Implementation of DWD 98/83/EC in the Member States. Genova May 8 th 2009 IRIDE Adriana Hulsmann KWR Watercycle Research Insitute

Transcription

1 Implementation of DWD 98/83/EC in the Member States Genova May 8 th 2009 IRIDE Adriana Hulsmann KWR Watercycle Research Insitute

2 Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC The DWD concerns the quality of water intended for human consumption. The objective of this Directive is to protect human health from ( ) any contamination of drinking water ( ) by ensuring that it is wholesome and clean 2

3 Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC 1998 DWD health standards largely based upon WHO 1992 Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Scientific studies e.g. sampling study for metals, THM Specific advice CSTEE (Scientific Committee of the EC) To be wholesome and clean drinking water must conform to minimum requirements set out in the annexes of the Directive Microbiological parameters (Enterococci, E.coli) Chemical parameters (nitrate, lead,..) Organoleptic parameters (taste, odour, colour,..) Radiological parameters (tritium,..) Point of compliance = the tap 3

4 Implementation issues of the DWD DWD came into force 1998 and replaces DWD 80/778/EEC Transposition into national legislation 2 years period Implementation another 3 years period (compliance with requirements DWD) Member States have a tri-annual reporting obligation (Reporting Directive 91/692/EEC) 4

5 Scope 98/83/EC Art.3 Water for human consumption not natural mineral water or medicinal water Exemption possible on basis of purposes for use and on the basis of size of supply Supplying less than 10 m 3 /day or serving less than 50 persons (unless public/commercial activity) 5

6 Scope and reporting Supplies < 10 m 3 /day or serving < 50 persons can be exempted Supplies between 10 and 1000 m 3 /day or serving 50 to 5000 persons are covered but MS have no reporting obligation to the EC Supplies > 1000 m 3 /day or serving 5000 or more persons MS have to report to the EC EC has the obligation to produce a report on the returns of the MS. 6

7 Reporting by MS and by the EC 7

8 Reports 93-95/96-98/99-01/02-04 can be found on the EC website: ec.europa.eu/environment/water l 8

9 Main issues in the implementation of the DWD in the EU MS (large WSZs >5000 persons) MS Population in millions % of the total population served by these supply zones B CZ DK D EE EL 10.6?? ES F IRL IT LUX 0.45?? NL AT PT FIN S 8.8?? UK

10 Raw water sources for drinking water production Raw water sources in percentages 100% 80% 60% 40% Other SW GW 20% 0% B CZ DK D ES EE IT F IRL NL AT PT FIN UK 10

11 Parameters most often causing non-compliance in MS data from 17 MS 98/83/EC parameters and the number of MS where they cause non-compliance in more than 1% of all samples taken in that MS Parameter Nr. of Member States with > 1% non-compliance A parameters E.coli 2 Enterococci 7 B parameters Arsenic, nitrate, THM 5 Lead, nickel, PAH 4 BaP, fluoride, tri- and tetrachlorothane, individual pesticides 3 1,2-dichloroethylene, mercury, nitrite, total pesticides 2 Antimony, boron, copper, cyanide, selenium, vinylchloride 1 Benzene, bromate, cadmium, chromium None of the MS C parameters Iron, manganese 13 Coliform bacteria 9 Aluminium 8 Colony Counts 22 6 Sulphate 5 Chloride, ph, turbidity 4 Ammonium, colour, EC, oxidisability, sodium 3 Cl.perfringens, odour 2 Taste, TOC 1 11

12 Summary drinking water quality (1) Most non-compliance was caused by: Iron and manganese (C) Coliform bacteria (C) Aluminium (C) Enterococci (A) Colony Counts 22 (C) Arsenic, nitrate, THM (B), sulphate (C) Lead, nickel, PAH (B), chloride, ph, turbidity (C) 12

13 Summary drinking water quality (2) Derogations are most often in place for: Arsenic Fluoride Nitrate Iron Pesticides Italy has high(est) number of derogations in place 13

14 Small water supplies a EU-wide cross cutting issue 14

15 WEKNOW survey: small water supplies A European inventory of small water systems and associated problems (2004) Conclusion: SMALL SYSTEMS LARGE PROBLEMS Inventory based upon data from 21 countries Small : < 5000 persons Very small : < 50 persons At least 10% of the EU population gets drinking water from small or very small supplies We do not have reliable information on the number of small supplies or on the number of EU citizens that receive their water from these supplies. But WEKNOW there are big problems with water quality and with health issues. 15

16 WEKNOW survey: small water supplies Total nr of supplies and nr of small supplies all supplies small supplies F PL D IRL E S PL CZ UK RO SK LT I NO FIN EE B SI EL HU NL LUX MT CY 16

17 WEKNOW survey: small water supplies have big problems with water quality Microbiological contamination Iron, manganese Nitrate, nitrite Arsenic, pesticides, radon Organoleptic problems Most of the wells are not monitored Reasons: resources, ignorance, no legal support nor follow up from health authorities 17

18 Relationship between size of water supply zones (population) and drinking water quality (non-compliance). Data from Dr. Frantisek Kozisek Czech Republic > supply zone [population] < above limit value = non-compliance [%] MH NMH MH max value indicator C parameters DWD NMH max value A and B parameters DWD 18

19 Water-borne outbreaks in the Czech Republic ( ); drinking water Reported 27 outbreaks with 1489 cases Structure of the sources which caused the outbreaks: public supply (4) domestic distribution system (2) or distribution system within the factory (2) commercial and private (domestic) wells (19) 19

20 Drinking-water-borne outbreak cases in the Czech Republic ( ); causes 20

21 Difficult and unsolved issues in DWD 98/83/EC Compliance with indicator parameters Sampling for lead, copper and nickel Reporting No reporting format adopted Incomplete reporting No reporting at all Regional and not national reporting Reporting on bottled water Relevant metabolites of pesticides Sampling at the tap and missing legal basis Microbiological reference methods Implementation of Article 10 residuals in drinking water (EAS) 21

22 Thank you for your attention 22