The Periodic Table and Bonding Introducing a Free Online Resource for Middle School Chemistry
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1 LIVE INTERACTIVE YOUR DESKTOP The Periodic Table and Bonding Introducing a Free Online Resource for Middle School Chemistry Presented by: James Kessler January 17, :30 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Eastern time 1
2 Introducing today s presenter James Kessler Manager, K-8 Science Education American Chemical Society 2
3 American Chemical Society Middleschoolchemistry.com Big Ideas about the Very Small Chapter 4: The Periodic Table and Bonding
4 Welcome What is middleschoolchemistry.com? Free online resource for teaching basic concepts in chemistry at the middle school level. Six chapters of activity-based lesson plans which align with state standards in physical science and inquiry. Two main goals: Help students understand common every day observations on the molecular level. Help students to design and conduct scientific experiments. American Chemical Society 4
5 What s in a Chapter? Lesson Plans (5E): Hands-on activities Student Activity Sheets Multimedia Extra Teacher Background Student Reading Test Bank American Chemical Society 5
6 Goals of the Webinar Demonstrate selected activities and animations from the lessons in Chapter 4 to show how they can be used with students Review some basic chemistry concepts covered in the lessons American Chemical Society 6
7 Big Idea for Chapter 4: What does the periodic table tell us about atoms and why do atoms bond together to make molecules? Use the Fascination Number Line to indicate your level of fascination with this question Have never thought about it and happy that way Willing to listen if it doesn t take too long Stay up nights pondering this American Chemical Society 7
8 Lesson 4.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend Discussion: What are the three tiny particles that make up an atom? Introduce a version of the model that students will be working with throughout the chapter. Protons In the center or nucleus of the atom. Positive electrical charge. Neutrons In the nucleus of the atom. No charge. Electrons Outside the nucleus. Negative electrical charge. Same number of electrons as protons. Positive protons and negative electrons attract each other. American Chemical Society 8
9 Protons and Electrons Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend Protons have a positive charge. Two protons repel each other. Electrons have a negative charge. Two electrons repel each other. But a proton and an electron have opposite charges. A proton and an electron attract each other. American Chemical Society 9
10 The Hydrogen Atom Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend In the hydrogen atom, and every other atom, the negatively charged electron is attracted to the positively charged proton. This attraction is what holds the atom together. The cloud shows the region around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be. It is not possible to know its exact location at any time. American Chemical Society 10
11 Static Electricity is Protons and Electrons Attracting Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend Pull a strip of plastic between your fingers. Bring the plastic near your fingers to see what happens. The plastic is attracted to your fingers. Why? American Chemical Society 11
12 Transferring Electrons Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend American Chemical Society 12
13 Questions So Far? Type your questions or comments in the chat. American Chemical Society 13
14 Lesson 4.2: The Periodic Table We will focus on the first 20 elements: from hydrogen (H) to calcium (Ca). Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic mass: Made up of the mass of the protons, neutrons, and electrons of the atoms of that element. The proton and neutron have about the same mass and the electron is about 1/2000 as massive. Why the weird decimal number for atomic mass? American Chemical Society 14
15 Periodic Table: Elements 1-20 Carbon has 6 protons in the nucleus but it has an atomic mass of This means that some carbon atoms must have more than 6 neutrons. The vast majority of carbon atoms have 6 neutrons but some small percentage have 7 neutrons. That s what causes the average atomic mass to be just over American Chemical Society 15
16 Play a Periodic Table Card Game 20 sheets One for each of the first 20 elements. Upper right hand corner is the element card. Cards on the left are about protons, neutrons, and electrons. Cards on the right are about energy levels. 100 cards on the left are for the first card game. 80 cards on the right are for the second card game. American Chemical Society 16
17 Play a Periodic Table Card Game American Chemical Society 17
18 Interpreting the Periodic Table American Chemical Society 18
19 Lesson The Periodic Table and Energy Level Models An atom is spherical. The atom s electrons are in regions surrounding the nucleus called energy levels. The first energy level is closest to the nucleus and can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. The second energy level is further from the nucleus and can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. The third energy level is still further from the nucleus and can hold a maximum of 18 electrons. After the third level has 8, the next two electrons go into the fourth level, and then electrons begin to fill the third level again until it has 18. The fourth energy level can hold a maximum of 32 electrons. What is this atom? American Chemical Society 19
20 Electrons in Energy Levels Atoms in the first row have 1 energy level. Atoms in the second row have 2 energy levels. Atoms in the third row have 3 energy levels and so on. The number of energy levels is called the principle quantum number (n). The number of electrons on an energy level = 2n². American Chemical Society 20
21 Play a Periodic Table Card Game American Chemical Society 21
22 Chat Discussion and Questions Have you done activities similar to the Periodic Table card games? What other ideas do you have? Do you have any questions? American Chemical Society 22
23 Periodic Trend Atomic Size Atomic size decreases as atomic number increases from left to right across a row. Electrons are attracted and pulled toward the nucleus more as the number of protons (positive charge) increases. American Chemical Society 23
24 Periodic Trend Atomic Size Graph shows that the relationship between atomic size and atomic number has a periodic, or up and down, trend. American Chemical Society 24
25 Periodic Trends- Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from the outer energy level of an atom. The trend in ionization energies is also periodic with the lowest ionization energy on the left and the highest on the far right of any row. American Chemical Society 25
