How To Understand The History Of The Prophet Of Muslims

Transcription

1 Muslim Contribution to Science & Technology M. Shamsher Ali

2 spanning spanning 3 continents and a millennium of time Inspirations (a) Inspirations from the Quran and Hadith for acquisition of knowledge. (b) Patronage of the Muslim Rulers Actual Contributions: : Preservation of Greek knowledge : Contributions in specific fields Calibration Qalib (mould or shape : Establishment of the Scientific Method : Made Renaissance in Europe possible The Muslims carried The torch of learning for five hundred years: 8 th -13 th Century (During the darkest period in European history)

3 Astronomy Zijes Tables of Astronomical data 150 Zijes) Copernicus considered the Zij of Thabit Ibn Qurra authority as Authority (b 826, d 901) Tycho Brahi mentioned that he used the observations of Abul Wafa. Star Catalogue: Al-Khowarizmi Ibu Yunus Abdur Rahman Sufi 2 nd Century Reproduction of the catalogue of Hippercus (2 nd Century BC) AD Calendar - Making Hijri Calendar (based on Hijrat of Holy Prophet (pbuh) ) English Calender (based on the birth of Isa (as) Astrolabe (Instrument used to determine the attitudes of Celestial bodies)

4 Abu Ishaque Ibrahim al Fazari or al Fazari (d 777) Abu Ibu Isa astarlabi Banu Musa For the first time measured the epihelion and perihelion distances of the orbit of the earth round the sun Ibu Yunus Discussed Astronomy with the help of spherical trigonometry Al Farghani (d 870) Measured distances of Celestial bodies from earth. Al Battani (b 859 d 929) Determined the length of the sidereal year (365 d 5h 46 m 26 See) Few minutes less than the modern determination Gave the correct mathematical formula for the determination of the Qibla from any place on the earth s surface.

5 Al- Biruni in Qanun-i Masudi described 3 types of astronomical co-ordinaties a. altitude-azimuth b. declination right ascension c. Lalitude longitude Diurnal Motion and annual Motion of the earth. a body vertically projected upward falls not exactly at the point of projection but to the east this was later attributed to Newton Mathematics Greek interest in geometry Arabs. Al- Khwarizmi Kitab al Jabr al Muqabala Algorithm Binomial theorem Omar Khayyam Zero Sunya blank space Zero sifr ciphiricium Zephirjum Zero (Latin) German

6 Smith and Karpinski earliest Hindu example of a zero in an inscription of (976) at Gwalior earliest Muslim zero appeared in manuscript (dated 873) Al- Battani (b 858- d 929) Trigonometric ratio: sin, cos, tan, co tangent, secant, co-secant. described the fundamental formula of spherical trigonometry namely the cosine Law Abul Wafa ( b 940, d 998 ) To determine values of Sines and Cosine up to 7 places of decimals

7 Al- Biruni : ( b 973 d 1048) Qanun E- Masudi ( Masudi s/o Sultan Mahamud of Ghazni) Interpolation Formula long before the birth of Newton, Physics Al Kindi ( b 807 d 870) Rectilinear propagation of light, candle experiments p93 Ibn. al Haitham ( b 965 d 1059 ) Father of Optics Kitab al Manazir (Optical Thesarus) Theory of Vision lens (adasa) Laws of reflection and refraction For small (Ibn al Haitham s observation (expt))

8 Al- Biruni and Al- Kharazni 12 th Century sp gr of substances. Ikhwan al safa ( Brethren of Purity) Time and space intimately connected Considered from cosmological point of view Time is created with creation and is ultimately created with the world Big Bang Theory of Creation Ibn Yunus and the Pendulam ( d 1009) There is a strong belief that Ibn Yunus was the first to use the pendulum to measure time Edward Bernard 1684 Thomas Young 1809 Laplace 1821 Chemistry The very root of the world Chemistry is Al- Kimiya an Arabic word alambic al ambig alcohol al Kuhul alcaline al qalawi arsenic - al zarnikh

9 Hazrat Ali Was deeply rooted in Islam Thunderbolt Conversion of Mercury into gold (high voltage electric discharge) Hazrat Ali --- a visionary ( It anybody can achieve such a reaction, he will be the lord of the world) Jabir Ibu Haiyan (b 760 d 815) He made many new compounds While lead used as paint(mercury Compounds) (silver Compounds) ( sulphur Compounds) which are important articles of commerce today. Named Jabir as Holmyard in his book of The works of Geber the real father of optic

10 Ibn Sina distillation equipment First fountain pen (made in pure gold) made for Caliph al- Muizz Ref: Albertine Gaur in his book (writing Materials of the East, the British Library, 1979) Chemical Technology in the Indian Sub-continent Rocketry used against the British by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan p 209 Medicine Ibn Sina Prince of physicians (b 980 d 1037) Famous book Al Qanun Fil Tib (p 270) used as a medical text book throughout Europe. Ibn al Nafis --- Correct Account of the blood circulation (p 298) much earlier than Harvey Zoology: Jabir Ibn Haiyan : Kital al Hayawan (Book on animals) Agriculture & Botany Geography

11 Technology (p 419) Water Clocks Wind Mills Water Reservoirs Marketing : Chuk Cheque Trade and Commerce : tariff tarifa

12 Conclusion: Kalam and Qalam Reference: Muslim Contributions to Science and Technology (Islamic Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh)