ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: The conflict

Transcription

1 ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: The conflict Enrique Olangua Cantos Ernesto Podio Sánchez

2 Cronography In 1917 the british goverment allowed that jewish to go to Palestine, the arab states didn t like this decision. In the second war world, the arab hostility grew and the British decided to stop the inmigration, in Europe six million jewish died. This conflict has been very fast since the first world war. In 1945 neither of them (jewish and palestinians) wanted to give something to the other. The arab nacionalist leaders thought that zionist hadn t got any right in their lands and zionist thought that Palestina was their land.. In 1947 started the first war, the United Sates of America wanted a divided country So, when bristish leaves this lands all the states except arab states voted a divided country between jewish and palestinians. The sionist accepted this because they thought that the most important thing was have an own state.they declare independent the 15 of May in 1948.The arab states(siria,transjordania, Libano and Egypt directly and indirectly the rest of the arab states) decided to start a war which they lost and the israelies territory became bigger with Jordania and Egypt. In 1956 started the second war between Israel and Palestine with Egypt. They fought to conquer the Suez canal There was other two wars between Israel and the arab states in 1967 and 1973, at the end of these wars Israel had conquered Cisjordania,Gaza,,Sinaí and Golán. The Palestinian liberalism organization, (the palestin nacionalist), was funded in 1964, and it became important in Yasser Arafat became the leader in In 1978 Egypt and israelies signed a peace agreement and israelies gave back the Sinai to Egypt. It was the begining of a new stage of the war. From 1945 to 1978, israelies and palestinians showed their radical position. Israelies said that there wasn t any land called Palestine so they didn t have to share their land with anybody.the OLP(paletinian liberalsm organization) said that there wouldn t exict the state of israel. From 1978 to 2000 was the time of the "moderates" These leaders thought that there could be two states living in peace.both of israelies and palestinians people also wanted the peace. Each town wanted that the other ceded in his pretentious. This situation concluded in the Oslo accords. Actually the peace has finished. The israeli army go to Palestine aereas whenever they

3 want and they do whatever they want because they are military stronger than the palestinians, israelies can do a lot of damage to palestinians. Palestinians are weaker than israelies and they only can do suicide atacks.nowdays the conflict doesn t seem to have a finish. The opinion of the world is changing. The Likud has just said that never will be a palestinian state. The people in Palestine is more radical now. In the period of ,in occidental world the left was who help the jewish (There were a lot of jewish there)the right was pro-arab. From 1978 the ones who help jewish is people of the right and sometimes of the extreme right, and the people of the left is more friendly to palestinians The danger in short time are the israelies halcones. They have the guns(and the nuclear bombs) and the 99% of the support of the United States of America. But in midium time the menaces are shared equality for every people, nobody is safe, neither the israelíes, neither the palestinians, neither the arabs, neither the americans. And in some years there could be a nuclear and biology war. Israel-Palestina Questions and answers What are the modern origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? During World War I, Britain made three different promises thinking in Palestine. Arab leaders were informed that their land would be independent in the Balfour declaration, Britain wanted a Jewish national home in Palestine and secretly

4 Britain arranged with its allies to divide Ottoman territory, with Palestine becoming part of the British empire Some Jews concluded that only in a Jewish state Jews would be safe and founded Zionism. Most Jews at the time rejected Zionism,. And for many orthodox Jews, especially the small Jewish community in Palestine, a Jewish state could only be established by God, not by humans. Zionists chose Palestine for its biblical connections. The problem was that although a Zionist slogan called Palestine "a land without people for a people without land," the land was not at all empty. Following World War I, Britain arranged for the League of Nations to make Palestine a British "mandate," which is to say a colony to be administered by Britain and prepared for independence. To help justify its rule over Arab land, Britain arranged that one of its obligations as the mandatory power would be to promote a Jewish national home. Who were the Jews who came to Palestine? The early Zionist were idealistic, often socialist, individuals, fleeing oppression. In this respect they were like the early American colonists. But also like the American colonists, many Zionists had racist attitudes toward the indigenous people and they didn t tolerate them Jewish immigration to Palestine was relatively limited until the 1930s,.when Hitler came to power. The U.S. and Europe closed their doors to immigration by desperate jews, making Palestine one of the few options. Who were the indigenous people of Palestine? Pro-Israel advertising has argued that most Palestinians actually entered Palestine after 1917, because they saw the economic dynamism of the growing Jewish community.the indigenous population was mostly Muslim, with a Christian and a smaller Jewish minority. As Zionists arrived from Europe, the Muslims and Christians began to adopt a Palestinian national identity. How did the Zionists acquire land in Palestine? Some was acquired illegally and some was bought from Arab landlords with money provided of wealthy Jews in Europe What was the impact of World War II on the Palestine question?