26 Elements in the Same Group React in a Similar Way Sodium in Water Sodium and potassium have a similar reaction with water but the reaction of calcium and water is different. Potassium in Water Calcium in Water American Chemical Society 26
27 Elements in the Same Group React in a Similar Way Sodium in Acid Sodium and potassium have a similar reaction with acid but the reaction of calcium and acid is different. Potassium in Acid Calcium in Acid American Chemical Society 27
28 Chat Discussion and Questions What will be most challenging for your students in learning the Periodic Table? Do you have any questions? American Chemical Society 28
29 Lesson Energy Levels, Electrons, and Covalent Bonding Two hydrogen atoms. Each has one proton and one electron. If they get close enough, the electron from each hydrogen atom feels the attraction from the proton of the other hydrogen atom. If the attraction is strong enough in both directions, and there is room for the electrons on the outer energy levels of both atoms, the atoms share electrons in a covalent bond. Sharing electrons means that the electrons now occupy a region where they are attracted by the nucleus of both atoms instead of just the one they started with. American Chemical Society 29
30 Covalent Bond - Hydrogen Molecule The atoms are drawn together by the mutual attraction of the protons and electrons in the two atoms. American Chemical Society 30
31 Covalent Bond - Water Molecule The electron in hydrogen is attracted to the protons in oxygen. And the electrons in oxygen are attracted to the proton in hydrogen. If the attraction is strong enough in both directions and there is room for the electrons in the outer energy level of both atoms, the atoms share electrons in a covalent bond. American Chemical Society 31
32 Covalent Bond Water Molecule The atoms are drawn together by the mutual attraction of the protons and electrons in the two atoms. American Chemical Society 32
33 Water s Covalent Bond is Polar The covalent bond in water is polar. Although electrons are shared between oxygen and hydrogen, the oxygen has a stronger attraction for electrons so the electrons are not shared exactly equally. The electrons spend more time near the oxygen part of the molecule, making that part slightly negative. Since the electrons spend more time near the oxygen, the hydrogen part of the molecule is slightly positive. American Chemical Society 33
34 Hydrogen and Oxygen in Water An electric current in water can cause electrons to be transferred between water molecules and the electrodes. This causes the oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecules to come apart and to be released as hydrogen and oxygen gas. Twice as much hydrogen is produced than oxygen because for each water molecule there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. American Chemical Society 34
35 Atoms Can Form Double Covalent Bonds The electrons in each oxygen atom are attracted to the protons in the other oxygen atom. If the attraction is strong enough in both directions and there is room for the electrons in the outer energy level of both atoms, the atoms share electrons in a covalent bond. Since both atoms are the same, they have the same attraction for electrons and the sharing is equal. This is different from the water molecule American Chemical Society 35
36 Oxygen Atoms Form Double Covalent Bonds The atoms are drawn together by the mutual attraction of the protons and electrons in the two atoms. American Chemical Society 36
37 Lesson 4.5 Energy Levels, Electrons, and Ionic Bonding Salt is sodium chloride which is made up of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions. The ions attract each other according to their opposite charges and form a cubic crystal structure. American Chemical Society 37
38 Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride The chlorine has a stronger pull on the electron from sodium than the sodium has for an electron from chlorine. An electron is transferred from the sodium to the chlorine. Now the sodium has 11 protons but only 10 electrons. The extra proton makes it a positive ion. The chlorine has 17 protons but now has 18 electrons. The extra electron makes it a negative ion. The oppositely charged ions attract each other forming an ionic bond. American Chemical Society 38
39 Ionic Bonding Electron transfer causes sodium and chlorine atoms to become positive and negative ions which attract. American Chemical Society 39
40 How Can a Clay Object Float? Soft silver metal, sodium, is placed in a container filled with chlorine gas. A drop of water is added to the sodium which reacts and removes the sodium s protective tarnish coating. The exposed sodium metal reacts with the chlorine gas. An extremely reactive metal and a poisonous gas combine to make an ionic compound (sodium chloride) that we eat. American Chemical Society 40
41 Students Model the Ionic Bonding in a Sodium Chloride Crystal Students use Styrofoam balls and tooth picks to make repeating alternating patterns of ions. The teacher then stacks each layer to form a model of a 3-D crystal of sodium chloride. American Chemical Society 41
42 Ions that Lose or Gain More than One Electron Chlorine has a stronger attraction for the electrons in calcium than calcium has for the electrons in chlorine. Two electrons are transferred from the calcium atom One each to the two chlorine atoms. This gives each chlorine an extra electron so each becomes a negative Cl - ion. The calcium atom now has two more protons than electrons so it becomes a positive Ca 2+ ion. The positive and negative ions attract each other to form calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) American Chemical Society 42
43 Ionic Bond in Calcium Chloride Electron transfer causes calcium and chlorine atoms to become positive and negative ions which attract. American Chemical Society 43
44 Ready to Try it? What content would be useful to you in your classroom? Any final questions? American Chemical Society 44
45 Thanks to today s presenter James Kessler Manager, K-8 Science Education American Chemical Society 45
46 Thank you to the sponsor of today s web seminar: 46 This web seminar contains information about programs, products, and services offered by third parties, as well as links to third-party websites. The presence of a listing or such information does not constitute an endorsement by NSTA of a particular company or organization, or its programs, products, or services.
47 National Science Teachers Association Gerry Wheeler, Interim Executive Director Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director, Conferences and Programs Al Byers, Ph.D., Assistant Executive Director, e-learning and Government Partnerships Flavio Mendez, Senior Director, NSTA Learning Center NSTA Web Seminars Brynn Slate, Manager Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator 47
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