How Plants Are Identified
|
|
- Delphia Chase
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 3 How Plants Are Identified T he easiest method, and the one probably used the most often for learning the names of the plants of a particular location or region, or just the name of a particular plant, is to ask someone who already knows. Perhaps the way used to learn plant names most often is to compare the unknown plant with the photograph or sketch of a similar one in a book. Many picture books have examples of the more common plants, but most species cannot be identified in this fashion. The third way is to identify the plants for oneself. To have the skill to identify an unknown plant is a most valuable asset and an important part of the study of systematics. Identification of unknown specimens is usually made by using a key that is, a device in which successive choices between contrasting statements are followed until the correct name is found by the process of elimination. Keys play an integral part in a flora, allowing for proper identification of families, species, and infraspecific taxa. 14 Most modern keys are constructed of paired choices. Each half of the paired choice makes a statement or several statements that are either true or false. The two forked, couplet, or paired choice keys are called dichotomous (meaning forking) keys. The first of this type was developed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, the famous French botanist. In 1788, as a shortcut method to reading down the long lists and descriptions of plants found in the botanical literature of the day, he provided an artificial key as a means to identify the plants of France (Flore Française). Using a dichotomous key is like following directions to a distant destination. As one travels down a road or highway, decisions are made at junctions as to which way to turn. If the roads are properly marked, and if the directions are followed carefully, the destination should be reached. There are two main types of botanical keys: the indented key and the bracketed key. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrate how both of these types of keys function for seven objects. In both keys, the objects
2 How Plants Are Identified Object with curved sides a sphere 2. Sphere solid white in the middle 2. Sphere black or partially black 3. Sphere all black 3. Sphere one-half white and one-half black 1. Object with straight sides 4. Object with four equal sides a square 5. Square white 5. Square one-half black and one-half white 4. Object with three equal sides a triangle 6. Triangle with spines at the points 6. Triangle lacking spines Figure 3.1 An example of an indented key. are divided into subgroups; by the process of elimination, the unknown can be identified. All objects must be accounted for, with none left out. In an indented key, the paired-couplet choices are identified in the same way and given the same number. This is important because, in large keys to many species, the halves of the couplet may be separated by some distance from one another and may even be on different pages. Some authors use letters (i.e., a, b, c, or aa, bb, cc, etc.) or symbols (i.e., 1, 1, 2, 2, etc.) in place of numbers to keep from confusing couplets. The bracketed key follows the same basic principles of contrasting choices and choices given the same number, letter, or symbol as an indented key. The choices, however, are always placed on adjacent lines, thus requiring less room on a page, and the couplets are kept together. Relationships between taxa are not as easily observed in bracket keys; and when mistakes in keying are made, backtracking is more difficult. Bracketed keys are commonly used in beginning, student-type keys. 1. Object with curved sides; a sphere 2 1. Object with straight sides 4 2. Sphere solid white in the middle 2. Sphere with black 3 3. Sphere all black 3. Sphere one-half white and one-half black 4. Object with four equal sides; square 5 4. Object with three equal sides; triangle 6 5. Object white 5. Object one-half white and one-half black 6. Triangle with spines at the points 6. Triangle lacking spines Figure 3.2 An example of a bracketed key. Some Basic Rules for Constructing and Using Dichotomous Keys Some basic rules common to all types of keys should be followed when constructing and using dichotomous keys: 1. Construct all parts of the key in a dichotomous fashion. In certain disciplines of biology or in older botanical manuals one will sometimes encounter keys with many branches. This can be very confusing and time-consuming and can cause one to make incorrect choices. 2. Always use a contrasting alternative condition of a plant character in the other half of the couplet. This means that if the character is a leaf character, the alternating leaf character must also deal with the same leaf feature. For example: 1. Leaves attached alternate 2. Leaves attached opposite Using the alternating choice leaves heartshaped would not be a correct contrasting choice, even though it is a choice dealing with leaves. 3. Construct the leads parallel within each couplet. This means that the beginning word of each alternating choice should be the same. For example, if the word of the first lead is petals, then the first word of the contrasting couplet should also be petals. 4. Describe the characters of the plant in a positive manner. The person using the key should be able to get a visual image of the condition of each character used. 5. Avoid using vague, unclear, overlapping measurements and general, broad terms (e.g., large vs. small, dark vs. light colored, mm [ in.] vs mm [ in.] long). 6. Keep the season of the year during which the key is to be used the same; that is, if the key is to winter twig features, they should not be mixed with the characters of leaves. An easy way to accomplish this and to make the key more seasonably usable is to include flower, fruit, and vegetative characters together in the couplets of the key. 7. Avoid using taxonomic names as key characters. The key may, however, be designed to key out