5 At the end of the war, the Holocaust became evident, for the first time Zionism became a majority feeling among world Jewry. Many U.S. Christians also supported Zionism as a way to absolve their fault for what had happened, without having to allow Jews into the United States. During the war many Jews in Palestine had joined the British army. By war's end, the Jewish community in Palestine was well armed, well-organized, and determined to fight. The Palestinians were poorly armed, with feudal leaders..what was the first Intifada? Anger and frustration were growing in the Occupied Territories, daily humiliations, and the establishment of sharply increasing numbers of Israeli settlements. In December 1987, Palestinians in Gaza launched an rebellion, the Intifada quickly arrived to the West Bank as well. The Intifada was locally organized, and enjoyed mass support among the Palestinian population. Guns and knives were banned and the main political demand was for an independent Palestinian state coexisting with Israel. Israel responded with great brutality, with hundreds of Palestinians killed. What were the Oslo agreements? The Oslo agreement consisted of "Letters of Mutual Recognition" and a Declaration of Principles. In Arafat's letter he recognized Israel's right to exist, accepted various UN resolutions, renounced terrorism and armed fighting. Israeli Prime Minister Rabin in his letter agreed to recognize the PLO as the representative of the Palestine people and commence negotiations with it, but there was no Israeli recognition of the Palestinian right to a state. The Declaration of Principles was signed on the White House lawn on September 13, In it, Israel agreed to redeploy its troops from the Gaza Strip and from the West Bank city of Jericho. These would be given self-governing status, except for the Israeli settlements in Gaza. A Palestinian Authority (PA) would be established, with a police force that would maintain internal order in areas from which Israeli forces withdrew. Left for future resolution in "permanent status" talks were all the critical and vexatious issues: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, and borders. What was the impact of the Oslo accords? The number of Israeli settlers since Oslo (1993) grew from 110,000 to 195,000 in the West Bank and Gaza; in annexed East Jerusalem, the Jewish population rose from 22,000 to 170,000. Thirty new settlements were established and more than 18,000 new housing units for settlers were constructed. From , Israeli authorities confiscated 35,000 acres of Arab land for roads and settlements. Poverty increased, so that in mid-2000, more than one out of five Palestinians had consumption levels below $2.10 a day. According to CIA figures, at the end of 2000, unemployment stood at

6 40%. Israeli closure policies meant that Palestinians had less freedom of movement -- from Gaza to the West Bank, to East Jerusalem, or from one Palestinian enclave to another -- than they had before Oslo. What happened at Camp David? Permanent status talks between Israel and the Palestinians as called for by the Oslo agreement finally took place in July 2000 at Camp David, in the United States, with U.S. mediators. The standard view is that Barak made an exceedingly generous offer to Arafat, but Arafat rejected it, choosing violence instead. What caused the second Intifada? On the 28 of September in 2000 Ariel Sharon, then a member of Parliament, accompanied by a thousandstrong security force, did a provocative visit approved by Barak to the site of the Al Aqsa mosque. The next day Barak sent another large force of police and soldiers to the area and, when the anticipated rock throwing by some Palestinians occurred, the police responded with lethal fire, killing four and wounding hundreds. There began the second Intifada. The main cause was the tremendous anger and frustration among the population of the Occupied Territories, who saw things getting worse, not better, under Oslo, whose patience after 33 years of occupation had finished How did Israel respond to this second Intifada? Israeli security forces responded to Palestinian demonstrations with lethal force even though, as a UN investigation reported, at these demonstrations the Israeli Defense Forces, "there wasn t any died." Some Palestinians started to arm themselves, and the killing escalated, with deaths on both sides, though the victims were disproportionately Palestinians. In November 2001, there was a week of peace. Sharon then ordered the assassination of Hamas leader Mahmoud Abu Hanoud, which, as everyone predicted, started a lot of terror bombings, which Sharon used as justification for new assaults By March 2002, Amnesty International reported that more than 1000 Palestinians had been killed. "Israeli security services have killed Palestinians, including more than 200 children, bombing residential areas, random or intencional shooting, especially near checkpoints and borders, by extrajudicial executions and during demonstrations."

