Power Saving Street Lights Using Advance Sensors

Transcription

1 MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2013, pp Power Saving Street Lights Using Advance Sensors Priyanshi Vishnoi A.P., MIT, Moradabad, UP, INDIA Pradip Agrawal Engg. BEC, Bhilai, Chattisgarh, INDIA Kapil Gandhi A.P., MIT, Moradabad, UP, INDIA Payal Rani A.P., BIT, Meerut, UP, INDIA ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to design such system through which we can save the electricity of the street light on the highways using the microcontroller. This paper presenting the working of the power saving street light which makes itself turn on and off as per requirement. Different sensors have been used here for sensing whether any vehicle is on the track or not, or any person is on pedestrian or not, by making use of microcontroller it automatically turn on and off the street light. I. INTRODUCTION Power Saving Street Light is an embedded project. And we are presenting in this paper how the power could be saved using power saving street light which automatically gets off in day time and gets on in night. It also sense moving vehicles and people travelling on road and gets on at that time. Since automation is the need of hour, technology is enhancing and hence we have designed a system for electricity saving of the street lights on the highway. This system shows the advancement in technology as well as it also saves the energy. Embedded is the combination of both hardware and software. Hardware in this field is electronics hardware where as the software is the programming of the microcontroller. Microcontroller is the decision-making device, it works on two logic 0 and 1. Microcontroller is similar to the microprocessor but the basic difference between two is the inbuilt memory in the controller which make it a cheap IC costs about Rs. 50 where as the cost of the processor is about Rs This heart of this project is ATMEL microcontroller and the controller available in the market has to be used so we have used 89C2051, 20 pin controller according to the requirement. II. RELATED WORK AND NEW APPROACH As discussed by many researchers power can be saved by using smart street lights. The most common objective function using smart street lights is dynamic switching of street lamps based on pedestrians locations and desired safety (or fear ) zones. Experiments have shown that objects like trees can interrupt wireless communication between lampposts and that inaccuracy of global positioning system position detection can lead to unexpected lighting effects [2]. In power saving street lights a system is designed through which we can save the electricity of the street light on the highways using the microcontroller. This paper presenting the working of the power saving street light which make itself turn on and off as per requirement. Different sensors has been used here for sensing whether any vehicle is on the track or not, or any person is on pedestrian or not,by making use of microcontroller it automatically turn on and off the street light. Fig. 1: A block diagram representation of work

2 MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2013, pp Conventional street lighting systems in areas with a low frequency of passersby are online most of the night without purpose.the consequence is that a large amount of power is wasted meaninglessly. With the broad availability of flexible-lighting technology like light-emitting diode lamps and everywhere available wireless internet connection, fast reacting, reliably operating, and power-conserving street lighting systems become reality. The purpose of this work is to describe the Smart Street Lighting (SSL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible public lighting systems [3]. III. MICROCONTROLLER SECTION Requires three connections to be successfully done for it s operation to begin v supply: This +5v supply is required for the controller to get start which is provided from the power supply section. This supply is provided at pin number 31 and 40 of the 89c2051 controller. 2. Crystal Oscillator: A crystal oscillator of 12 MHz is connected at pin number 19 1 and pin number 18 2 to generate the frequency for the controller. The crystal oscillator works on piezo electric effect. The clock generated is used to determine the processing speed of the controller. Two capacitors are also connected one end with the oscillator while the other end is connected with the ground. As it is recommended in the book to connect two ceramic capacitor of 20 pf 40pf to stabilize the clock generated [5]. Fig. 2: Complete pin diagram of circuit 3. Reset section: It consists of an RC network consisting of 10M/35V capacitor and one resistance of 1k. This section is used to reset the controller connected at pin number 9 of AT89c51. Description The AT89C2051 is low-voltage; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. 3. Programming of Microcontroller: INCLUDE 89c51.mc main: mainloop: Label: Label 2: Label 3: Label: JNB p3.0,label ; day ldr SET B p1.7 ; led1 off SET B p1.6 ; led2 off JMP mainloop JNB p3.1, label 2 ; 2 ldr JNB p3.2, label 3 JB p1.5, lab JB p1.4, lab 1