3 16 Contemporary Plant Systematics taxonomic categories above the rank of species, as well as species below the species level. 8. Choose characters for a key that have the most reliable, least variable features available but that are still easily observable. Generally, flower features are less variable than vegetative ones. 9. Omit highly technical and obscure features as key characters (e.g., chromosome morphology or number, detailed anatomical features, the presence or absence of compounds, and localities). The person using the key normally does not go to great lengths to get the information requested by a couplet. 10. Consider both sexes in species that are dioecious (reproductive structures on different plants), because the specimen to be identified may have flowers of only one sex. 11. Try to avoid difficult or irregular arrangements or identification words in the couplets. The purpose of the key is to provide an easy method to identify an unknown plant specimen. Therefore, the design of the keys should be for convenient and self-evident use. 12. Remember, keys are not absolutely reliable and without mistakes. The key is only as good as the material used in its construction. Plant specimens that exhibit extreme variation and have not been observed by the writer of the key may not key out properly. Also, interpretation of characters may vary, so the student should understand the author s use of a term. It should be remembered that the key is another person s way of interpreting how a group of plants should be identified. The clarity and ease of use of a key depends on many factors; therefore, it should be remembered that a key is not magic, and that to master a key may take some time before one can identify unknown plants without making errors. Keying specimens takes skill and considerable practice. One should not guess when keying, if at all possible. Guessing almost always brings a wrong determination. Correctly learning and applying terminology is the best way to identify and key plants. Other Identification Methods The keys we have been discussing provide the traditional tools that botanists use to identify plants. In recent years, however, other techniques have developed that do not follow the very structured, singlebeginning point of the dichotomous key. These are the polyclaves and computer methods. The polyclave, or synoptical, keys are multientry keys that use cards stacked in any arrangement on top of one another, with holes or edges punched in such a way as to allow cards with the desired taxa to be retained or eliminated until the card with the desired taxon listed on it is the only card remaining. The holes or punched edges correspond to characters chosen by the investigator. During the 1960s, computer technology methods and their associated programs developed greatly. Programs began to be developed that would provide for automated identification of specimens by the computer, computer-developed multi-entry keys, and computer-stored information. The past thirty years have seen the rapid development and use of the micro computer (MacLeod, 2007). These machines and the programs perfected for them have expanded the potential for their use especially for smaller, more specific groups. As the technology and programs are further perfected, future use of them will certainly increase. Accompanying this text is a multi-entry computer key to the 519 families, including those illustrated in the Photo Atlas DVD that also accompanies it. By looking at the readily available features of the live specimen in hand, following the instructions given by the CD, and clicking on the choice that best fits the features, the name of the family and photo images of species examples found in the family can be observed. This method will allow you, the student, to identify the world s most common vascular plant species to family using a personal computer. Selected references for this chapter appear in Appendix I.
4 Families of Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) 173 Family Monimiaceae (Monimia) Figure Hedycarya: (a) leafy branch with male flowers in axillary clusters; (b) female flower with individual pistils. Peumus: (c) front view of female flower; (d) pistil or gynoecium; (e) stamen with two basal staminodes; (f) front view of male flower. (b) (c) (a) (e) (f) (d) General Description: shrubs or woody vines; fragrant ethereal oil cells and needlelike calcium oxalate crystals usually present in the parenchyma tissues; aluminum accumulators. Leaves: simple, opposite (rarely alternate), serrate, punctuate dotted with special looped venation joined near the margin; no stipules. Flowers: small to medium size, regular, perfect or unisexual, hypogynous or perigynous with a cup-shaped hypanthium, commonly with nectar glands inside; inflorescence of a solitary flower or flowers in axillary cymes. Perianth: of 2 pairs of fleshy sepals. Petals: 7 many, sometimes indistinguishable from one another or lacking altogether. Stamens: many, filaments short, in 1 2 series, with or without paired nectar glands at the base; anthers opening by longitudinal slits or valves upward from the base. Pistil: simple, of 1 many individual carpels; locule 1; ovule 1 and born on an apical or basal placenta. Fruit: of individual drupes or nuts enclosed by the perianth. Seed: small- to medium-sized embryo and oily endosperm. Distribution: 22 genera and 200 species in subtropical and tropical regions mostly in the southern hemisphere. The largest genera are Kibara (45 species), Mollinedia (90 species), and Tambourissia (45 species) found in the tropics. Economic Value: little, except locally where aromatic oils from the bark and leaves are used in perfume and medicines (Peumus boldus). Classification: cup-shaped, concave floral axis and carpels sunken into the cup tissue make the family distinctive from other magnolia-type flowers. Chromosome Numbers: n = (18-) 19 (-22, 39, 43, 57, etc.). Fossil Record: some Eocene fossils and fossil pollen from Oligocene and more recent deposits.
