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy cont... Recommended Reading:
Applied Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy cont... Recommended Reading: Banwell and McCash Chapter 7 Skoog, Holler Nieman Chapter 19 Atkins, Chapter 18 Relaxation processes We need
More informationDETERMINACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS ORGÁNICAS (ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY) IR SPECTROSCOPY
DETERMINACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS ORGÁNICAS (ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY) IR SPECTROSCOPY Hermenegildo García Gómez Departamento de Química Instituto de Tecnología Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia 46022
More informationMolecular Models Experiment #1
Molecular Models Experiment #1 Objective: To become familiar with the 3-dimensional structure of organic molecules, especially the tetrahedral structure of alkyl carbon atoms and the planar structure of
More informationDetermination of Equilibrium Constants using NMR Spectroscopy
CHEM 331L Physical Chemistry Laboratory Revision 2.1 Determination of Equilibrium Constants using NMR Spectroscopy In this laboratory exercise we will measure the equilibrium constant for the cis-trans
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy 1 Chap 12 Reactions will often give a mixture of products: OH H 2 SO 4 + Major Minor How would the chemist determine which product was formed? Both are cyclopentenes; they are isomers.
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions, Course Notes Archive, 1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions An organic reaction in which an electrophile substitutes a hydrogen atom in an aromatic
More informationMolecule Projections
Key Definitions ü Stereochemistry refers to the chemistry in 3 dimensions (greek stereos = solid). This science was created by Pasteur (1860), van Hoff et LeBel (1874). ü Stereisomers are isomeric molecules
More informationIdentification of Unknown Organic Compounds
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often
More informationThe dipolar nature of acids
I. Introduction arboxylic Acid Structure and hemistry: Part 1 Jack Deuiter arboxylic acids are hydrocarbon derivatives containing a carboxyl () moiety. ecall that carbon has four valence electrons and
More informationChemistry 1110 Organic Chemistry IUPAC Nomenclature
hemistry 1110 rganic hemistry IUPA Nomenclature 1 f the approximately 32 million unique chemical compounds presently known, over 95% of them can be classified as organic; i.e., containing carbon. The IUPA
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic substitution is the typical reaction type for aromatic rings. Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E E Electrophile Lewis acid: may be or neutral.
More informationALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation
ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.
More informationBenzene and Aromatic Compounds
Benzene and Aromatic Compounds Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (or arene). Benzene has four degrees of unsaturation, making it a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon. Whereas unsaturated
More informationpassing through (Y-axis). The peaks are those shown at frequencies when less than
Infrared Spectroscopy used to analyze the presence of functional groups (bond types) in organic molecules The process for this analysis is two-fold: 1. Accurate analysis of infrared spectra to determine
More informationShielding vs. Deshielding:
Shielding vs. Deshielding: Pre-tutorial: Things we need to know before we start the topic: What does the NMR Chemical shift do? The chemical shift is telling us the strength of the magnetic field that
More informationCHEM 51LB: EXPERIMENT 5 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
CHEM 51LB: EXPERIMENT 5 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY REACTIONS: None TECHNIQUES: IR, NMR Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are
More informationCHE334 Identification of an Unknown Compound By NMR/IR/MS
CHE334 Identification of an Unknown Compound By NMR/IR/MS Purpose The object of this experiment is to determine the structure of an unknown compound using IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. Infrared
More informationAcids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity
Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Review the Acids and Bases Vocabulary List as needed. Tutorial Contents A. Introduction B. Resonance C. Atomic Radius D. Electronegativity E. Inductive
More informationTetramethylsilane (TMS) Trimethylsilyl d 4. -propionic acid (TMSP) Dioxane. O - Na + Dimethylfura n. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate. Sodium Maleate CH 3
Practical Aspects of Quantitative NMR Experiments This discussion presumes that you already have an understanding of the basic theory of NMR. There are a number of issues that should be considered when
More informationThe Hydrogen Atom Is a Magnet. http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/gashydrates/detecting.htm
The Hydrogen Atom Is a Magnet Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) Proton NMR A hydrogen nucleus can be viewed as a proton, which can be viewed as a spinning charge. As with any spinning charge,
More informationNMR and other Instrumental Techniques in Chemistry and the proposed National Curriculum.
