Waste Water Treatment for Fossil Fuelled Power Plant: Current Practice and Future Trends.
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1 Waste Water Treatment for Fossil Fuelled Power Plant: Current Practice and Future Trends. Richard Harries, Associate Consultant E.ON New Build & Technology
2 Contents 1. Historical Overview. 2. Sources of Contaminants in Aqueous Discharges. 3. Waste Water from Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD). 4. Waste Water from NOx Removal by Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). 5. Implications for Carbon Capture. 6. Summary. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 2
3 Review of Discharge Consents and Permits Discharge Consents (ph, T, suspended solids, oil). North Sea Protocol (1980s). List I (Red List) - Limited the concentration of Cd, Hg and a range of organic species. List II (Grey List) - As, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn [Al, Ag, Co, Mn, Sn]. Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) Environmental Protection Act (1990). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Permits Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 3
![List II (Grey List) - As, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn [Al, Ag, Co, Mn, Sn].](/docs-images/48/23893714/images/page_3.jpg "Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) Environmental Protection Act (1990).")
4 Sources of Contaminants in Aqueous Discharges: The Basic Power Plant Water Treatment Plant acid and alkali regenerants. Cooling Water chlorination and concentration factor. Boiler and Turbine Drains oil; metal oxides; dissolved additives. Ash Lagoons suspended solids; dissolved metals. Coal Stocks Drains suspended solids; dissolved metals; acidity. Transformers and Transmission oil. Air Heater Washing acidic waste; particulates; metals. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 4
5 Sources of Contaminants in Aqueous Discharges from Environmental Control Technologies Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) (Wet Limestone Gypsum Process) High chloride concentrations (as CaCl 2 ). Range of metals and other species derived from coal. Particulates: gypsum; limestone; limestone inerts; combustion products. Typical FGD waste water flow for 2000MW power station : m 3 /hr. NOx Removal by Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). Storage of anhydrous ammonia; water deluge for emergencies. Ammonium salts; sulphates. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) (Post combustion processes). Organic amines and associated products. Ammonium salts. Sulphate species. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 5
6 Flue Gas Desulphurisation (limestone-gypsum process) Flue Gas Dust Filter Flue ID Fan Bypass Flyash Booster Fan Reheater Absorber Hydrocyclones Waste Water Treatment Limestone Store Limestone Mills Slurry Tank Air Sludge Clean Water Discharge Gypsum Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 6
7 FGD Waste Water: Sources of Impurities SO 2 + H 2 O + CaCO 3 CaSO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O CaSO 3 + [O] CaSO 4 [Absorber ph ~ ] Fine particulates: Gypsum. Unreacted limestone and inert materials from raw limestone. Flyash. Unburnt fuel. Dissolved Species: Metal cations derived from fuel (fly ash and volatiles) and limestone; eg Cd, Hg, Ag, Cr III, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, Zn. Metal oxy-anions As, Sb, Se, B, Cr VI, Mn(?), Mo (?), V(?). Anions mainly from Cl and F in fuel. Also sulphate (liquor saturated to gypsum) and trace of nitrate. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 7
8 FGD Waste Water Treatment: Typical Input Concentrations and Discharge Limits (mg/l) Parameter T O C ph TSS Al Ag Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg Mn Mo Input Outlet 30 - Limit , , Parameter Ni Pb Sn V Zn As B Sb Se Cl F N (NH 3 ) Input , ? , Outlet Limit , Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 8
9 FGD Waste Water : Treatment Philosophy Raise ph with an alkali [NaOH or Ca(OH) 2 ] to precipitate metal hydroxides. Add a sulphide to precipitate metal sulphides. Use either sodium sulphide solution or tri-mercapto triazine (TMT). Add a coagulant to capture precipitated hydroxides and sulphides, plus fine particulates. Typically Ferric Chloride. Add a flocculation aid to promote settlement of sludge. Generally a polyelectrolyte. Separate water and sludge in a clarifier and sludge thickener. Dewater sludge and dispose to landfill or refire with fuel. Clarified water ph adjusted (HCl) and cooled prior to discharge. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 9
10 Solubility Data: Metal Hydroxides and Metal Sulphides Concentration of Dissolved Metal Salts (mg/l) Solution ph Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 10
11 Schematic of FGD Waste Water Treatment WASTE WATER INLET Lime slurry Lime slurry Ferric chloride TMT Polyelectrolyte Acid First neutralisation & precipitation stage (ph 8.5) Second neutralisation and precipitation stage (ph ) Clarifier Final ph control Sludge recycle Cooler Sludge Treated Sludge thickener Sludge dewatering Sampling and monitoring water tank ph, T, Sludge waste Turbidity FINAL DISCHARGE Waste water recycle Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 11