5 Families of Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Eudicots I (a) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryophyllales, Family Caryophyl laceae, Lychnis chalcedonica Rosea ; face-view of corolla. (d) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Droseraceae, Dionaea muscipula; trap leaves show ing trigger hairs. (g) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Nepenthaceae, Nepenthes raja; large leaf pitcher. 299 (b) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Chenopodi aceae, Chenopodium album; flowers close-up and scurfy surface feature. (c) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Chenopodiaceae, Salicornia virginica; clone habit. (e) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Droseraceae Drosera sp., undetermined species; close-up of glandular hairs. (f) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Molluginaceae, Mollugo verticillata; fruits and whorled leaves. (h) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryophyllales, Family Nyctaginaceae, Bougainvillea spectabilis, undetermined species; colored bracts around flowers. (i) Core Eudicots (1), Order Caryo phyllales, Family Phytolaccaceae, Phytolacca americana; flowers and young fruits. PLATE 11.5 Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), Eudicots (Tricolpates), and Some Core Eudicots
Writing a Dichotomous Key to Wildflowers
Writing a Dichotomous Key to Wildflowers Objectives: 1. Understand how to use and make dichotomous keys. 2. Understand common terminology of plant morphology. 3. Learn to recognize some fall wildflowers.
More informationBiology 213 Angiosperms. Introduction
Biology 213 Angiosperms Introduction The flowering plants, the angiosperms, are the most recent plants to evolve and quickly became the dominant plant life on this planet. They are also the most diverse
More informationDID YOU KNOW that the plants most important to
Flower Anatomy DID YOU KNOW that the plants most important to agriculture all produce flowers? Every major food crop is a flowering plant. We do not think about the flowers of wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans.
More informationPlant Anatomy Lab 2: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds
Plant Anatomy Lab 2: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds Objectives of the Lab: 1) Explore the structure and function of flowering plant reproductive organs from flower development through fruit maturation. 2) Examine
More informationAngiosperm Reproduction: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Overview Objectives bold Part I Floral Anatomy . calyx sepals corolla, petals, stamens, filament
Angiosperm Reproduction: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Overview In this lab you will observe assorted flowers, fruits, and seeds to better understand the unique adaptations of and the life cycle of angiosperms.
More informationFlower Model: Teacher Instructions Sepals Anther Stamens (male) Filament Stigma Pistil Style (female) Ovary Petals sepals petals stamens pistil
Flower Model: Teacher Instructions In order to better understand the reproductive cycle of a flower, take a look at some flowers and note the male and female parts. Most flowers are different; some have
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) Key Concepts What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms? How does pollination
More informationPlant Reproduction. 2. Evolutionarily, floral parts are modified A. stems B. leaves C. roots D. stolons E. suberins
Plant Reproduction 1. Angiosperms use temporary reproductive structures that are not present in any other group of plants. These structures are called A. cones B. carpels C. receptacles D. flowers E. seeds
More informationChapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Name Period Concept 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle This may be a good time for you to go back to Chapter 29 and review alternation of generation
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) This section describes the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. It also explains
More informationBiology 172L General Biology Lab II Lab 03: Plant Life Cycles and Adaptations II: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Biology 172L General Biology Lab II Lab 03: Plant Life Cycles and Adaptations II: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Introduction Vascular seed-bearing plants, such as gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms
More informationDissect a Flower. Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Dissect a Flower Overview Students dissect an Alstroemeria or similar flower to familiarize themselves with the basic parts of a flower. They
More informationversion if desired, and Teacher Preparation Notes are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/.
