Лингвострановедение второго иностранного языка (английский язык) Демонстрационная презентация практического курса дисциплины

Transcription

1 Лингвострановедение второго иностранного языка (английский язык) Демонстрационная презентация практического курса дисциплины

2 Модуль 1. Раздел 1. Язык и культура Великобритании и других стран изучаемого языка Тема 1.1 Теоретические основы лингвострановедения 2

3 Лингвострановедение обучение иностранному языку как совокупности форм выражения с изучением общественной и культурной жизни носителей языка. Лингвострановедение направление в лингвистике и лингводидактике, сочетающее в себе элементы лингвистики (раскрытие семантики языковых единиц) с элементами страноведения (изучение реалий страны через обозначающие их слова). 3

4 Цель лингвострановедения - снабдить неносителя языка (иностранца) фоновыми знаниями в объеме, по форме и содержанию приближающимся к фоновым знаниям носителя данного языка и культуры. Эктралингвистические знания образуют основу общения. Без общего для говорящих знания коммуникация невозможна. Лингвострановедение решает проблему адекватного понимания текста. 4

5 Языковые единицы обладают двумя планами формой и содержанием. Означающее слова (звуковая оболочка) лексема. Означаемое слова это лексическое понятие, то есть набор признаков, с помощью которого люди определяют, можно ли назвать данный предмет данным словом. Межъязыковое лексическое понятие это такое понятие, которое присутствует в двух (трех и т.д.) этнокультурных и языковых общностях и без потерь информации передается на двух (трех и т.д.) языках. 5

6 Слова, лексические понятия которых являются межъязыковыми, называются эквивалентными: они легко переводятся и при их усвоении вполне допустим семантический перенос. Слова, план содержания которых невозможно сопоставить с какими-либо иноязычными лексическими понятиями, называются безэквивалентными. Такие слова в строгом смысле, непереводимы. Безэквивалентная лексика обычно заимствуется из языка в язык. 6

7 Модуль 1. Раздел 1. Язык и культура Великобритании и других стран изучаемого языка Тема 1.2 Понятие национальной картины мира 7

8 Язык зеркало окружающего мира, он отражает действительность и создает свою картину мира, специфичную и уникальную для каждого языка и соответственно народа, этнической группы, речевого коллектива, пользующегося данным языком, как средством общения. Соотношение между реальным миром и языком можно представить следующим образом: Реальный мир Предмет, явление Язык Слово Но между реальностью и языком стоит мышление. 8

9 Путь от реального мира к понятию и далее к словесному выражению различен у разных народов, что обусловлено различиями истории, географии, особенностями жизни этих народов и соответственно различиями развития их общественного сознания. Приведенная выше схема уточняется следующим образом: Реальный мир предмет, явление Мышление/культура представление, понятие Язык/речь слово 9

10 Окружающий человека мир представлен в трех формах: - реальная картина мира, - культурная (или понятийная) картина мира, - языковая картина мира 10

11 Реальная картина мира это объективная данность, окружающий человека мир. Культурная картина мира это отражение реальной картины мира через призму понятий, сформированных на основе представлений человека, полученных с помощью органов чувств и прошедших через его сознание, как коллективное так и индивидуальное. Языковая картина мира отражает реальность через культурную картину мира. 11

12 Модуль 1. Раздел 1. Язык и культура Великобритании и других стран изучаемого языка Тема 1.3 Отражение национального характера вязыке 12

13 Основную культурную нагрузку несет лексика: слова и словосочетания. Яркие представители - устойчивые выражения, фразеологизмы, идиомы, пословицы, поговорки. Количество и качество идиом, отражающих положительную или отрицательную оценку тех или иных человеческих качеств, можно считать показателем этических норм, правил социальной жизни и поведения в обществе, отношение нации через ее куль-туруиязыккмиру, другим народам и культурам. 13

14 Разнообразие и свобода взглядов, вкусов и поведения выше ценятся в английской культуре, что и получило более богатое языковое выражение. Гостеприимство, наоборот, более ярко выражено в русском языке, чем в английском. В формировании личности носителя языка задействованы все языковые средства, обычно не замечаемые и не осознаваемые человеком. Так, например, грамматика тоже влияет на формирование личности. 14

15 Язык предоставляет в распоряжение русского человека большое разнообразие языковых средств для выражения хорошего отношения к миру. Употребление уменьшительно-ласкательных суффиксов, например, показывает уважение, такт, хорошее отношение к людям. В русском языке восклицательный знак употребляется гораздо чаще, чем в английском, что свидетельствует, возможно о большей эмоциональности и о более открытом проявлении эмоций. 15

