Other countries in Asia Morocco Ecuador. Dominican Republic

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1 Figure 1. Stylized model linking orientation, perceptions of blocked mobility and educational ambitions High perceptions of blocked mobility in host society Strong Entrepreneurial Orientation Weak Academic Orientation Lower Educational Ambitions (Aspirations/Expectations) Table 1. Descriptive statistics of analytical sample by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics across ethno-national origin groups. a Ethno-national origin group Across China Other countries in Asia Morocco Ecuador Dominican Republic Other countries in South/Central America Romania Countries in Western Europe All other countries all groups % by ethno-national origin group s by ethno-national origin group Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics ativity and age at arrival Born in Spain Foreign-born and arrived before age Foreign-born and arrived between ages 6 and Foreign-born and arrived after age Male Mean age in years (S.D.) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.1) (1.1) (1.2) (1.2) Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) Academic Year Year Year Year Lives with both parents Mother's highest level of schooling Incomplete secondary school or less Secondary school completed and/or some post-secondary schooling Post-secondary schooling completed City of residence Madrid Barcelona on-spanish language spoken at home a Cell values are % unless otherwise stated

2 Table 2. Multinomial ordinal regression analysis of youths' aspired levels of educational attainment Aspired level of educ. attainment (ref: complete basic secondary) Model 1 Model 2 Postcompulsory University Post-compulsory University degree degree or Secondary or higher Covariates Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Other Asia.973*** *** ** *.334 Morocco.860*** ** ** **.280 Ecuador 1.403*** *** *** ***.300 Dominican Republic.758** * * Other South/Central America 1.424*** *** *** ***.300 Romania 1.352*** *** *** *.331 Countries in Western Europe 1.639*** *** *** ***.393 All other countries 1.175*** *** *** ***.276 Arrived before age *.207 Arrived between ages 6 and ***.169 Arrived after age * ***.176 Respondent is male -.429*** ***.097 Age of respondent (range: years) -.405*** ***.055 Year 2.326** **.135 Year 3.910*** ***.166 Respondent lives with both parents Completed secondary.485*** ***.104 University or higher.773*** ***.184 Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid) -.546*** ***.109 Spanish is primary language spoken at home Intercept Degrees of Freedom agelkerke R Table 2a. Adjusted % of youths' aspired levels of educational attainment by their national origins. ational Origins Complete Basic Post-compulsory University degree or higher 95% C.I. China 30.8 [ 21.4, 40.1 ] 37.3 [ 27.9, 46.7 ] 31.9 [ 22.6, 41.3 ] Other Asia 15.5 [ 9.4, 21.5 ] 50.4 [ 42.0, 58.8 ] 34.1 [ 26.2, 42.1 ] Morocco 15.2 [ 10.9, 19.6 ] 48.6 [ 42.4, 54.7 ] 36.2 [ 30.1, 42.3 ] Ecuador 10.7 [ 8.8, 12.6 ] 50.2 [ 47.0, 53.5 ] 39.0 [ 35.8, 42.2 ] Dominican Republic 19.0 [ 14.1, 23.8 ] 46.5 [ 40.2, 52.8 ] 34.5 [ 28.3, 40.8 ] Other South/Central America 9.9 [ 8.0, 11.7 ] 44.9 [ 41.7, 48.1 ] 45.2 [ 41.9, 48.5 ] Romania 15.1 [ 9.6, 20.7 ] 53.5 [ 45.9, 61.0 ] 31.4 [ 24.2, 38.5 ] Countries in Western Europe 9.6 [ 4.5, 14.6 ] 40.1 [ 32.1, 48.1 ] 50.4 [ 42.1, 58.6 ] All other countries 12.3 [ 9.7, 14.8 ] 45.8 [ 41.9, 49.7 ] 41.9 [ 38.0, 45.9 ] Adjusted %

