ISTA Purity Seminar 15. June 2009 Zürich

Transcription

1 ISTA Purity Seminar 15. June 2009 Zürich Identification of seeds to genus and species level by Norbert Leist and Andrea Jonitz Prof. Dr. Norbert Leist Brahmsstr Bad Schönborn Germany Dr. Andrea Jonitz LTZ Augustenberg Neßlerstr Karlsruhe Germany

2 From flower to seed Pulsatilla vernalis

3 From flower to seed Pulsatilla

4 Seed development Plant systematics, Judd et al.

5 Can we find botanical characters which allow a systematic search leading to the families first, than to the genera and at least to the species? Mostly you can find the following structures, more or less well visible: Testa developed from the integument. The hole between the integument remains as micropyle, in every seed this is the point where the radicle emerges. The funiculus growth a shorter or larger part together with the integument, this part is the raphe. The breaking point of the funiculus at ripeness is the hilum. The region where the funiculus enters the integument for nutritition of the embryo is the chalaza. Hilum --Integument Cardiospermum halicacabum

6 Definition of seed A seed is a matured ovule that contains an embryo and often nutritive tissue (endosperm, perisperm) Judd et al. Plant Systematics Achene: Asteraceae (Carex, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rumex) Caryopsis: Poaceae Drupe: Celtis, Cocos, Prunus Nut: Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Quercus Samara: Ailanthus, Betula, Fraxinus, Liriodendron, Ulmus Carya ovata Schizocarp: Acer, Apium, Daucus, Erodium, Euphorbia, Lamium, Malva Utricle: Amaranthus, Chenopodium Seed units are commonly found dispersal units ISTA Rules 2009 Abrus precatorius

7 Alopecurus gerardii Caryopsis Schizocarp Euphorbia verrucosa Echinochloa crus-galli Aethusa cynapium Bromus mollis Abelmoschus esculentus

8 Achaene Bidens pilosa Leontodon hispidus Taraxacum officinale Rumex crispus

9 Seed Unit Tragopogon or Taraxacum?

10 Seed characters Color : black, brown, yellowish, white, different colored, shiny, dull Shape, size : round, edged, flat, triangular, fourthsized, barrelshaped Testa surface: smooth, ribbed, striped, edged, winged, furrowed, wrinkled, dimplelike, reticular, humplike, spiny, dotted, flaking, finehirsute, woolly hirsute, shaggy Appendages : arillus, elaiosom, caruncula, crista, strophiolum, awn, arista, glumes, beak, wing, pappus Hilum : tiny, spotshaped, with other color Raphe : Strophiolum Micropyle : Caruncula

11 Types of seed units as used in the seed key of Brouwer, Stählin 1. Seed unit with edges or borders, spiny points (35 families) 2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear raphe (2 families) 3. Seed unit winged (9 families) 4. Seed unit with hairs, partly as crown, tuft or scale (6 families) 5. Seed unit bottleshaped (2 families) 6. Seed unit stickshaped, at least 4 times as long as wide (4 families) 7. Seed unit with shiny testa or special structures of surface (6 families) 8. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney or hornshaped (3 families) 9. Seed unit thin and flat, partly bended d and/or with small wing ring (4 families) 10. Seed unit ball-to oval rounded, hilum visible (2 families) 11. Seed unit flat and smooth, often like amphora (1 family)

12 1. Seed unit edged or with border, point spine (35 families) Amranthaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Campanulaceae Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Convolvulaceae Coriariaceae Cucurbitaceae Cyperaceae Dipsacaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Fumariaceae Geraniaceae Iridaceae Lamiaceae Liliaceae Malvaceae Onagraceae Papaveraceae Plantaginaceae Plumbaginaceae Poaceae Polygonaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Santalaceae Scrophulariaceae Solanaceae Tropaeolaceae Valerianaceae Zygophyllaceae

13 2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear raphe Euphorbiaceae Violaceae Polygalaceae Chelidonium 3. Seed unit winged Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Cyperaceae Liliaceae Gentianaceae Iridaceae 4. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney or hornshaped Asteraceae Chenopodiaceae Caryophyllaceae Fabaceae