16 Английский язык известен своим жестким, фиксированным порядком слов, что приучает людей, говорящих по-английски быть дисциплинированными и любить порядок. В русском языке относительно свободный порядок слов, что делает русских людей менее дисциплинированными, но более творческими. Таким образом, в формировании личности носителя языка участвуют все средства, в томчислеи грамматические. 16

17 Модуль 1. Раздел 1. Язык и культура Великобритании и других стран изучаемого языка Тема 1.4 Приемы анализа языка 17

18 Групповая семантизация называется системной если предметом изъяснении оказывается не слово, а лексическая система. Системная лингвострановедческая семантизация это изъяснение отдельного слова через одновременное (но краткое) изъяснение соположенных слов. Единичная семантизация это изъяснение слова (фразеологизма, афоризма) лишь в одном значении. 18

19 Для семантизации лингвострановедческой лексики могут использоваться следующие упражнения: 1. перевод 2. описание, толкование реалий, использование соответствующих наглядных материалов (фотографий, диапозитивов, рисунков) 3. введение фразеологизмов 4. способ соотнесения словарных статей в русскоанглийском и англо-русском словарях одновременно 19

20 Для закрепления лингвострановедческой лексики могут использоваться следующие упражнения: 1. Подберите к дефинициям подходящие слова из списка. 2. Вставьте в предложения недостающие слова по теме. 20

21 Для активации лингвострановедческой лексики в речи - следующие упражнения: 1. Прослушайте текст, дайте развернутые ответы на вопросы к нему, используя новые слова. 2. Разверните тезисы в высказывания по теме, используя новые слова. 3. Подберите из списка слова и словосочетания к каждому пункту плана монологического высказывания по теме или проблеме и составьте соответствующие фрагменты такого высказывания. 4. На основе предложенных ситуации и списка слов подготовьте монологическое высказывание или диалог. 5. Прочтите текст с новыми словами. Воспроизведите контексты новых слов. 21

22 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.1 Природно-географическая среда Великобритании 22

23 Geographical components The United Kingdom, constitutional monarchy in northwestern Europe, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain is the largest island in the cluster of islands, or archipelago, known as the British Isles. England is the largest and most populous division of the island of Great Britain, making up the south and east. Wales is on the west and Scotland is to the north. Northern Ireland is located in the northeast corner of Ireland, the second largest island in the British Isles. The capital of the United Kingdom is the city of London, situated near the southeastern tip of England. 23

24 Geographical borders The United Kingdom is bordered on the south by the English Channel, which separates it from the continent of Europe. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, and on the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The United Kingdom s only land border with another nation is between Northern Ireland and Ireland. English Channel, narrow sea, western Europe, separating France and Great Britain. Known in French as La Manche ( the sleeve ), it is 570 km (350 mi) wide in the west where it meets the Atlantic Ocean and narrows to 34 km (21 mi) at the Strait of Dover in the east at its junction with the North Sea. 24

25 United Kingdom: divisions England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the United Kingdom. It makes up 130,410 sq km (50,352 sq mi) of the United Kingdom s total 244,110 sq km (94,251 sq mi). The area of Scotland is 78,790 sq km (30,420 sq mi), the area of Wales is 20,760 sq km (8,020 sq mi), and the area of Northern Ireland is 14,160 sq km (5,470 sq mi). This means that England makes up 53.4 percent of the area of the United Kingdom, Scotland 32.3 percent, Wales 8.5 percent, and Northern Ireland 5.8 percent. The United Kingdom contains a number of small islands. These include the Isle of Wight, which lies off of England s southern coast; Anglesey, off the northwest coast of Wales; the Isles of Scilly in the English Channel; the Hebrides archipelago to thewestofscotland, consisting of the Inner and the Outer Hebrides; the Orkney Islands to the northeast of Scotland; and the Shetland Islands farther out into the North Sea from Scotland. 25

26 The Highland Zone The highland zone contains what is often called rough country, consisting to a large extent of rugged hills, mountains, and eroded areas frequently broken by valleys and plains. The highest elevations in the British Isles are in the highland zone; the highest point is Ben Nevis at 1,343 m (4,406 ft), located in the Highlands of Scotland. The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight. In many places farming is impossible. Even where it is feasible, the soil is often thin and stony, with a hard rock formation below. Rainwater often cannot escape readily, so many areas tend to be waterlogged. Wales, Scotland, and parts of England are located in the highland zone. The parts of England in the highland zone include the Pennine Chain of mountains, extending down into northern England and into the southwestern peninsula. The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England. 26

27 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.2 Государственное устройство. Парламент 27

28 The Government of the United Kingdom Form of government сonstitutional monarchy Head of state monarch Head of government prime minister Bicameral legislature: House of Commons, 659 members House of Lords, 675 members (557 life peers and 118 hereditary members) Voting qualifications universal at age 18 Constitution unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice Highest court House of Lords, High Court of Justiciary, (Scottish criminal cases only) 28