3 Table 3. Multinomial ordinal regression analysis of youths' expected levels of educational attainment Expected level of educ. attainment (ref: complete basic secondary) Model 1 Model 2 Post-compulsory University Post-compulsory University Secondary degree or higher Secondary degree or higher Covariates Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Other Asia.809** *** ** *.388 Morocco.505** *** ** ***.340 Ecuador.858*** *** ** **.351 Dominican Republic.500* ** *.386 Other South/Central America.989*** *** ** ***.348 Romania 1.030*** ** ** *.389 Countries in Western Europe 1.025*** *** * ***.393 All other countries 0.785*** *** ** ***.332 Arrived before age **.184 Arrived between ages 6 and **.152 Arrived after age Respondent is male -.360*** ***.092 Age of respondent (range: years) -.498*** ***.059 Year 2.284** ***.135 Year 3.907*** ***.168 Respondent lives with both parents **.098 Completed secondary.531*** ***.109 University or higher.814*** ***.156 Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid) -.355*** ***.104 Spanish is primary language spoken at home Intercept Degrees of Freedom agelkerke R Table 3a. Adjusted % of youths' expected levels of educational attainment by their national origins. ational Origins Complete Basic Post-compulsory University degree or higher 95% C.I. China 39.1 [ 29.5, 48.8 ] 50.4 [ 40.8, 60.1 ] 10.5 [ 5.0, 15.9 ] Other Asia 23.8 [ 16.5, 31.2 ] 61.2 [ 53.2, 69.2 ] 15.0 [ 9.7, 20.2 ] Morocco 22.3 [ 17.3, 27.4 ] 56.7 [ 50.7, 62.7 ] 20.9 [ 16.0, 25.9 ] Ecuador 23.0 [ 20.3, 25.8 ] 60.3 [ 57.1, 63.4 ] 16.7 [ 14.4, 19.1 ] Dominican Republic 28.1 [ 22.4, 33.8 ] 53.4 [ 47.2, 59.7 ] 18.5 [ 13.5, 23.5 ] Other South/Central America 19.1 [ 16.5, 21.6 ] 55.3 [ 52.1, 58.5 ] 25.6 [ 22.8, 28.5 ] Romania 22.3 [ 15.9, 28.8 ] 64.1 [ 57.0, 71.2 ] 13.6 [ 8.8, 18.4 ] Countries in Western Europe 19.6 [ 12.9, 26.4 ] 51.8 [ 44.0, 59.7 ] 28.5 [ 21.6, 35.5 ] All other countries 21.2 [ 18.0, 24.4 ] 54.4 [ 50.6, 58.3 ] 24.4 [ 21.0, 27.7 ] Adjusted %

4 Table 4. Multinomial ordinal regression analysis of youths' GPA in previous academic year GPA ranking (ref: poor) Model 1 Model 2 Satisfactory Good/Outstanding Satisfactory Good/Outstanding Covariates Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Coefficient S.D. Other Asia Morocco Ecuador.517* Dominican Republic Other South/Central America.499* Romania.822** *** Countries in Western Europe *** All other countries Arrived before age *.166 Arrived between ages 6 and Arrived after age *** Respondent is male Age of respondent (range: years) ***.051 Year 2.539*** ***.116 Year 3.907*** ***.147 Respondent lives with both parents ***.090 Completed secondary.211* ***.097 University or higher.426** ***.140 Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid) *** ***.099 Spanish is primary language spoken at home Intercept Degrees of Freedom agelkerke R Table 5. Indicators of entrepreneurial disposition by national origin groups a Has at least one parent who is self-employed, business owner or vendor Aspires to be a shop Entrepreneurial orientation: prefers to learn business rather Academic orientation: thinks it is very important to get assistant b than stay in school c Youth's ational Origin % China Other Asia Morocco Ecuador Dominican Republic Other South/Central America Romania Countries in Western Europe All other countries good grades d a Unweighted descriptive statistics b Among 11 other occupational categories including manual worker, office clerk, shop assistant, computer technician, social worker, executive/manager, engineer, teacher, lawyer, physician/surgeon, other c Versus stay in school or neither option d Versus important, not important, or not important at all

5 Table 6. Logistic regression results of youths' aspiration to complete compulsory secondary education (ESO) vs. pursuing higher education degree) Aspire to complete compulsory secondary education (ESO) only M3: "Entrepreneurial M1: Baseline M2: Controls disposition" M3: Full Model Covariates Coeff. S.D. OR Coeff. S.D. OR Coeff. S.D. OR Coeff. S.D. OR Respondent's national origin (ref: China) Other Asia *** ** * Morocco -.832*** *** Ecuador *** *** ** Dominican Republic -.689** * Other South/Central America *** *** *** Romania *** ** Countries in Western Europe *** *** *** All other countries *** *** *** Arrived before age Arrived between ages 6 and * * Arrived after age *** Respondent is male.591*** *** Age of respondent (range: years).531*** *** Year * Year *** *** Respondent lives with both parents Completed secondary -.502*** *** University or higher *** *** Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid) 0.354*** ** Mother tongue is Spanish GPA in previous academic year (ref: poor) Satisfactory -.675*** ** Good/Outstanding *** *** Father is self-employed, business owner or vendor Mother is self-employed, business owner or vendor Aspires to be shop clerk.925*** *** Possess entrepreneurial orientation.826*** *** Possess academic orientation -.657*** *** Intercept agelkerke R Table 7. Perceptions of blocked mobility by national origin groups a o matter how much education I get, I will always still be rejected by others I sometimes or often feel rejected and not treated the same as others In Spain, everyone has the same economic opportunities People of color have as many opportunities to advance in Spain as Whites Youth's ational Origin China 40.8 % Strongly Agree b Other Asia Morocco Ecuador Dominican Republic Other South/Central America Romania Countries in Western Europe All other countries a Unweighted descriptive statistics b Versus agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree and strongly disagree