Using a Dichotomous Key to Identify Flowers (and the murderer) Adapted and Excerpted from Constructing a Dichotomous Key by Margaret Bankhead of Robert A. Black Magnet School, Making a Dichotomous Key
More informationWhat's in a Flower. Ages: 8 to 12. Contributor: Susan Jaquette, Cornell Plantations volunteer
Ages: 8 to 12 What's in a Flower Contributor: Susan Jauette, Cornell Plantations volunteer Main idea: Flowers are composed of several distinct parts, each of which plays an important role in nature. Objective:
More informationExpt. How do flowering plants do it without flagella? The journey to find an egg. What causes pollen grain germination and tube growth?
1 Expt. How do flowering plants do it without flagella? The journey to find an egg. What causes pollen grain germination and tube growth? File: F12-07_pollen Modified from E. Moctezuma & others for BSCI
More information4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS
PLANT BITS 4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS There are four main parts to a plant. They are the root, stem, leaf and flower. Each part has an important task to do in the life of
More information8. Study the cladogram underline the derived characteristics and circle the organisms that developed from them.
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Answer the questions as you go through the power point, there are also paragraphs to read where you will need to hi-lite or underline as you read. 1. What are the
More informationIntroducing the parts of a flower
Parts of a flower Teacher Guidance Introducing the parts of a flower pollen petal stamen anther filament stigma style ovary carpel ovule sepal stem Figure 2. A half flower, showing the basic parts: sepal,
More informationVascular Plants Bryophytes. Seedless Plants
plant reproduction The Plants Vascular Plants Bryophytes Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses lack roots and specialized tissues grow in moist, shady areas All have sieve cells and tracheids Seedless Plants Ferns
More informationA Morphological Study On Endemic Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. (Apiaceae) From Bingol (Turkey)
Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article A Morphological Study On Endemic Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. (Apiaceae) From Bingol (Turkey) Ömer KILIÇ 1 Abstract- In this study morphological characters of Malabaila
More informationChapter 3. Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction. Gametophytes, Fruits, Seeds, and Embryos
BOT 3015L (Sherdan/Outlaw/Aghoram); Page 1 of 13 Chapter 3 Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction Gametophytes, Fruits, Seeds, and Embryos Objectives Angiosperms. Understand alternation of generations.
More informationParts of a Flower and Pollination
Science Unit: Lesson 3: Soils, Plants, and First Nations Parts of a Flower and Pollination School year: 2007/2008 Developed for: Britannia Elementary School, Vancouver School District Developed by: Catriona
More informationCannabis-A Review. Written by Cannabis Training University (CTU) All rights reserved
Cannabis-A Review Written by Cannabis Training University (CTU) All rights reserved Contents Uses of Cannabis:... 3 Varieties of Cannabis:... 7 Cannabis Sativa-... 7 Cannabis Indica-... 7 Cannabis Ruderalis-...
More information10B Plant Systems Guided Practice
10B Plant Systems Guided Practice Reproduction Station 1 1. Observe Plant A. Locate the following parts of the flower: stamen, stigma, style, ovary. 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower (listed above)
More informationLight in the Greenhouse: How Much is Enough?