29 The Legislature: Parliament Parliament comprises three parts: thecrown, thehouseof Lords, and the House of Commons. Over the course of centuries, the seat of power has passed from the Crown to the Lords to its final resting place in the House of Commons. Parliament originated in the great councils called by the Crown during the Middle Ages. 29

30 The Prime Minister The chief executive of the government is the prime minister. He or she is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. The monarch goes through the ceremony of selecting as prime minister the person from the House of Commons who is head of the majority party. The prime minister presides over the Cabinet and selects the other Cabinet members, who join him or her to form the government that is part of the functioning executive. Acting through the Cabinet and in the name of the monarch, the prime minister exercises all of the theoretical powers of the Crown, including making appointments. In the past, prime ministers also came from thehouseoflords. Today, in the unlikely circumstance that a peer (a member of the House of Lords) is sought as a prime minister by one of the parties, he or she must first resign from the House of Lords and gain election to the House of Commons. 30

31 Political Parties British political parties date from the 17th century, when the Whig and the Tory parties appeared during the time of the Revolution of Whigs believed in a strong Parliament and came from the landed classes who were allied with the merchants and nonconformist or non-anglican Protestants. Tory supporters came from the landed aristocracy and were defenders of the king and the Church of England. In the 1800s the Whigs merged with other parties interested in social reform to form the Liberal Party. The Tories took on the additional name of the Conservative Party in the 1830s in order to appeal to a broader electorate, and both names are used interchangeably. The Conservative Party is still a major party in the United Kingdom, but the Labour Party, founded around the turn of the 20th century, grew to become the primary opposition to the Conservatives, taking the place of the Liberals. The Liberal Party evolved into the Liberal Democrat Party, the third most popular party in Britain. 31

32 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.3 Британские регионы 32

33 England England (Latin Anglia), political division of the island of Great Britain, the principal division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England occupies all of the island east of Wales and south of Scotland, other divisions of the island of Great Britain. Established as an independent monarchy many centuries ago, England in time achieved political control over the rest of the island, all the British Isles, and vast sections of the world, becoming the nucleus of one of the greatest empires in history. The capital, largest city, and chief port of England is London, with a population in 2001 of 7,172,000. It is also the capital of the United Kingdom and the site of the headquarters of the Commonwealth of Nations. 33

34 Scotland Scotland, one of the four national units that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The other units are England, Northern Ireland, and Wales. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, and Glasgow is its largest city. Scotland and its offshore islands comprise the northernmost part of the United Kingdom. The Scottish mainland, which occupies roughly the northern third of the island of Great Britain, is bordered on three sides by seas. To the north and west is the Atlantic Ocean; to the east is the North Sea. Rugged uplands separate Scotland from England to the south. The territory of Scotland includes 186 nearby islands, a majority of which are contained in three groups. These are the Hebrides, also known as the Western Isles, located off the western coast; the Orkney Islands, located off the northeastern coast; and the Shetland Islands, located northeast of the Orkney Islands. The largest of the other islands is the Island of Arran. The total land area of Scotland, including the islands, is 78,790 sq km (30,420 sq mi). 34

35 Wales Wales, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, united politically, legally, and administratively with England and occupying a broad peninsula on the western side of the island of Great Britain. Wales also includes the island of Anglesey, which is separated from the mainland by the narrow Menai Strait. Wales is bounded on the north by the Irish Sea; on the east by the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford and Worcester, and Gloucester; on the south by Bristol Channel; and on the west by Saint George s Channel and Cardigan Bay. The maximum north-south extent of the Welsh mainland is 220 km ( 137 mi); in an east-west direction the distance varies between 60 and 155 km (36 and 96 mi). The total area of Wales is 20,760 sq km (8,015 sq mi). Cardiff is the capital, principal seaport, and shipbuilding center. 35

36 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland, administrative division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, situated in the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland. The remaining portion of the island is part of the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland constitutes about 17 percent of the land area of Ireland and has 31 percent of the island s population. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast. Northern Ireland s population is deeply divided along religious and political lines. The schism between the Protestant majority and the Catholic minority extends deep into Northern Ireland s past and has strongly influenced the region s culture, settlement patterns, and politics. 36

37 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.4 Города Великобритании 37

38 London London (England), city, capital of the United Kingdom. London is situated in southeastern England along the Thames River. With a population of about 7 million, this vast metropolis is by far the largest city in Europe, a distinction it has maintained since the 17th century. In the 19th century it was the largest and most influential city in the world, the center of a large and prosperous overseas empire. Although it no longer ranks among the world s most populous cities, London is still one of the world s major financial and cultural capitals. By European standards, London is physically spread out and dispersed, without a predominant focal point. It therefore defies easy general description, as the city s character is found in its diverse and distinct sections. Many of these sections began as separate villages, and today they maintain some of their individual identities. London s image is partly defined by its past, as its major buildings and institutions represent 2000 years of community history. Its image is also the product of a new multiethnic mix of people and the creative impulse of the new popular culture of Cool Britannia, a phrase Britain s promoters conceived in the mid-1990s to portray Britain as modern and trendy. 38

