Early Human Migrations

Transcription

1 Early Human Migrations

2 Sculpture from the Americas Origins of the Peoples of the Americas?

3 Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

4 The Maya Classic Period Either 250 BCE to 950 CE Or 10 CE to 1190 CE

5 The Mayas We know they were not called Mayas When Spaniards arrived, the major city was MAYAPAN (thus the name the Mayas) The only great civilization to be located in the jungle Primarily the Yucatan peninsula and northern central America

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7 Under difficult geographic circumstances, the Mayas farmed successfully and built beautiful cities.

8 Agriculture The Mayas drained swamps to farm. The Mayas erected platforms for farming in the rain forest. The Mayas irrigated their fields of corn, beans, and other plants to produce agricultural surpluses.

9 It was difficult land to farm on but Mayan farming techniques produced agricultural surpluses.

10 Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac,, God of Rain

11 Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

12 The Mayas lived in city-states. The city-states never united. A large temple pyramid stood in the middle of each city.

13 Chichen-Itza - Pyramid

14 Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

15 Tikal Jungle View at Sunset

16 Tikal - Main Court

17 Tikal: Temple of the Masks

18 Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God

19 Religion The Mayas were polytheists. They believed in many gods. A large temple pyramid stood in the middle of every Mayan city. Cities were religious centers.

20 Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning

21 Maya Religion Believed each day was a living god Had to please the gods via sacrifice Piercing of bodies with needle Flowers & incense Human Sacrifice Sacrificed prisoners of war, slaves, and children Drug Use Victim painted blue, had chest cut open, and heart removed Smoked a strong tobacco w/ hallucinogenic effects Drank fermented water, honey, and tree bark drink

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23 Mayan Glyphs sky king house child city

24 Mayan Glyphs

25 Bishop Diego de Landa Bishop Diego de Landa is best known for two reasons: 1 st He thought the Maya books were inspired by the devil, so he had them all destroyed 2 nd Recognizing his mistake, several years later returned to Yucatan and wrote Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. This book based on the three Mayan books that survived

26 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers

27 Astronomers Calculated Lunar and Solar Eclipses Used that information to have Festivals Understanding of the Solar Position in the sky

28 Chichen-Itza - Observatory

29 Mayan calendar

30 Pakal: : The Maya Astronaut

31 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians

32 Mathematicians Had a system based on 20 Recognized the zero (unlike the Romans for instance) One two three four five six eight nine ten nineteen twenty

33 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects (though were not able to complete the arch)

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37 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects though were not able to complete the arch Great warriors

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39 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects though were not able to complete the arch Great warriors Active Merchants (Used Cocoa as currency)

40 Mayan Economy A trade system existed through which salt, obsidian, jade, cacao, animal pelts, tropical bird feathers, luxury ceramics and other goods flowed. Goods from the highlands were traded with those of the lowlands. Obsidian was made into tools and weapons. People either bartered goods directly or exchanged them for cacao beans Counterfeit cocoa beans Some merchants would remove the cocoa from the bean and refill it with wax

41 Commonly Bartered Items

42 Trade was very important to the Maya.

43 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects though were not able to complete the arch Great warriors Active Merchants (Used Cocoa as currency) Social Structure

44 Maya Social Structure King Nobles: Priests & Warriors Merchants Peasants Slaves

45 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects though were not able to complete the arch Great warriors Active Merchants (Used Cocoa as currency) Advances In Medicine

46 Maya Medicine 1. ULCERS, GASTRITIS - Mineral crystal stone. Put in water and drink the water every day. For sores in the mouth, put directly on affected area. No side effects. For thousands of years the Mayan elders have been using this practice.

47 Maya Medicine 2. DIABETES, HYPOGLYCEMIA, BLOOD SUGAR STABILIZER Billy Webb Bark Tea. Boil one hand full of bark. Drink 1/2 cup of tea twice daily, until blood sugar stabilizes. 3. DIARRHEA Traveler's Tonic. Take 3 tablespoons every hour for as long as condition persists.

48 Maya Civilization Expert Astronomers Great Mathematicians Good architects though were not able to complete the arch Great warriors Active Merchants (Used Cocoa as currency) Advances In Medicine Games

49 GAME The Maya had a ball game called Pok-A- Tok. It was played on an odd shaped field. The object of the game was to move a hard rubber ball without the use of hands or feet through a hoop. There is debate whether it was the losing team or the winning team that was sacrificed.

50 GAME Decapitation scene at ball court,

51 Mystery Question: Debate over why several sites are shown to have been abandoned? They left site due to Natural Disasters They left site due to over-crowding They abandoned Commercial and Religious sites but did not move

52 Demise of the Mayas: Natural Ecology Soil Exhaustion Water Loss and Erosion Savanna Grass Competition: Continual burning of soil led to end of original forest and converted into man-made grass land. Problem Mayas did not have necessary equipment.

53 Demise of the Mayas (continuation)

54 Demise of the Mayas (continuation) Catastrophism Earthquakes Hurricanes Evolution Main idea was that social collapse occurred due to over population and lack of food supply Disease

55 Demise of the Mayas (continuation) Social Demography Higher rate of female to male ratios led to a collapse of social order Social Structure Invasion

56 Abandon Commercial and Religious Centers Various Households New CRC Commercial and Religious Center (CRC) New CRC

57 Demise of the Mayas (continuation) Economic Trade Collapse led to Rebellion and Invasion Towns in Buffer Zone Maya Buffer Zone Maya Core Teotihuacan Core Teotihuacan Buffer Zone