Light in the Greenhouse: How Much is Enough? by: James W. Brown http://www.cropking.com/articlelghe Most of us know that green plants need light for photosynthesis, growth, and development. As important
More informationTopic 26. The Angiosperms
1 Topic 26. The Angiosperms Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae The Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Angiosperms were the last major clade of plants to appear in the geologic record, and are the most abundant
More informationLab 9: The Reproduction of Angiosperms and the Role of the Pollinator
Lab 9: The Reproduction of Angiosperms and the Role of the Pollinator Understanding the role and structure of a flower Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms. They are not simple structures,
More informationCommon Name: AMERICAN BARBERRY. Scientific Name: Berberis canadensis Miller. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: AMERICAN BARBERRY Scientific Name: Berberis canadensis Miller Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Berberidaceae (barberry) Rarity Ranks: G3/S1 State
More informationKingdom Plantae Plant Diversity II
Kingdom Plantae Plant Diversity II Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 3A Illustrations 2014 Cengage Learning unless otherwise noted Text 2014 Andrea Garrison Plant Diversity II 2 Plant Classification Bryophytes
More informationRARE PLANTS AND BOTANICALLY SIGNIFIGANT ASSEMBLAGES
Guidelines for Rare Plant Surveys Edited by Diana Bizecki Robson INTRODUCTION With the recent protection of some of Saskatchewan s rare plants under The Wildlife Act, industry will be required to conduct
More informationMagnoliophyta - Angiosperms
Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms Survey of Angiosperms using APG system Amborella trichopoda Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms Survey of Angiosperms using APG system What is the APG classification? Basal angiosperms
More informationPlant Growth & Development. Growth Stages. Differences in the Developmental Mechanisms of Plants and Animals. Development
Plant Growth & Development Plant body is unable to move. To survive and grow, plants must be able to alter its growth, development and physiology. Plants are able to produce complex, yet variable forms
More informationFlowers; Seeds enclosed in fruit
Name Class Date Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Section Review 22-1 Reviewing Key Concepts Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. 1. Describe the main characteristics of plants.
More informationPlants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types
Plant Structure, Growth, & Development Ch. 35 Plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more
More informationPLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout
PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout Name: TA and Section time Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant reproduction that will help you through the display and handout.
More informationPlant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones
Biology SAT II Review Sheet Plants Plant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones Multicellular autotrophs (organisms that use the energy of inorganic materials to produce organic materials) Utilize
More informationIGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions. Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9. Chapter 6 Plant structure and function
1 IGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9 Chapter 6 Plant structure and function Page 54 1. a Epidermis. Helps maintain shape, reduces evaporation, resists
More informationPlant Structure, Growth, and Development. Chapter 35
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35 PLANTS developmental plasticity = ability of plant to alter form to respond to environment Biological heirarchy Cell basic unit of life Tissue group
More informationUnit 10- Plants /Study Guide KEY
Plant Diversity Unit 10- Plants /Study Guide KEY Answer Key SECTION 20.1. ORIGINS OF PLANT LIFE 1. eukaryotic, photosynthetic, same types of chlorophyll, starch as storage product, cellulose in cell walls
More informationSystematics of hardy Theaceae and genus Stewartia. Koen Camelbeke Arboretum Wespelaar
Systematics of hardy Theaceae and genus Stewartia Koen Camelbeke Arboretum Wespelaar Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Ericales Systematics Theaceae Family name Theaceae s.s. (versus
More informationAdapted from activities and information found at University of Surrey Website http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/personal/r.knott/fibonacci/fibnat.
12: Finding Fibonacci patterns in nature Adapted from activities and information found at University of Surrey Website http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/personal/r.knott/fibonacci/fibnat.html Curriculum connections
More informationBombax ceiba. Family: Malvaceae Red Silk-Cotton; Red Cotton Tree; Kapok; Flower Display: A+ Silk Cotton
Stephen H. Brown, Horticulture Agent Lee County Extension, Fort Myers, Florida (239) 533-7513 brownsh@ufl.edu http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/gardenhome.shtml Bombax ceiba Family: Malvaceae Red Silk-Cotton;
More informationFreehand Sketching. Sections
3 Freehand Sketching Sections 3.1 Why Freehand Sketches? 3.2 Freehand Sketching Fundamentals 3.3 Basic Freehand Sketching 3.4 Advanced Freehand Sketching Key Terms Objectives Explain why freehand sketching
More informationMaking and using keys Teacher Guidance
Teacher Guidance Activities in earlier sections should have laid foundations that lead children to these more complex activities, in which they apply their observation and sorting skills to the practical
More informationAngiosperms or Flowering Plants the phylum Magnoliophyta. Angiosperms - Flowering Plants. Land Plant Evolution: Algae to Angiosperms. Fungi?