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13 FGD Waste Water : The Fluoride Conundrum In theory Calcium Fluoride has a very low solubility that should always achieve fluoride discharge limits. Solubility product data predicts 3 or 8 mg/l F for saturated CaF 2. Background calcium concentration should reduce fluoride solubility due to the common ion effect. In practice, in some plants, it has been difficult to achieve the < 20 mg/l F limit. Fluoride precipitation is dependent on both ph and background calcium chloride concentration. Fluoride concentration decreases as both ph and chloride (calcium) concentration increase. Optimal ph appears to be around ph 9.5. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 13
14 FGD Waste Water Future Developments There is pressure to improve the sulphur removal performance of existing FGD installations. This may be achieved by adding up to 1000mg/l of organic acids to the absorber liquor. Typical acids are adipic acid, or a waste product di-basic acid (DBA). These acids buffer the scrubber ph and enhance limestone dissolution. These organic acids will be present in the FGD waste water. They will not be removed by currently installed technologies. A form of oxidative or micro-biological digestion will be required. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 14
15 Schematic of NOx Removal by SCR 8 NH 3 + 6NO 2 = 7 N H 2 O Anhydrous Ammonia Injection Ammonium bisulphate deposits on air heater Ammonia absorbs onto flyash Ammonia dissolves into FGD liquor Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 15
16 Limits on Discharge of Ammoniacal Nitrogen A standard limit is 10 mg/l ammonia (expressed as mg/l N). Higher levels of ammonia risk harm to the aquatic environment. Limits originally set for sewage treatment plants discharging into small streams. There may be scope for negotiating a higher limit where there is a high dilution factor in the discharge. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 16
17 Technologies for Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen Technology Chemical Oxidation NaOCl; ClO 2 ; H 2 O 2 / UV; O 3. Adsorption / Precipitation Zeolite adsorption Struvite precipitation Microbiological Digestion (i) Aerobic : NH 3 NO - 2 (ii) Aerobic : NO 2- NO - 3 (iii) Anaerobic : NO 3- N 2 Reed bed wetlands For / Against Oxidation of variable effectiveness Risk of tri-halo methane production Risk of scaling and S-N compounds Reaction rates slow Effect of high CaCl 2 background Scaling Well established for sewage treatment Prefers stable flow, concentration, temp. Conditioning to high Cl - background Potential for process kill Large open area Low temperature low activity Management of reed beds Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 17
18 Optimal Management of Ammonia Discharges from SCR Manage catalyst grids to minimise ammonia leakage. Minimise air heater deposition and washing. Minimise ammonia uptake in FGD absorber liquor. Sulphate from air heater washing an equal problem to ammonia. Maintain a regular routine for air heater washing. Store wash liquor and trickle feed into FGD absorber. Manage FGD waste water purge flow to maintain low residual concentration of ammonia. Monitor ammonia in FGD absorber liquor / waste water continuously. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 18
19 Coal Fired Station with Post Combustion CO 2 Capture CO 2 SCR Stripper Absorber Gas Reheater FGD Absorber Direct Contact Cooler Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 19
20 Amine scrubbing process diagram CO 2 + 2RNH 2 RNHCOO - + RNH 3 + Water wash cooler Treated Gas Reflux Drum Absorber [R = HOCH 2 CH 2 -] Reflux Condense r Reflux drum CO 2 Product Stripper Direct Contact Cooler (DCC) & FGD polisher Flue Gas Flue Gas Blower Cooler Trim Cooler Rich Solvent Lean Solvent Reboiler Lean/Rich Exchanger Steam supply Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 20
21 Chilled Ammonia Process Diagram (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) 2 NH 4 HCO 3 (s ) CT G G H ~80C CO2 DCC 1 Wash 30 40C Makeup Water Stack Wash 25 35C Chiller Lean AC Regenerator DCC C CO2 Absorber Rich ABC H - X Reboiler Flue Gas Water Rich Slurry Lean Slurry CO 2 Waste Water Treatment SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build and Technology Page 21
22 Summary Control and treatment of power station waste water discharges is an increasingly important area. Consistent failure to meet limits could force plant shutdown. Each newly introduced control technology for emissions to the atmosphere is accompanied by new challenges for waste water treatment. Waste water treatment technologies must be both effective and have a very high reliability. They tend to be sensitive to changes in flow, temperature, and matrix. Future legislation may pose increasing challenges for waste water treatment. Waste Water Treatment: SCI 28/10/2010. E.ON New Build & Technology Page 22
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