39 Edinburgh Edinburgh, city, capital of Scotland, on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh is the second largest city in Scotland, after the industrial center of Glasgow. It is, however, Scotland's financial, cultural, educational, and service-industry hub. Among the city's manufactures are paper, whisky, electrical and electronic equipment, food products, and chemicals. The printing and publishing industry was well established here by the 16th century. Edinburgh's port, at the communities of Leith and Granton, is a major service point for vessels associated with the North Sea petroleum industry. The principal imports are petroleum products, grain, ores, and wood; exports include whisky, steel, and fertilizer. The city is also one of Britain s major tourist centers. 39

40 Cardiff Cardiff, city, capital of Wales, located in southern Wales at the mouths of the Taff and Ely rivers on Bristol Channel. Cardiff is an important seaport and industrial center. Among its manufactures are steel, machinery, processed foods, metal products, textiles, and paper. Notable structures include the 11th-century Cardiff Castle, Llandaff Cathedral, and the 15th-century Church of Saint John the Baptist. Also of interest is the National Museum of Wales. Cardiff is the seat of the Welsh National School of Medicine (1931) and the University of Wales College of Cardiff, founded in 1988 by a merger of the University College, Cardiff (1883) and the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (1866). 40

41 Belfast Belfast (Northern Ireland), city and seaport, capital of Northern Ireland, eastern Northern Ireland, on the Lagan River, at the head of Belfast Lough (an inlet of the North Channel of the Irish Sea). Belfast is a major commercial and industrial city. It is one of the most important shipbuilding and repairing centers of the United Kingdom and has long been known for its linen textiles. Its manufactures include aircraft, guided weapons, and tobacco and food products. A large petroleum refinery here is supplied by imported petroleum received at the city's deepwater port. Other imports include grain, coal, chemicals, and iron and steel. Among the chief exports are petroleum products, soap, foodstuffs, and textiles. Located in Belfast are the notable Ulster Museum (1892) and the Protestant Cathedral of Saint Anne. An educational center, the city is the seat of Queen's University of Belfast (1845), Belfast College of Technology (1901), and the Union Theological College (1978). 41

42 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.5 Экономика Великобритании. Промышленность и сельское хозяйство 42

43 The Economy Although Britain s economy was strong in the 20th century, it faced a number of persistent problems. The balance of trade was one. Britain has had to import more than a tenth of its food and much of its raw materials, as well as many manufactured goods, and it has to export sufficient products and services to balance the cost of its imports. Another problem has been industrial inefficiency, which was particularly evident in older industries such as coal mining, shipbuilding, and textiles, which produced more products than they could sell. Some industries that had been nationalized (taken over by the state) after 1945, such as British Oil Corporation, British Airways, and British Telecommunications, were unprofitable and operated at a considerable cost to taxpayers. In addition, trade unions sometimes required companies to hire more workers than were needed, and time was lost due to strikes as workers pressed for higher wages. These trade union problems increased the cost of goods, which helped cause inflation. 43

44 Agriculture Britain s land surface is minimal compared to many other nations, but British agriculture is very intensive and highly productive. In recent decades output has risen steadily, and agricultural labor has become more productive, due to innovations in farm machinery, biological engineering of seeds and plants, and the increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Consequently, imports of food, feed, and beverages dropped from 36 percent of total imports in 1955 to 11 percent in 1985, and to 10 percent by Compared to other nations in the European Union, Britain s agricultural sector is much smaller in terms of employment and contribution to the GDP. In 1996 agriculture employed approximately 2 percent of the workforce and contributed 1.4 percent of the GDP. About 74 percent of Britain s land area is devoted to some type of agricultural use. Large parts of Britain, notably Scotland and Wales, are suitable only for grazing. In the mid-1990s, about 72 percent of Britain s agricultural land was used for grazing or grassland, or lay fallow, and about 28 percent was used to grow crops. There were about 234,300 farms, two-thirds of them owner-occupied. The average size of a farm in 1996 was 73 hectares (180 acres). 44