14 How stable are these seed characteristics? Depending on the type of reproduction: Apogamie =Apomixis, parthenogenesis without pollination Alchemilla, Amelanchier, Hieracium, Poa, Rubus, Sorbus, Taraxacum (2000 microspecies) es) Autogamie selfpollination, cleistogamy Viola Heterogamie - self incompatible, pollination by other plant of the same species Primula, Astragalus Polyploidie - multiplication of the chromosome number Biscutella Hybridisation pollination between species Aquilegia, i Avena, Betula, Carex, Epilobium, Paeonia, Poa, Rumex, Salix (worldwide naturally occurring interspecific plant hybrids are estimated)

15 How stable are these seed characteristics? These characteristics are genetically controlled, but some factors may lead to abnormal or untypical seeds: nutritition of the plant insect damageof the seed unit fungi infection environmental stress conditions

16 Equipment for seed identification Pincette Scalpel Small boxes Tubes, adhesive papel, pencil Magnifying lens

17 Tools for seed identification Binocular fold Microscope Light microscope Electron microscope Special types like Keyence

18 The KEYENCE Microscope (VHX 500) Key of Science

19 Irreplaceable Training Experience Patience

20 If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful? Check for alternative methods: Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm) Seedling (Rumex) Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..) Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia Ultraviolet radiation Seedproteins, electrophoresis

21 Anatomy of seed units to be observed by a transverse cut Characteristics :With or without endosperm, perisperm,( endosperm oily (ol), with starch (st), fleshy (fl)); embryos place on the side, inner part; embryo straight or bended Perisperm Endosperm large Endosperm small None or nearly no endosperm Amaranthaceae Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Plantaginaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae (fl) Euphorbiaceae Poaceae (st) Papaveraceae (oil) Plumbaginaceae (st) Polygonaceae (st) Primulaceae (fl) Rubiaceae Scrophulariaceae (fl) Solanaceae (fl) Convolvulaceae Iridaceae Liliaceae Asclepiadaceae Boraginaceae Campanulaceae (fl) Dipsacaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Santalaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Fabaceae Geraniaceae Lamiaceae Onagraceae Tropaeolaceae Valerianaceae Polygalaceae

22 If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful? Check for alternative methods: Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm) Seedling (Rumex) Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..) Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia Ultraviolet radiation Seedproteins, electrophoresis

23 Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 643 Genera, Species Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae Papilionoideae 153 Genera, Species 64 Genera, Species 426 Genera, Species Lathyrus 160 Vicia 140

24 Seeds showing one typical characteristic for one certain family only well expressed hilum, micropyle, raphne, chalaza Fabaceae: Medicago, Sophora, Melilotus, Robinia, Vicia... Medicago trunculata Sophora japonica Melilotus alba

25 Seed characteristics Micropyle Hilum Phaseolus vulgaris; Micropyle, Hilum, Testa structure

26 Seedshape: a) globular d) rhomboid b) ovoid e) hatchlike c) edged f) cylindrical g) pearshaped.

27 Testa surface Smoothy shining, smoothy dull, rough, velvet, like hoarfrost, warty structures, pories structures, labyrinth structures. These characters can be observed with magnification

28 Testa colour and pattern Variation from white to light brown, dark to black, greenish and from uniform colour to different pattern This pattern can be named as: marked - small area spot, speckle, reptile pattern, marble pattern.

29 The micropyle can be well expressed to nearly not visible. The hilum is more informative with its size, shape, colour, structure and the distance to the micropyle. The hilum can be: round-oval, less than 2 x as long as wide (eg. Lathyrus gorgoni Parl.) elongated-oval, at least 2 x, but not more than 5 x as long as wide (eg. Vicia dumetorum L.); linear, more than 5 x as long as wide (eg. Lathyrus articulatus L) L.)