Angiosperms or Flowering Plants the phylum Magnoliophyta The Importance of Plant Collections Land Plant Evolution: Algae to Angiosperms The greatest adaptive radiation... is the largest radiation of plants
More informationDry Bean Types and Development Stages
Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Two basic plant growth habits are found in dry edible bean: determinate (bush) or indeterminate (vining or trailing). Cultivars may be classified according to plant
More informationGeraniaceae geranium family
Geraniaceae geranium family Long-known for the prized ornamentals and house plants obtained from South African species. Nova Scotia hosts two genera and a half-dozen species. Most are herbs with lobed
More information3D Pumpkins Illinois Ag in the Classroom. 3D Pumpkins Illinois Ag in the Classroom
Materials orange construction paper 2 paper fasteners for each pumpkin green construction paper for vines paper punch scissors 3D Pumpkins Illinois Ag in the Classroom Instructions Cut 3 strips about 1
More informationBees and Flowers Partners in Pollination
Bees and Flowers Partners in Pollination - Local Plant Community Investigation - Flower Dissection - Flower Collections - Build a Flower Build a Bee - Bee Collections - Making Pollen Slides Rural Science
More informationLAB 11 Drosophila Genetics
LAB 11 Drosophila Genetics Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, is an excellent organism for genetics studies because it has simple food requirements, occupies little space, is hardy,
More informationLesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams
Lesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams The Law of Reflection There is nothing really mysterious about reflection, but some people try to make it more difficult than it really is. All EMR will reflect
More information(1) Hybrid Cucumber Seed Production. Samuel Contreras Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
(1) Hybrid Cucumber Seed Production Samuel Contreras Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile (2) Introduction Cucurbitaceae family The Cucurbitaceae
More informationSection. Tolerances. Aluminum Extrusion Manual. 4th Edition
Section 8 Tolerances Aluminum Extrusion Manual 4th Edition Section 8 How straight is straight enough? How flat is flat enough? How uniform must a wall thickness be in order to be acceptable? These are
More informationREPORT WRITING GUIDE
Report Writing Guide F2009 1 REPORT WRITING GUIDE Introduction The importance of good report writing and data presentation cannot be overemphasized. No matter how good an experiment, or how brilliant a
More informationCan you see the difference between wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers?
Can you see the difference between wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers? Age of Students 10 14 years Duration 1 hour Summary Pollination is a very effective factor in the evolution of plants and
More informationPUSD High Frequency Word List
PUSD High Frequency Word List For Reading and Spelling Grades K-5 High Frequency or instant words are important because: 1. You can t read a sentence or a paragraph without knowing at least the most common.
More informationwww.dianewrightfineart.com Page 1
TREES Trees. In almost all landscapes, they play an integral part in the scene. How the trees, grass and foliage are represented in a drawing have a direct impact on the entire mood and success of the
More informationAnalysis of Micromouse Maze Solving Algorithms
1 Analysis of Micromouse Maze Solving Algorithms David M. Willardson ECE 557: Learning from Data, Spring 2001 Abstract This project involves a simulation of a mouse that is to find its way through a maze.
More informationeflora and DialGraph, tools for enhancing identification processes in plants Fernando Sánchez Laulhé, Cecilio Cano Calonge, Antonio Jiménez Montaño
Nimis P. L., Vignes Lebbe R. (eds.) Tools for Identifying Biodiversity: Progress and Problems pp. 163-169. ISBN 978-88-8303-295-0. EUT, 2010. eflora and DialGraph, tools for enhancing identification processes
More informationSeed plants are well adapted to the demands of life on land,
24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers Seed plants are well adapted to the demands of life on land, especially in how they reproduce. The gametes of seedless plants, such as ferns and mosses, need water
More informationLaboratory Broadleaf Weed Identification
1 Tips for Identifying Broadleaf Weeds Laboratory Broadleaf Weed Identification The cotyledon is an important identifying characteristic for broadleaf weeds. Shape and position of leaves, presence of pubescence
More informationQuestion Bank Seed : Structure, Types and Germination
Question Bank Seed : Structure, Types and Germination 1. Describe the structure of a seed. Ans. A mature seed consists of two essential parts : (i) the seed coat, and (ii) the embryo The Seed coat : A
More informationA LEVEL BIOLOGY DRAWING SKILLS
A LEVEL BIOLOGY DRAWING SKILLS Biological Drawing www.ocr.org.uk/science CONTENTS Introduction to biological drawing 3 Guidance for biological drawing 4 Drawing from a microscope slide 8 Teacher resource
More informationData Mining: Exploring Data. Lecture Notes for Chapter 3. Introduction to Data Mining
Data Mining: Exploring Data Lecture Notes for Chapter 3 Introduction to Data Mining by Tan, Steinbach, Kumar What is data exploration? A preliminary exploration of the data to better understand its characteristics.