NMR and other Instrumental Techniques in Chemistry and the proposed National Curriculum. Dr. John Jackowski Chair of Science, Head of Chemistry Scotch College Melbourne john.jackowski@scotch.vic.edu.au
More informationOrganic Spectroscopy
1 Organic Spectroscopy Second Year, Michaelmas term, 8 lectures: Dr TDW Claridge & Prof BG Davis Lectures 1 4 highlight the importance of spectroscopic methods in the structural elucidation of organic
More informationEXPERIMENT Aspirin: Synthesis and NMR Analysis
EXPERIMENT Aspirin: Synthesis and NMR Analysis Introduction: When salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst, acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is produced according
More informationBenzene Benzene is best represented as a resonance hybrid:
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) is a substitution reaction usually involving the benzene ring; more specifically it is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as
More information0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 m/z
Mass spectrum for the ionization of acetone MS of Acetone + Relative Abundance CH 3 H 3 C O + M 15 (loss of methyl) + O H 3 C CH 3 43 58 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 m/z It is difficult to identify the ions
More informationUltraviolet Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy The wavelength of UV and visible light are substantially shorter than the wavelength of infrared radiation. The UV spectrum ranges from 100 to 400 nm. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer
More informationTypical Infrared Absorption Frequencies. Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment
Typical Infrared Absorption Frequencies Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Alkanes 2850-3000 CH 3, CH 2 & CH 2 or 3 bands Alkenes 3020-3100 1630-1680 1900-2000
More informationORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
(adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of hemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders ollege Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To become familiar with organic molecules in three dimensions
More informationHow to Interpret an IR Spectrum
How to Interpret an IR Spectrum Don t be overwhelmed when you first view IR spectra or this document. We have simplified the interpretation by having you only focus on 4/5 regions of the spectrum. Do not
More informationGCE. Chemistry A. Mark Scheme for June 2012. Advanced GCE. Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GE hemistry A Advanced GE Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis Mark Scheme for June 2012 Oxford ambridge and RSA Examinations OR (Oxford ambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a
More informationNMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an effect whereby magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic (EM) energy. This energy is at a specific resonance
More information18 electron rule : How to count electrons
18 electron rule : How to count electrons The rule states that thermodynamically stable transition metal organometallic compounds are formed when the sum of the metal d electrons and the electrons conventionally
More informationChapter 4 Lecture Notes
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line-bond (Lewis) structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed structural
More informationNuclear Structure. particle relative charge relative mass proton +1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass
Protons, neutrons and electrons Nuclear Structure particle relative charge relative mass proton 1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass Protons and neutrons make up
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and itriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: There are really only four things to worry about under this heading; acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides. We ll start with
More informationelectron does not become part of the compound; one electron goes in but two electrons come out.
Characterization Techniques for Organic Compounds. When we run a reaction in the laboratory or when we isolate a compound from nature, one of our first tasks is to identify the compound that we have obtained.
More informationThe Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy. Joe Van Gompel, PhD
TN-100 The Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy The Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy Joe Van Gompel, PhD Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The electromagnetic
More informationLecture #7 (2D NMR) Utility of Resonance Assignments
Lecture #7 (2D NMR) Basics of multidimensional NMR (2D NMR) 2D NOESY, COSY and TOCSY 2/23/15 Utility of Resonance Assignments Resonance Assignments: Assignment of frequency positions of resonances (peaks)
More informationThe elements of the second row fulfill the octet rule by sharing eight electrons, thus acquiring the electronic configuration of neon, the noble gas o
2. VALENT BNDING, TET RULE, PLARITY, AND BASI TYPES F FRMULAS LEARNING BJETIVES To introduce the basic principles of covalent bonding, different types of molecular representations, bond polarity and its
More informationNMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities
7512 J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7512-7515 NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities Hugo E. Gottlieb,* Vadim Kotlyar, and Abraham Nudelman* Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University,
More informationSurvival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models
Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models The goal in this laboratory experience is to get you so you can easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed formulas,
More informationF321 THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS. ATOMS Atoms consist of a number of fundamental particles, the most important are... in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Structure F32 TE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS ATOMS Atoms consist of a number of fundamental particles, the most important are... Mass / kg Charge / C Relative mass Relative Charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
More informationj. SO 3, SO 2, NaCl, Na 2 O (1 mark each) Total 10 a) 525 kj mol -1 per mole of Mg (2 marks) (-1 for incorrect sign or unit)
ANSWERS RUND 1 1. This is a question about trends in chemistry a. Na, S 8, Al, Si b. 2, 4, N 3, Li c. Mg, Na, a, K d. Mg 2+, Na +, F -, l - e. K, Na, l, F f. Si, S, P, l g. Br 2, l 2, 2, N 2 h. XeF 4,
More information