30 Furthermore, the hilum itself can show the same width in its whole length, it can narrow at one or both ends and became also lanceolate at one or both ends. Once more the are a of the hilum can differ in colour. The middle part (M) can be white-light, sometimes yellowish, with the border region (R) darkened, in some species a very light line separates the hilum lengthwise (L). M R L

31 Genus Lathyrus 1. Lathyrus amphicarpos L. 2. Lathyrus angulatus L. 3. Lathyrus annuus L. 4. Lathyrus aphaca L. 5. Lathyrus articulatus L. 6. Lathyrus aureus (Steven) Brandza 7. Lathyrus bauhinii Genty 8. Lathyrus cicera L. 9. Lathyrus clymenum L. 10. Lathyrus davidii Hance 11. Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb.) Fiori 12. Lathyrus gorgoni, Parl. 13. Lathyrus heterophyllos L. 14. Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss. 15. Lathyrus hirsutus L. 16. Lathyrus inconspicuus L. 17. Lathyrus latifolius L. 18. Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze 19. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigelow 20. Lathyrus montanus Bernh. 21. Lathyrus neurolobus Boiss. Et Heldr. in Boiss. 22. Lathyrus nissolia L. 23. Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. 24. Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. 25. Lathyrus odoratus L. 26. Lathyrus Pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke ssp. varius 27. Lathyrus pisiformis L. 28. Lathyrus pratensis L. 29. Lathyrus roseus Steven 30. Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. 31. Lathyrus sativus L. 32. Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. 33. Lathyrus sylvestris L. 34. Lathyrus tingitanus L. 35. Lathyrus tuberosus 36. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. in Koch 37. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.

32 Example for a key to determine seed of Vicia and Lathyrus species Seed small, not more than 2 mm I Seed larger > 2 mm II I 1 Whole testa with clear wart structure Testa with structures like pores or labyrinnth,in no case warts seeds globular, egg shaped-oval or cylindrical; hilum more than 0,5 mm long, round-oval measuring 1/8 to 1/9 of seed perimeter; chalaza is near by the hilum less than 0,5 mm formed as a small bulge; testa surface with some single warts l. nissolia L. 2 seed mostly edged-hatchet like, hilum very small, not more than 0,5 mm

33 Lathyrus L. ochrus L. pannonicus L. pratensis L. articulatus t L. tingitanus L. angulatus L. nissolia L. rotundifolius ssp. rotundifolius ssp. miniatus

34 Genus Vicia V. narbonnensis V. ochroleuca V. peregrina V. villosa V. lathyroides V. sativa V. grandiflora V. tenuissima V. pubescens V. sepium

35 Vicia cracca Vicia articulata Vicia sativa Vicia monantha

36 Vicia tetrasperma Lathyrus tuberosus Vicia villosa Vicia hirsuta Vicia angustifolia Vicia sativa Partzsche et al.

37 Scrophulariaceae 268 Genera, Species Veronica 180 (since 2003 the genus belongs to the Plantaginaceae) Garden plants Veronica paniculata, longifolia, spicata, aphylla.. Weeds Veronica hederifolia, cymbalaria, persica, filiformis, opaca, agrestis, polita, triphyllos, dillenii, verna, peregrina, arvensis.

38 Scrophulariaceae Veronica teucrium Veronica hederifolia Veronica agrestis Veronica arvensis

39 Scrophulariaceae Veronica filiformis Veronica persica Veronica triphyllos Veronica polita Veronica agrestis Veronica praecox Veronica hederifolia Partzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter

40 Chenopodiaceae 103 Genera, Species Chenopodium 100 Atriplex 300

41 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae

42 Chenopodium polyspermum p Chenopodiaceae

43 Chenopodiaceae Atriplex patula Chenopodium hybridum Ch. album Chenopodium polyspermum Ch. ficifolium Ch. glaucum Portulaca oleracea Partzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter

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45 shape

46 shape

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48 Silene cretica Silene dichotoma Silene dioica Silene latifolia Silene noctiflora

49 There is still much effort needed go come from seed images to seed tables which can be used for comparison of unknown seeds worldwide and not only of weed seeds Hypochaeris radicata

50 Thank you very much for your attention! Silene pusilla