45 Manufacturing The structure of industry changed substantially in the last half of the 20th century. British industrial production also expanded into communications equipment, including fiber optics, computers, computer-controlled machine tools, and robots. Britain now manufactures approximately 40 percent of Europe s desktop computers. Scotland is also a major producer of computers. The so-called Silicon Glen between Glasgow and Edinburgh employs about 40,000 people in the electronics industry and is the site of many overseas computer firms. Scotland and Northern Ireland are still noted for their production of whiskey and textiles, especially linen from Northern Ireland and tweed from Scotland. Britain remains an important manufacturing country, although it imports large quantities of manufactured goods from overseas, particularly vehicles and electronic equipment. About 4 million workers, about 20 percent of the workforce, were engaged in manufacturing in In 1996 manufacturing accounted for about 21 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The leading traditional manufacturing regions of England are Greater London and the cities and regions around Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Newcastle upon Tyne. 45

46 The Service Sector Several significant developments in the service sector have taken place since the latter part of the 20th century. Telecommunications has become a dynamic growth industry, particularly with telex, facsimile, and communications. Independent retailing has declined sharply as large chain stores, called multiples in Britain, have brought the advantages of size to bear on purchasing. In food retailing, for example, five major groups own more than half of the food markets in the nation. In many cases food wholesalers have been eliminated or cut back because large chains contract directly with manufacturers. The leisure industry has also been growing dynamically, commanding an increasing proportion of consumer spending. In the past most Britons took vacations, or holidays, at the seashore, but overseas holidays have become more affordable and thus more common for middle- and working-class people. Another growth area has been organizations catering to international conferences and exhibitions. These organizations have been particularly successful because Britain is one of the world s top locations for business meetings and shows. 46

47 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.6 Социально-этническая структура 47

48 Population Characteristics Britain has a diverse population that includes people with connections to every continent of the world. The ethnic origins of this population have been complicated by immigration, intermarriage, and the constant relocation of people in this highly developed industrial and technological society. Nevertheless, a few particulars about the historical formation of the population are noteworthy. 48

49 Early Ethnic Groups Britain s predominant historical stock is called Anglo-Saxon. Germanic peoples from Europe the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and 7th centuries ad. These people tended to be tall, blond, and blue-eyed. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English. These groups invaded and overwhelmed Roman Britain, choosing to settle on the plains of England because of the mild climate and good soils. Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic peoples, and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country. These refugees and native Britons were Celts who had absorbed the earliest peoples on the island, the prehistoric people known as Iberians. Celts tended to be shorter than Anglo-Saxons and have rounder heads. Most had darker hair, but a strikingly high percentage of Celts had red hair. 49

50 Immigration after World War II Most British people attribute their origins to the early invaders, calling themselves English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, or Ulsterites. The Ulsterites are an ethnically controversial group some claim they are Scottish and others identify themselves as Protestant Irish. The remaining share of the population are minorities who arrived, for the most part, in the decades following the end of World War II in These minorities Chinese, Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Africans, and Caribbean people of African ancestry came to Britain in substantial numbers after Immigration from the South Asian subcontinent (India and Pakistan) stabilized in the 1990s, but immigration from African countries continued to rise. By the late 1990s more than half of the people in these categories had been born in the United Kingdom. These newer ethnic groups tend to live in the more urban and industrial areas of England, especially in London, Birmingham, and Leeds. It is estimated that 60 percent of black Britons live in the London area, along with 41 percent of the Asian Indian population. 50

51 Integration Integration of these diverse ethnic groups into the workforce, as well as socialization into the broader society, including intermarriage, has been remarkably smooth. Percentages of employment for various ethnic minorities and whites are generally similar. Many individuals from ethnic minorities hold managerial and professional positions, and several sit in Parliament. Local and national government programs exist to seek fairness and justice for ethnic minorities. Educational programs and the law bolster equal opportunity. The Race Relations Act of 1976 makes it illegal to discriminate against any person because of race, color, nationality, or origin, and it is a criminal offense to incite racial hatred. 51

52 Модуль 1. Раздел 2. Государственное устройство. Природногеографическая среда Великобритании Тема 2.7 Символика и геральдика Великобритании 52

53 The Union Jack The Union Jack is the national flag of the UK. It is a combination of the cross of St George, the cross of St Andrew and the cross of St Patrick. The upright red cross is the cross of St George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross (with the arms going into the corners) is the cross of St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. St David is the patron saint of Wales. 53

54 Britannia Britannia is the name that the Romans gave to their southern British province (which covered, approximately, the area of present-day England). It is also the name given to the female embodi-ment of Britain, always shown wearing a helmet and holding a trident (the symbol of power over the sea), hence the patriotic song which begins 'Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves'. The figure of Britannia has been on the reverse side of many British coins for more than 300 years. 54