6 Table 8. Logistic regression analysis of possession of an entrepreneurial orientation by perceptions of blocked mobility Outcome: Entrepreneurial Orientation M2: Perceptions of M1: ational origins blocked mobility M3: "Control" Variables M4: Interaction terms a Covariates Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Other Asia -.440* ** Morocco -.752*** ** ** Ecuador *** *** *** Dominican Republic *** *** *** Other South/Central America *** *** *** Romania *** *** *** Countries in Western Europe *** *** ** All other countries *** *** *** Arrived before age Arrived between ages 6 and Arrived after age * Respondent is male.385*** *** Age of respondent (range: years) Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) Year Year *** *** Respondent lives with both parents Mother's highest level of schooling (ref: < secondary) Completed secondary.357** ** University or higher Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid).361** ** Mother tongue is Spanish GPA in previous academic year (ref: poor) Satisfactory Good/Outstanding -.356* * o matter how much education I get, I will always be rejected by others (DiscrimEdu).979*** *** In Spain, everyone has the same economic opportunities (EqualOpp).312** * Often feels rejected or not being treated the same as others People of color have as many opportunities as Whites to advance in Spain * DiscrimEdu X Other Asia DiscrimEdu X Morocco DiscrimEdu X Ecuador DiscrimEdu X Dominican Republic DiscrimEdu X Other South/Central America DiscrimEdu X Romania DiscrimEdu X Countries in Western Europe DiscrimEdu X All other countries 1.261* EqualOpp X Other Asia EqualOpp X Morocco EqualOpp X Ecuador EqualOpp X Dominican Republic EqualOpp X Other South/Central America EqualOpp X Romania EqualOpp X Countries in Western Europe EqualOpp X All other countries Constant agelkerke R a Interaction terms for statistically signficant indicators of perceived blocked mobility in Model 3 a Odds ratios are calculated for ease of interpretability by exponentiating the coefficients.

7 Table 9. Logistic regression analysis of possession of an academic orientation by perceptions of blocked mobility M1: ational origins Covariates Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Coefficient S.D. O.R. b Other Asia 1.063*** *** *** Morocco 1.098*** *** *** Ecuador.351* Dominican Republic.683*** ** Other South/Central America.489*** Romania.482** Countries in Western Europe.630*** ** All other countries.571*** * Arrived before age Arrived between ages 6 and Arrived after age *** *** Respondent is male -.223*** *** Age of respondent (range: years) -.319*** *** Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) Academic Year (ref: Year 1) Year Year Respondent lives with both parents.148* * Mother's highest level of schooling (ref: < secondary) Completed secondary University or higher Lives in Barcelona (ref: Madrid) Mother tongue is Spanish -.250* * GPA in previous academic year (ref: poor) Satisfactory Good/Outstanding.613*** *** o matter how much education I get, I will always be rejected by others (DiscrimEdu) In Spain, everyone has the same economic opportunities (EqualOpp).373*** *** Often feels rejected or not being treated the same as others People of color have as many opportunities as Whites to advance in Spain..760*** *** DiscrimEdu X Other Asia DiscrimEdu X Morocco DiscrimEdu X Ecuador DiscrimEdu X Dominican Republic DiscrimEdu X Other South/Central America DiscrimEdu X Romania DiscrimEdu X Countries in Western Europe DiscrimEdu X All other countries EqualOpp X Other Asia EqualOpp X Morocco EqualOpp X Ecuador EqualOpp X Dominican Republic EqualOpp X Other South/Central America EqualOpp X Romania EqualOpp X Countries in Western Europe EqualOpp X All other countries Constant agelkerke R a Interaction terms for statistically signficant indicators of perceived blocked mobility in Model 3 a Odds ratios are calculated for ease of interpretability by exponentiating the coefficients. Outcome: Academic Orientation M2: Perceptions of blocked mobility M3: "Control" Variables M4: Interaction terms a