7 Palestinian suicide bombings have murdered civilians. Amnesty International commented: "These actions are shocking. Yet they can never justify the human rights violations and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions which, over the past 18 months, have been committed daily, hourly, even every minute, by the Israeli authorities against Palestinians. Israeli forces have consistently carried out killings when no lives were in danger." Medical personnel have been attacked and ambulances, including those of the Red Cross, "have been consistently shot at." Wounded people have been denied medical treatment. Israel has carried out targeted assassinations (sometimes the targets were probably connected to terrorism, sometimes not, but all of these extrajudicial executions have been condemned by human rights groups). The Israeli government criticized Arafat for stop terrorism and then responded by attacking his security forces, who might have allowed him to crack down, and restricting him to his compound in Ramallah. Israeli opinion became strongly ghange. Hundreds of military reservists have declared that they don t want to serve in the West Bank and Gaza. Children, target of the intifada More than 250 palestinian and 72 israelies children have lost their lives in Israel and in other occupied territories in the last 23 months. International amnesty ask israelies and Palestinian for stop children s killing Killing the future: children in the line of fire. The new report that international amnesty has published, explain how the children has been choosen like a target during this intifada. The IDF (israelies defense force) and the armed Palestinian groups has chowed the contemp for children and for civilians. There is no doubt about the impunity that the members of the IDF and the Palestinian groups are enjoying for, this has contributed to the situation in the one, the lives of children and civilians hardly has little or no value. The international community has to answer the call that international amnesty and not government organitations has made, they continue asking for send some international observers to the region. International amnesty says that loads of lives would be saved if these international observers would stay in Israel since the 2000.

8 Killing of Palestinian children The majority of the Palestinian children have been killed in the occupied territories of the IDFwho answered to the demonstrations in the ones people throwed stones at the police. 80 children lost their lives by the IDFonly in the first three months of the intifada. Sami Fathi Abur Jazzar died the day before his birthday. He was going to be 12 years old. He received a shot in his head by some israelies soldiers that charged at a croud compound mainly of children. Another six boys were injured in the same incident. There were some international amnesty thins in the accident who says that the police never were in danger. In the last year loads of children have been killed by the IDF in consequence of shot against residential streets when the circumstances were not a danger for the IDF. More kids has died in consequence of the armory attacks that Israel has made when the IDF destroyed homes without call. The large number of children killed and injured and the circumstances I the ones they were killed indicates that FDI doesn t care about the live of those children. Dina Matar of two moths old and Ayman Matar of 18 months old were two from a group of people killed on 22 July 2002 by the IDFwhen they throw a bomb from a F-16 at a densely populated area of Gaza city. The bomb killed 17 people. The aim of the attack was kill a member of Hamas who was one of the victims. The following day Israel s prime minister Ariel Sharon called the attack one of the most successful operations. Also Palestinian children have died when the IDFhas took a long time in his controls delaying or preventing for passing for to go to the hospitals. At least three children have been killed by Israeli settlers. In most cases the IDF does not intervene to protect Palestinians from Israeli settlers. Israeli children have been killed by armed Palestinian groupsin the Occupied Territories and inside Israel. The first Israeli child killed in this intifada was killed in January 2001 near Ramallah in the Occupied Territories. About 70 percent of the victims were killed by palestinian suicide people, whith bombs other people were killed in shootings and in other atacks whith bombs in cars or public buses. In the last 18 months there has been an increase in attacks on Israeli civilians and an in creasingly high number of victims have been children. In the first seven months of 2002 alone, 36 Israeli children were killed by Palestinian armed groups, 19 in Israel and 17 in the Occupied Territories. Twelve people were killed and more than 50 were injured by a suicide person whit a bomb on the 2 March The bomb was detonated next to a group of women waiting with their children, for their husbands to leave from a synagogue. The killed people includes two sisters Shiraz Nehmad whit only 6 years old and her two-year-old sister Liran, their four cousins LIdor and Oriah Ilan whith 12 years and 18 months and Shaul and Avraham Eliahu Nehmad whith 15 and 17.