More informationTable of Contents. 10 Drawing Portraits: Fundamentals. Introduction and how this book is organized 13
10 Drawing Portraits: Fundamentals Table of Contents Introduction and how this book is organized 13 Section One: 15 Drawing fundamentals for the new artist. 15 Some introductory words for the newbie artist
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More informationHeredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationThe Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rooting for Mitosis Overview Students will fix, stain, and make slides of onion root tips. These slides will be examined for the presence
More informationA Fishy Tale. Observing the Circulatory System of a Goldfish with a Compound Light Microscope
A Fishy Tale Observing the Circulatory System of a Goldfish with a Compound Light Microscope A Fishy Tale About this Lesson In this lesson, students will explore a computer animation of the human body
More informationA Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture
Biology 103 A Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture Objectives: 1. Learn one method used by wildlife biologists to estimate population size of wild animals. 2. Learn how sampling size effects
More informationSURFACE TENSION. Definition
SURFACE TENSION Definition In the fall a fisherman s boat is often surrounded by fallen leaves that are lying on the water. The boat floats, because it is partially immersed in the water and the resulting
More informationLaboratory. Leaves: Specialized Plant Organs
Laboratory 5 Leaves: Specialized Plant Organs 1 Laboratory 1: Leaves OBJECTIVES After completing this lab you will be able to: 1. Describe and name leaf patterns 2. Identify the structural differences
More informationCHAPTER TWELVE TABLES, CHARTS, AND GRAPHS
TABLES, CHARTS, AND GRAPHS / 75 CHAPTER TWELVE TABLES, CHARTS, AND GRAPHS Tables, charts, and graphs are frequently used in statistics to visually communicate data. Such illustrations are also a frequent
More informationDifferent wing in pitchers of the myrmecophagous species
Different wing in pitchers of the myrmecophagous species Sarracenia minor and S. rubra Miloslav Studnička Liberec Botanic Gardens Purkyňova 630/1 CZ-460 01 Liberec Czech Republic botangarden@volny.cz Keywords:
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR CHAIN LINK INSTALLATION Chain Link fence & Posts Meshdirect.co.uk
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHAIN LINK INSTALLATION Chain Link fence & Posts Meshdirect.co.uk This guide explains how to correctly install our chain link fencing and post system. The guide provides details of the
More informationMICROSCOPY. To demonstrate skill in the proper utilization of a light microscope.
MICROSCOPY I. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate skill in the proper utilization of a light microscope. To demonstrate skill in the use of ocular and stage micrometers for measurements of cell size. To recognize
More information1Physical quantities and units
1Physical quantities and units By the end of this chapter you should be able to: explain what is meant by a in physics; state the five fundamental quantities recognised and used in physics; explain the
More informationBasic Shapes. Most paintings can be broken down into basic shapes. See how this famous painting by Cézanne can be broken down into basic shapes.
Basic Shapes Squares, rectangles, triangles, cones, cylinders, circles, ovals...these are the basic shapes that will aid you in drawing objects more accurately. This technique can be used when doing a
More informationAP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light
AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light Name: Period: Date: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Reflection,
More informationBRAZILIAN FLORA ONLINE 2020
BRAZILIAN FLORA ONLINE 2020 The Brazilian Flora Online 2020 (BFO 2020) project aims to respond to national and international targets signed by the Brazilian government, centering around the consolidation
More informationComparing Plant and Animal Cells
1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Plant and animal cell structures are called organelles. Plant and animal cells perform some similar functions,
More informationMULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF REAL NUMBERS In this section we will complete the study of the four basic operations with real numbers.
1.4 Multiplication and (1-25) 25 In this section Multiplication of Real Numbers Division by Zero helpful hint The product of two numbers with like signs is positive, but the product of three numbers with
More informationReflectance Measurements of Materials Used in the Solar Industry. Selecting the Appropriate Accessories for UV/Vis/NIR Measurements.