3 MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2013, pp Label 1: Label 3: Intr_1 ms: Time 1: Pin Configuration Pin Description Port 1 JB p1.3, lab 3 JMP mainloop DJNZ R0, time 1 MOV R0, #250 DJNZ R1, time 1 MOV R1, #32 SETB p1.7 SETB p1.6 RET ; led1 off ; led2 off Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provides internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 m A and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 MA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left Un connected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 3. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flipflop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed [6]. Note: C1, C2 = 30 PF ア 10 PF for Crystals = 40 PF ア 10 PF for Ceramic Resonators. Fig. 3: Oscillator Connections Fig. 4: External Clock Drive Configuration AT89C Special Function Registers A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) pace is shown in the table below. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses ay not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features.

4 MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2013, pp In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0. Pressure Sensor/Switch A pressure sensor or switch measures pressure. Pressure is usually expressed in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. Fig. 5: Different types of pressure switch Pressure sensors can be classified in term of pressure ranges they measure, temperature ranges of operation, and most importantly the type of pressure they measure. In terms of pressure type, pressure sensors can be divided into five categories: 1. Absolute pressure sensor: This sensor measures the pressure relative to perfect vaccum pressure. 2. Gauge pressure sensor: This sensor is used in different applications because it can be calibrated to measure the pressure relative to a given atmospheric pressure at a given location. Fig. 6: Operation of pressure switch 3. Vaccum pressure sensor: This sensor is used to measure pressure less than the atmospheric pressure at a given location. 4. Differential pressure sensor: This sensor measures the difference between two or more pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit. 5. Sealed pressure sensor: This sensor is the same as the gauge pressure sensor except that it is previously calibrated by manufacturers to measure pressure relative to sea level pressure. IV. PRESSURE SENSING TECHNOLOGY There are two basic categories of analog pressure sensors: (i) Force collector types: These types of electronic pressure sensors generally use a force collector (such a diaphragm, piston, bourdon tube, or bellows) to measure strain (or deflection) due to applied force (pressure) over an area. (ii) Other types: These types of electronic pressure sensors use other properties (such as density) to infer pressure of a gas, or liquid. Here we ll discuss only about Force collector type of pressure sensors. Force collecting pressure sensors are of following types: Piezoresistive Strain Gauge: Uses the piezoresistive effect of bonded or formed strain gauges to detect strain due to applied pressure. Generally, the strain gauges are connected to form a wheat stone bridge circuit to maximize the output of the sensor. This is the most commonly employed sensing technology for general purpose pressure measurement. Capacitive: Uses a diaphragm and pressure cavity to create a variable capacitor to detect strain due to applied pressure. Common technologies use metal, ceramic, and silicon diaphragms. Generally, these technologies are most applied to low pressures (Absolute, Differential and Gauge). Electromagnetic: Measures the displacement of a diaphragm by means of changes in inductance (reluctance), LVDT, Hall Effect, or by eddy current principal. Piezoelectric: Uses the piezoelectric effect in certain materials such as quartz to measure the strain upon the sensing mechanism due to pressure. This technology is commonly employed for the measurement of highly dynamic pressures. Optical: Uses the physical change of an optical fiber to detect strain due to applied pressure. Potentiometric: Uses the motion of a wiper along a resistive mechanism to detect the strain caused by applied pressure. V. CONCLUSION This paper introduces the novel power saving street light using sensors framework, a system for fast, reliable, and energy

5 MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2013, pp efficient street lamp switching based on a pedestrian s location and personal desires of safety. Both safety zone definition and position estimation in this novel approach is accomplished using sensors REFERENCES [1] Leccese, F., Intelligent Wireless Street Lighting System, 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2012, pp , May [2] Leonowicz, Z., Lighting System using Advanced Sensors, International journal of Power Engineering, January, 2009, Vol. 9, pp [3] Agata, J.K., Lighting System with Sensors, Sixth International Conference on Energy, pp , November, [4] Mehta, V.K., Principles of Electronics S. Chand & Co. Ltd., 3rd Edition, New Delhi. [5] Boylstead Robert and Nasceslsky Louis Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi. [6] Millman Jacob and Halkias C. Christos, Integrated Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Ltd., New Delhi.