55 National Flags The flag of Wales Dragon of Cadwallader 55

56 British Heraldry Heraldry, originally, the many duties and functions of a herald or officer at arms, including the devising and granting of armorial bearings, or coats of arms. The term heraldry now usually refers to the branch of knowledge dealing with the history and description of armorial bearings. Coat of Arms Originally used as a means of identifying knights in battle, the coat of arms serves to distinguish families, corporations, and even states and nations. The elements of a coat of arms draw on a rich vocabulary of symbols that are used to represent the identity of the bearer with accuracy and pride. 56

57 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.1 История страны. Образование Соединенного Королевства 57

58 Act of Union The Act of Union - name of several statutes that accomplished the joining of England with Wales (1536), England and Wales with Scotland (1707), Great Britain with Ireland (1800), and the British provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada (1840) in North America. The Act of Union passed in 1536, during the reign of King Henry VIII, the second English monarch descended from the Welsh House of Tudor. The Act formally united England and Wales. By its terms, the Welsh Marches, estates held for centuries by semi-independent Marcher lords, became several new counties or were added to older counties. Counties and boroughs in Wales were granted representation in the English Parliament. 58

59 The Act of Union passed in 1707 by the parliaments of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain. Although Scotland retained its judicial system and its Presbyterian church, its parliament was joined with that of England. Henceforth, Scotland sent 45 elected members to the British House of Commons and 16 of its peers to the House of Lords. Scots received the same trading rights as the English had in England and its overseas empire. Scotland also received money (called the Equivalent ) equal to the share it was assuming of England's national debt. The crowns of the two countries had been united in 1603 when James Stuart (James VI of Scotland) succeeded Elizabeth I as James I of England, but the kingdoms otherwise remained separate. In 1654 the countries were united as a commonwealth under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. When Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, England and Scotland again became separate. Impetus for union came from disagreements between the two parliaments. These included Scotland's refusal to approve the Act of Settlement (1701) passing the royal succession on to the German house of Hannover after the death of Queen Anne (the last Stuart sovereign), and from England's fear that Scotland might seek to restore an exiled Catholic Stuart to the throne. 59

60 The Act of Union, which was passed in 1800 and went into effect on January 1, 1801, joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and all of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The merger followed a fierce but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in Ireland. The Irish legislature was abolished, and the Irish were allowed 32 members in the British House of Lords and 100 members in the House of Commons. The act also provided for the continuation of the Anglican church as the established church in Ireland. The Roman Catholic Irish felt betrayed because they had not acquired the right to hold political office. 60

61 TheActofUnionpassedin1840 by the British Parliament united the North American provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Parliament had created the two provinces in 1791 to separate British colonists, many of them Loyalist refugees from the American colonies, in Upper Canada from a Roman Catholic, French-speaking majority in Lower Canada. The 1840 act provided for a single government headed by a royallyappointed governor and a legislative assembly equally apportioned between the former divisions. The union created the Province of Canada; the sections were known as Canada East and Canada West. 61

62 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.2 История монархии. Роль монархии в современном обществе 62

63 Mary I Mary I became queen of England after the death of her brother, Edward VI. The daughter of Henry VIII, she became known as Bloody Mary after she burned more than 300 high-ranking Protestant clergymen during her five-year reign. She had hoped to restore the Roman Catholic church in England. 63

64 Queen Anne Anne ( ), queen of Great Britain and Ireland ( ), the last British sovereign of the house of Stuart. Born in London on February 6, 1665, she was the second daughter of King James II. Her mother was James's first wife, Anne Hyde. In 1683 she was married to Prince George of Denmark. Although her father converted to Roman Catholicism in 1672, Anne remained Protestant and acquiesced in James's overthrow by the anti-roman Catholic Glorious Revolution of 1688, which brought her sister Mary and Mary's husband, William of Orange, to the throne. Becoming queen on William's death in 1702, Anne restored to favor John Churchill, who had been disgraced by her predecessor, making him duke of Marlborough and captaingeneral of the army. Marlborough won a series of victories over the French in the War of the Spanish Succession ( , known in America as Queen Anne's War), and he and his wife, Sarah, had great influence over the queen in the early years of her reign. 64

65 Modern British Monarchy Elizabeth II Elizabeth II became queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland upon the death of her father, King George VI, in The primary role of Elizabeth throughout her reign has been as a symbol of unity and continuity within the Commonwealth of Nations. Prince Charles The first in the line of succession to the British throne, Charles Philip Arthur George became the prince of Wales in Concerned with being more than just a figurehead of the British monarchy, Prince Charles has involved himself in various social issues. 65

66 Diana, Princess of Wales Diana actively supported many charities related to homeless and deprived children, drug abuse, breast cancer, and victims of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1987 Diana sat with a man dying from AIDS and shook his hand, a gesture credited with promoting acceptance and compassion for people with the disease. She was the vice president of the British Red Cross and served as a member of the International Red Cross advisory board. In 1997 Diana visited Angola and Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of a Red Cross campaign to ban landmines. On August 31, 1997, Diana was killed in an automobile accident in Paris, France. After a two-year investigation into the causes of the crash, French judges ruled that it had been caused solely by the intoxication of the driver, Henri Paul. The decision cleared nine photographers (who had been chasing the vehicle at the time of the crash) of wrongdoing. 66

