Ein Beitrag zur aktiven Netzstabilisierung durch Wasserkraft
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1 Ein Beitrag zur aktiven Netzstabilisierung durch Wasserkraft 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell, Michael Schmid
2 outline I. Present grid status II. The role of Inertia III. Simulations of a test case FIXED / VARIABLE speed IV. Conclusion 2 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
3 Present grid status The Facts: Grid frequency = 50Hz maintained by synchronous machines adjusting power for balancing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) like photovoltaics & wind power are substituting existing nuclear and thermal generating units RES is not contributing to primary control and Inertia Transient System Stability needs Inertia Grid with limited extension and high penetration of RES are very sensitive regarding stability TSO s in Ireland & UK are faced to a new situation 3 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
4 Present grid status The Facts: Electrical system behavior after loss of generation Freq: Grid Frequency SIR: Synchronous Inertial Response source: EirGrid & SONI 4 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
5 The role of Inertia Windpower Photovoltaics Inertia constants for different type of generating units 5 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
6 Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) Definition: Gradient of Frequency Central Europe: 0.1Hz/s Ireland: 1Hz/s 2Hz/s Value depends on average time Root cause: Loss of mains Additional voltage dip Low system Inertia Interpretation of RoCoF source: EirGrid & SONI 6 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
7 Countermeasures Proposed new Services 1. Synchronous Inertial Response (SIR) Synchronous machines FIXED speed This is the classical behavior of a synchronous generating unit, a synchronous condenser or any other synchronous load. The amount of injected active power depends on the rate of change of frequency and the inertia constant H. 2. Fast Post-fault Active Power Recovery (FPFAPR) VARIABLE speed concepts Units that can fast recover their output after a grid fault can mitigate the impact of a disturbance to the system. If many units are able to do that, grid security can be improved. 3. Fast Frequency Response (FFR) VARIABLE speed concepts By a fast control system, generating units can provide fast-acting active response to change of frequency Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
8 Example System configuration 285m 36m 3 /s 400rpm 120MVA 428rpm H=3.5s 120MVA 120MVA 10% 400kV 100km long 400kV, 50Hz Infinite SC Gross head: 290m Penstock: 730m Wave speed: 1100m/s Control: Exc: ST1A + PSS2B Gov: HYGOV b p =0.02 Operating point: 70% = 84MW p.f. = PCC 8 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
9 FIXED speed results RoCoF = 1.0Hz/s Standard configuration No PSS, No Hydro governor 9 2. Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
10 Contribution of hydro power to active grid stabilization FIXED speed Frequency response / Eigenvalues Electro-mechanical system Excitation system No PSS Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
11 FIXED speed Frequency response / Transfer-function Electro-mechanical system Standard configuration NO PSS, NO hydro gov Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
12 VARIABLE speed basics Converter principle: 2 controlled voltage sources Decoupled systems Independent P/Q control Very short response time schematic diagram of a frequency converter System control: Control (1) Control (2) Converter Power Speed Governor Speed Power Transient performance Fast Slow Usage Practical Theoretical Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
13 VARIABLE speed results Test case: RoCoF = 0.5Hz/s, b p = 0.04, Power 84MW 100MW Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
14 FIXED / VARIABLE speed comparison Test case: RoCoF = 0.5Hz/s, b p = 0.04, Power 84MW 100MW Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
15 Summary & Conclusion The Problem Change of electric energy production mix (high penetration of RES) Transient Stability needs Inertia Proposed Solutions / New system services 1. High level Primary response New Primary Frequency response is able to react on frequency deviations within tenth of seconds by supplying power to the grid. 2. High level Frequency response With the kinetic energy stored in the rotating mass of the generator by means of control active power can be supplied to the grid depending on the RoCoF. The role of Hydro Power Variable Speed concepts (e.g. Pumped Storage installations) can offer service 1.) and 2.) Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
16 contact Thank you for your attention! Johann Hell ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH R&D manager Electrical Power Engineering Eibesbrunnergasse 20 A-1120 Vienna, Austria M: P: +43 (5) F: +43 (5) Pumpspeichertagung EFZN, Goslar 20/21 November 2014 Johann Hell
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