9 Ariel Sharon ( ) Ariel Sharon was born in Kfar Malal on February the 27 in He joined the Haganah at the age of 14 in During the 1948 War of Independence, he commanded an infantry company in the Alexandroni Brigade. Sharon was appointed commander of a Paratroop Corps in 1956 and fought in the Sinai Campaign. In 1957 he attended the Camberley Staff College in Great Britain. During , Sharon served as Infantry Brigade Commander and then Infantry School Commander, and attended Law School at Tel Aviv University. He was appointed Head of the Northern Command Staff in 1964 and Head of the Army Training Department in He participated in the 1967 Six Day War as commander of an armored division. In 1969 he was appointed Head of the Southern Command Staff. Sharon resigned from the army in June 1972, but was recalled to active military service in the 1973 Yom Kippur War to command an armored division that crossed the Suez Canal. Ariel Sharon was elected to the Knesset in December 1973, but resigned a year later, serving as Security Adviser to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (1975). He was elected to the Knesset in 1977 on the Shlomzion ticket. In the follow elections, he joined the Herut party and was appointed Minister of Agriculture. Sharon served as Minister of Defense from , which position he held during the War in Lebanon. He resigned after a government commission found him indirectly responsible for the September 1982 massacre of Palestinians at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps by Lebanese Christians.

10 Sharon became in the Minister of Industry from and as Minister of Housing and Construction from In the 13th Knesset, he served on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Sharon served as Minister of National Infrastructure from July 1996-July 1999, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from October 1998-July Re-elected to the 15th Knesset in May 1999, he served as chairman of the Likud following the resignation of Benjamin Netanyahu. In a special election for Prime Minister in February 2001, Sharon defeated incumbent Ehud Barak to become the 11th person to hold that position. Sharon is widowed and has two sons. Yasser Arafat ( ) Mohammed Yasser Abdul-Ra'ouf Qudwa Al-Husseini, most commonly known as Yasser Arafat was born August 24, 1929, in the Gaza Strip. Arafat attended King Fuad University in Egypt where he received a Degree in Architecture Engineering in In 1958, he left Egypt to Kuwait where he worked as an engineer and met with Abu Jihad. In Kuwait, he discussed the idea of establishing Fatah the Palestinian National Liberation Movement. He then returned to Palestine and met with a group of Palestinian activists and founded Fatah Movement on January 1, Arafat stayed in Jerusalem until 1967 before moving to Jordan. He secretly returned to Palestine three times. Arafat was elected as Chairman for the Executive Committee of the PLO in 1969 to be the third chairman after Ash-Shuqiri and Yahya Hamoda. He still retains that title. In 1987, the Palestinian Intifada erupted in the occupied territories and lasted until September 13, 1993, when President Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles agreement in Washington with the late Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin. On May 4, 1994, Arafat signed the Cairo agreement with Rabin.

11 On July 1994, he entered Gaza after 27 years in the Diaspora. In 1994, President Arafat was awarded the Nobel peace prize which he shared with the late PM Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. On January 20, Arafat was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority with 83 percent of the vote. Arafat is married to Suha At-Taweel and they have a two-year old daughter, Zahwa. Bibliography Homicidio de niños,objeto de exámen por la ONU Antecedentes de la crisis israel-palestina. Preguntas y respuestas. Israel Palestina.Un debate ficticio Es posible un proyecto binacional? terra-actualidad conflicto Israel Palestina Intifada