67 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.3 История Британской империи, страны Содружества 67

68 British Empire British Empire, name given to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the former dominions, colonies, and other territories throughout the world that owed allegiance to the British Crown from the late 1500s to the middle of the 20th century. At its height in the early 1900s, the British Empire included over 20 percent of the world s land area and more than 400 million people. 68

69 The Foundations The foundations of the British Empire were laid during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( ). Under Elizabeth, English support for naval exploration increased dramatically, and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world. Overseas commercial and trade interests were also established in the form of the English East India Company in However, because England was at war with Spain, which had a large colonial empire in the Americas, English colonization in the Americas remained almost unknown in the 16th century. The first real venture was the attempted settlement of Roanoke Island off the North American coast in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. This settlement did not survive, and the English did not attempt further exploration and colonization in the Americas until 1604, after peace had been made with Spain. 69

70 Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake was the first English navigator to sail around the world. An explorer and military leader, Drake raided Spanish shipping and became the greatest privateer of his time. His fleets destroyed the powerful Spanish Armada. Queen Elizabeth I supplied him with money and ships, but it was his daring and military genius that helped England become a major sea power. 70

71 Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth of Nations, worldwide association of nations and their dependencies, whose members share a common commitment to promoting human rights, democracy, and economic development. All members accept the British monarch as the symbolic head of the Commonwealth. All but one, Mozambique, were once associated in some constitutional way with either the former British Empire or with another member country. The association was formerly known as the British Commonwealth of Nations, but today is referred to simply as the Commonwealth. About 1.7 billion people live in the 54 independent nations and the more than 20 dependencies that make up the Commonwealth. Commonwealth members share many customs and traditions as a result of their association with Britain. Many have parliamentary systems of government on the British model, and their judicial and educational institutions are often similar to those in Britain. English is an official language of many members of the Commonwealth. Since 1977 the second Monday in March has been celebrated as Commonwealth Day; on that day the British monarch, as the head of the Commonwealth, presents an annual message to all member countries. 71

72 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.4 Внешняя политика Великобритании 72

73 United Kingdom Membership in International Organizations The United Kingdom is one of the founding members of the United Nations (UN) and occupies one of the five permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council, the most powerful body in the UN. It is an important contributor to UN peacekeeping operations. Britain also plays an important part in the European Union (EU), an organization dedicated to economic cooperation among European nations. Britain s defense policy rests on membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), along with 15 other member states, including the United States. As a member of the Western European Union (WEU), the United Kingdom is part of a forum that consults and cooperates on defense issues concerning European NATO members. Britain also belongs to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), whose 55 member nations work to foster and protect human rights. Britain is an original member of the Council of Europe, whose 40 parliamentary democracies work together on human rights and social and cultural issues. 73

74 United Kingdom Membership in International Organizations Britain belongs to many other international bodies. One of the most important is the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF oversees the international financial system and assists member nations that are experiencing financial difficulties. Britain also joined with other industrialized countries to form the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes collaboration on economic issues, gathers statistical information, and offers advice to lessdeveloped countries. 74

75 European Union The EU has a number of objectives. Its principal goal is to promote and expand cooperation among member states in economics and trade, social issues, foreign policy, security and defense, and judicial matters. Under the Maastricht Treaty, European citizenship was granted to citizens of each member state. Border controls were relaxed. Customs and immigration agreements were modified to allow European citizens greater freedom to live, work, and study in any of the member states. Another major goal of the EU has been to implement Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), which introduced a single currency, the euro, for EU members. In January 2002 the euro replaced the national currencies of 12 EU member nations. Thirteen EU members do not currently participate in the single currency. They are Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the 10 nations that joined the EU in

76 The Council of Europe The powers of the Council of Europe are purely advisory; each member nation retains full sovereignty. The council serves as a useful forum in which urgent European and world issues may be discussed and possible solutions aired. In working toward the goal of a united Europe, the council has served as an instrument for initiating and drafting pacts designed to unify the activities of European nations in such matters as protecting human rights, establishing social and educational standards and preserving European culture. It has also helped craft pacts on easing or eliminating travel restrictions, protecting the environment, and promoting democracy and free speech. The council established a commission in 1950 and a court in 1959 to enforce the rights outlined in the European Convention on Human Rights (1950). These include the rights to a fair wage, the right to strike, and the right to social security, including social and medical assistance if it is needed. 76

77 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.5 Школьное и высшее образование. Университеты 77

