Measurement of Tree Diameter & Height. FOR 1001 Dr. Thom Erdle
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1 Measurement of Tree Diameter & Height FOR 1001 Dr. Thom Erdle
2 Today s Objectives Tree Stand Forest Basic geometric calculations Measurement of tree diameter Measurement of tree height Determination of: - basal area - volume - biomass & carbon - $ value
3 Tree Stand Forest We need information about forests to manage them But forest can be large (many hectares to many millions of hectares) How can we ever get adequate information about such large & complex areas? Viewing the forest in terms of nested scales
4 Tree Stand Forest Stands Trees Forest Stands
5 Tree Stand Forest Forest is made up many stands Stands are made of many trees How determine a characteristic of interest for a forest? Volume $ Value Tonnes Carbon Habitat tree volumes in stand = stand volume stand volumes in forest = forest volume Basic building block is the tree
6 Basic Geometric Calculations What might you want to know about this tree? Volume of wood in main stem What if we assumed the main stem (bole) shape approximated: a cylinder? a cone?
7 Basic Geometric Calculations How would you calculate the volume of this cylinder? Volume = area of base * height Area of base = pi * radius 2 hgt Radius = diameter/2 Area of base = pi * (diameter/2) 2 radius Volume = pi * (diameter/2) 2 * height diameter
8 Basic Geometric Calculations How would you calculate the volume of this cylinder? Volume = area of base * height Volume = pi * (diameter/2) 2 * height 20 m Volume = pi * (0.5m/2) 2 * 20m Volume = 3.14 * m 2 * 20m 0.5 m Volume = 3.93m 3
9 Basic Geometric Calculations How would you calculate the volume of this cone? Volume = 1/3 * area of base * height Volume = 1/3 * pi * (diameter/2) 2 * height 20 m Volume = 1/3 * pi * (0.5m/2) 2 * 20m Volume = 1/3 * 3.14 * m 2 * 20m 0.5 m Volume = 1.31m 3
10 Diameter & Height Measurement Why? Shape of tree stem (or bole) is somewhere between a cylinder and a cone Volume of cylinder & cone are functions of diameter and height Therefore estimate tree volume using diameter & height Carbon, biomass & other characteristics also relate to volume (thus diameter & height)
11 Diameter & Height Measurement Why? Carbon Diameter & Height Volume Biomass Habitat Use
12 Diameter Measurement What? Diameter through the stem (bole) perpendicular to stem long axis (usually in cm to nearest mm; e.g. 43.7cm)
13 Diameter Measurement Where? Easy Consistent Closely related to stem volume Standard: Diameter at Breast Height (DBH or dbh) 1.3m Canada 1.3 metres above ground Avoids butt flare (swelling a base)
14 Diameter Measurement Where? Easy Consistent Closely related to stem volume Avoids butt flare (swelling a base)
15 Diameter Measurement How? Dendrometer: general term used for instruments designed to measure diameter Ocular (eye-balled estimate) Calipers Diameter Tape Optical Instrument
16 Diameter Measurement How? Calipers average of two measurements taken at right angles useful if stem non-circular
17 Diameter Measurement How? Diameter Tape measures circumference, but tape calibrated in diameter
18 Diameter Measurement How? Diameter Tape place tape flat, tight, & level at 1.3 m above ground
19 Diameter Measurement Note methods show measure diameter outside bark (DBH ob ) if inside bark diameter is needed (DBH ib ) measure two bark thicknesses and subtract from DBH ob
20 Diameter Measurement How? Special Cases (see website material) Slope: ground level is on uphill side of tree Deformity at 1.3m: (a) shift to nearest normal position on tree (b) if shift >15cm, average two measures (one above & one below)
21 Figures courtesy John Kershaw (UNB Forestry) DBH Measurement Special Cases 1.3m 1.3m 1.3m 1.3m
22 Figures courtesy John Kershaw (UNB Forestry) DBH Measurement Special Cases 1.3m 1.3m 1.3m 1.3m 1st 2 nd Measure Here 1.3m >15cm >15cm +30cm Average 1 st & 2 nd 1.3m
23 Height Measurement What? Vertical distance from ground level to tip of tree (usually to nearest 10 th m; e.g. 20.3m) Other measures may be of interest (e.g. height where branches start) Height to base of live crown
24 Diameter Measurement How? Hypsometer: general term used for instruments designed to determine tree height Ocular -eye ball estimate Poles -direct measure Trigonometry -angles & distances Ultrasonic or laser instrument -direct measure
25 Diameter Measurement How? Poles -direct measure
26 Diameter Measurement How? Trigonometry -angles & distances Suunto -device to measure angles
27 Diameter Measurement How? Suunto
28 Diameter Measurement How? Suunto x2 Upper angle (a) Eye d Tree Height = x1 + x2 Height = trigonometry Lower angle (b) d = eye to tree (m) a = upper angle (degrees) b = lower angle (degrees) x1
29 Height Measurement How? Special Cases (see handouts) Leaning Trees: ground level is on uphill side of tree Visibility Obscured Base Visible
30 Height Measurement Special Cases Tip Vs Edge of Crown Measure to the tip of the crown Measurement to the edge produces error Leaning Tree tip edge Measure at right angles to lean Otherwise measurement is in error
31 Diameter & Height Measurement Summary tree volume tells us about many important characteristics & is thus highly important we can build up from trees to stands to forest levels diameter & height relate closely with tree volume diameter & height are relatively easy to measure Diameter & height measurement are fundamental in forestry and must be performed accurately
32 Measurement of Height & Diameter Noteworthy messages from last lab? Height measurement less accurate Height measurement more time consuming Height and diameter are positively related What do these messages suggest?
33 Height & Diameter Relationships What? Reveals pattern of tree height as it varies with dbh Tree Hgt (m) Tree DBH (cm) Figure 1. Height vs Diameter for Trees in Bottle Forest
34 Height & Diameter Relationships What? Reveals pattern of tree height as it varies with dbh Example Data Tree Hgt (m) Tree DBH (cm) Figure 1. Height vs Diameter for Trees in Bottle Forest
35 Height & Diameter Relationships Why? Height measurement is time consuming Height and diameter are positively related Build a mathematical relationship between diameter and height Use it estimate height for trees where we have dbh, but do not have height
36 Height & Diameter Relationships How to Use? What is the avg height of 30 cm dbh? We can mathematically fit an equation to describe the pattern & use that to solve for height Example Data Tree Hgt (m) Tree DBH (cm) Figure 1. Height vs Diameter for Trees in Bottle Forest
37 Height & Diameter Relationships How to Build? General shape is usually non-linear (tree height flattens out with increasing diameter) Hgt Specific shape varies from stand to stand So we sample trees & fit equation for stand of interest (separate by species) DBH Standard equation Hgt = ( b + a / DBH) -2.5 Coefficients a and b are estimated by regression methods
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