T e c h n i c a l N o t e Reflectance Measurements of Materials Used in the Solar Industry UV/Vis/NIR Author: Dr. Jeffrey L. Taylor PerkinElmer, Inc. 710 Bridgeport Avenue Shelton, CT 06484 USA Selecting
More informationCORRECTIONAL OFFICER CLASSIFICATIONS STUDY GUIDE/SAMPLE TEST
CORRECTIONAL OFFICER CLASSIFICATIONS STUDY GUIDE/SAMPLE TEST ALL CORRECTIONAL OFFICER CLASSIFICATIONS After meeting the job requirements for Correctional Officer (see job announcement), your application
More informationUsing Use Cases for requirements capture. Pete McBreen. 1998 McBreen.Consulting
Using Use Cases for requirements capture Pete McBreen 1998 McBreen.Consulting petemcbreen@acm.org All rights reserved. You have permission to copy and distribute the document as long as you make no changes
More informationModeling Guidelines Manual
Modeling Guidelines Manual [Insert company name here] July 2014 Author: John Doe john.doe@johnydoe.com Page 1 of 22 Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 3 2. Business Process Management (BPM)... 4 2.1.
More informationGLOBAL REASONING TEST PRACTICE TEST
GLOBAL REASONING TEST PRACTICE TEST COPYRIGHT 2008 PROCTER & GAMBLE CINCINNATI, OH 45202 U.S.A. WARNING: All rights reserved. No part of this booklet may be reproduced in any form or by any means without
More informationThe Reasons for the Seasons
The Reasons for the Seasons (The Active Learning Approach) Materials: 4 Globes, One light on stand with soft white bulb, 4 flashlights, Four sets of "Seasons" Cards, Four laminated black cards with 1 inch
More informationA trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
More informationA Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Dichotomous Key and a Multi-Access Key to Woodlice
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Dichotomous Key and a Multi-Access Key to Woodlice D.R. Morse & G.M. Tardivel Computing Laboratory University of Kent Canterbury Kent CT2 7NF Email: D.R.Morse@ukc.ac.uk
More informationnucleus cytoplasm membrane wall A cell is the smallest unit that makes up living and nonliving things.
1 In nature there are living things and nonliving things. Living things depend on three basic life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. Living things are made up of cells. 1. Match the two
More informationALGEBRA. sequence, term, nth term, consecutive, rule, relationship, generate, predict, continue increase, decrease finite, infinite
ALGEBRA Pupils should be taught to: Generate and describe sequences As outcomes, Year 7 pupils should, for example: Use, read and write, spelling correctly: sequence, term, nth term, consecutive, rule,
More informationBotanical Illustration for the Classroom
Botanical Illustration for the Classroom Bringing Art to Science... Partially supported with funds provided by the American Society of Botanical Artists Applying botanical illustration techniques to teach
More informationWelcome to the WHO Herbal Dictionary
Welcome to the WHO Herbal Dictionary This document is a guide to the general features of the WHO Herbal Dictionary. It provides you with information about the structure and content of the dictionary as
More informationTo debug an embedded system,
SOFTWARE / HARDWARE INTEGRATION Use capable triggering features to zero in on problems. Doug Beck, Hewlett-Packard Understanding Logic Analyzer Triggering To debug an embedded system, you need to monitor
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
reflect Take a look at the pictures on the right. Think about what the two organisms have in common. They both need food and water to survive. They both grow and reproduce. They both have similar body
More information91 Botany in forensic science
91 Botany in forensic science by Susan Fiddian BSc (Hons), MSc Scott Azzopardi BSc (Hons) [Updating authors] Des Carroll BSc (Hons), MSc [Original author] 2012 91-1 Update: 64 EXPERT EVIDENCE Author information
More informationPlant Parts. Background Information
Purpose The purpose of this lesson is for students to learn the six basic plant parts and their functions. Time Teacher Preparation: 30 minutes Student Activity: 60 minutes Materials For the teacher demonstration:
More informationDouble Fertilization and Post - Fertilization Events: Measuring
WFP062298 Double Fertilization and Post - Fertilization Events: Measuring Concepts In plants fertilization is the event in sexual reproduction which follows pollination. In higher plants, two sperm are
More informationChapter Seven. Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS
Chapter Seven Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS Section : An introduction to multiple regression WHAT IS MULTIPLE REGRESSION? Multiple
More information