78 Types of Schools in Britain The most famous schools in Britain are private boarding schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School, Rugby School, and Winchester School. These famous private schools, founded during the Middle Ages, are theoretically open to the public, but in reality are attended by those who can afford the fees. Many of Britain s leaders have attended these private schools, which cater to the wealthy and influential but also offer some scholarships to gifted poorer children. Local authorities and the central authority also provide assistance to some families who are unable to pay the fees. Only a small percentage of the population can attend these ancient and highly prestigious schools. A variety of other schools are also private, including kindergartens, day schools, and newer boarding schools. Private schools that take pupils from the age of 7 to the age of 11, 12, or 13 are called preparatory schools. Private schools that take older pupils from the age of 11, 12, or 13 to 18 or 19 are often referred to as public schools. Only 7 percent of British students attend private school. 78

79 Education Beyond Age 16 At the age of 16, prior to leaving school, students are tested in various subjects to earn a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). If they wish to go on to higher education at a university, they take Advanced Level examinations, commonly known as A Levels. Scotland has comparable qualifications. About a third of British students leave school as soon as possible after turning 16, usually taking lower-level jobs in the workforce. Those who stay in school past the age of 16 may pursue either further education or higher education. Further education is largely vocational, as is adult education. About 3.5 million people were enrolled in further education programs in Students may also stay in school until age 18 to prepare for higher education. The percentage of young people entering universities in Britain is far lower than in the United States, where more than half attend. In Britain the proportion has risen from one in six in 1989 to almost one in three in In 1995 there were 1.7 million students enrolled in higher education. 79

80 Cambridge University Founded in the 13th century, Cambridge University is one of the oldest educational institutions in Europe and one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Among its many distinguished graduates are Charles Darwin, John Maynard Keynes, Oliver Cromwell, and John Milton. 80

81 Oxford University England s oldest institution of higher learning, Oxford University, is a federation of 35 colleges, each with its own structure and activities. Many prominent people have attended the All Souls College, shown here. 81

82 Модуль 2. Раздел 3. История. Внешняя и внутренняя политика Великобритании Тема 3.6 Система здравоохранения. Британское судопроизводство и полиция 82

83 The National Healthcare The British government administers an extensive health and welfare system that the Labour government established between 1945 and While social security and health services accounted for an estimated 49 percent of government spending in 1997, health-care costs account for only slightly more than 5 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), or the total value of goods and services produced in the country within a year. The National Health Service Act of 1946 established the socialized healthcare system that went into effect in 1948 (see National Health Insurance). Because citizens were deemed to have a right to free health care, it provided free medical care for all British people regardless of income. The system covered physician and dental services, prescription drugs, hospital care, eyeglasses, and dentures. It provided better health care than most people could previously afford, but the program cost more than anticipated. Therefore, some charges were introduced for prescriptions, dentures, and eyeglasses. Nevertheless, costs for the government remained high due to expensive new technologies, as well as the growing demand for services, especially by the increasing number of elderly people. 83

84 National Health Insurance National Health Insurance, government-operated system of insurance that provides financial benefits and medical services to persons disabled by sickness or accident. National health insurance systems are found in many countries, particularly in Europe. In the United States, health insurance has traditionally been provided by private enterprise on a voluntary basis. National health insurance bills were introduced in the Congress of the United States in the 1930s and 1940s but were not enacted. The Social Security Amendments of 1965, however, created a governmental health insurance program known as Medicare, which is intended primarily for the aged. In 1993 President Bill Clinton introduced a plan for universal health care coverage. However, a compromise could not be reached with opponents in Congress and the bill died. Systems of national health insurance frequently are coordinated with other national programs of social insurance, such as pension programs, programs of unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation. 84

85 The National Health Service A person may use all the facilities of the National Health Service, or only a part of the service. He or she may, for example, make private arrangements with a practitioner for medical care and apply for free hospitalization. Practitioners are not required to participate in the program. Those who participate and work outside of hospitals receive a fee for each patient as well as a basic practice allowance. Participating physicians may also engage in private practice. Almost all of the hospitals in Britain are administered by the National Health Service. 85

86 The Judiciary The judicial system has its roots in the Anglo-Saxon period, when the monarch established local courts to provide justice for all subjects. Monarchs delegated the power to hear cases to royal justices, who presided over courts in the monarch s name. The British legal system relies on common law, which is based on custom and on decisions in previous legal cases, called precedents. Common law originated in the 12th century, growing out of the rules and traditions that ordinary people had worked out over time. Through the centuries common law evolved as it incorporated legal decisions made in specific cases, and it remains the basis of British law except when superseded by legislation. Unlike the United States, Britain does not have a Supreme Court that reviews legislation to determine its constitutionality; that responsibility falls to Parliament. 86