Oslo THE FACTS ECONOMY AND LABOUR FORCE. Oslo Airport Gardermoen

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1 THE FCTS City: Greater Oslo Region Major Cities: Oslo County, kershus County (22 municipalities) Country: Norway Population: 1,144,883 (2011) Population Density: 225/km 2 Sex Profile: Male: [582,279] 49.8% Female: [587,260] 50.2% (*data from county municipalities of Oslo and kershus) Governance Structure: Parliamentary political system ruled by a City Commission and a City Council. ge Profile: Years Population Share , % , % , % *Using data from county municipalities of Oslo and kershus only ECONOMY ND LBOUR FORCE Occupational Typology (C/S/W): 46.8% / 30.6% / 22.4% (*estimate) Top Employers: (*National) Company StatoilHydro DnB NOR Telenor Norsk Hydro Orkla Oslo irport Gardermoen Oslo irport Gardermoen is Norway s busiest airport, servicing 21.1 million passengers in The airport was inaugurated in 1998 a stunning example of Norwegian architectural tradition and culture. The project, in many ways, is a microcosm of the region which it serves, combining world class design, sustainability and strong political support to create an operation that has been named Europe s most efficient airport four times, and sits near the top of its class internationally. Each year the airport authority OSL prepares an annual carbon inventory and purchases emission allowances through the United Nations to compensate for its greenhouse gas emissions. s a result of this practice, Gardermoen is a carbon neutral airport. The airport also works towards sustainability by the reduction and modernization of its vehicle fleet switching many of its operating vehicles to electric power as well as treatment and disposal of wastewater created by de-icing chemicals.

2 Labour Force Distribution by Sector: (**Country level statistics) Industry Number of Labourers Percentage of Workforce Civilian employed population 2,543, % griculture/forestry/fishing/mining 112, % Construction 190, % Manufacturing 236, % Wholesale Trade 103, % Retail Trade 200, % Transportation/Transportation Support 144, % Information/Communications 90, % Finance/Insurance/Real Estate 71, % Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services 245, % Educational Services/Healthcare/Social Services 758, % rts, Entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services 118, % Other services, except public admin. 69, % Public dmin/defence/social Security 153, % GDP: $87,408,000,000 (2010) Economic Growth Rate: 1.1% in 2011 Estimated 2.3% in

3 TLENT SCORECRD Talent Score Justification Educated Population: K 8 (Primary) Educated Population: 9 12 (Secondary) Educated Population: Post-secondary Educational Institutions: College Educational Institutions: University Of the population 16 and older in Oslo, 21.7% possess primary education as their highest level of attainment. Of the population 16 and older in Oslo, 32.7% possess secondary education as their highest level of attainment. Of the population 16 and older in Oslo, 45.6% possess tertiary education as their highest level of attainment. Oslo hosts approximately ten colleges offering a wide range of education and specialization. This includes state university colleges and private colleges. Oslo hosts 12 institutions offering University level education. The group is headlined by University of Oslo, which ranks 181 out of 400 in the Reuters World University Rankings Relative to the size of the metro area, this concentration of Universities received a strong grade. Education Spending + Norway ranks in the top five internationally in terms of spending on education as a percentage of GDP (7.3%) and in education spending per student at the primary/secondary level ($12,070) as well as the post-secondary level ($18,942) [*Data from 2009] Creative Class Share Overall score for talent Using estimates derived from the detailed breakdown of labour force participation by industry at the national level, the Creative Class share in Norway is approximately 46.8%. Of note here is that Health and Social Work positions occupy 21.5% of the labour force positions, Education 8.3% and Professional, Scientific and Technical ctivities 5.3%. Oslo hosts a strong talent pool thanks to its benchmark levels of education spending and quality of higher level education, lending strong support to high tech industries at a metropolitan and national level. 3

4 TECHNOLOGY SCORECRD Technology Score Justification Patents Innovation In 2010, the Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patent Office) reported 1,813 patent applications and 629 design applications. Norway ranks among the top 20 countries in the world in terms of patents per capita according to the Martin Prosperity Institute s global creativity index. The Oslo-kershus region hosts the highest share of labour force classified as Human Resources in Science and Technology (meaning they have successfully completed education at a tertiary level in a field of study related to science and technology) in the group of European Free Trade greement countries at 36.1%. Norway ranks 6th in the world in terms of researchers per capita, many of whom are centred in the Oslo/kershus region, where more than 2.0% of the workforce is researchers. lso of note is the research and development intensity at a national level, where 1.80% of the country s GDP is directed towards R&D. Job Growth - Creative Class Share + High-Tech Index - In 2011, Employment in the Oslo/kershus region grew 2.8%. verage growth since 2008 is 1.1%. These figures represent relatively strong growth both regionally and internationally. The Norwegian economy is considered to be one of the most stable in Europe and has recovered well from the 2008 economic crisis. Norway is one of 14 nations in the world with a Creative Class share above 40% (ranked 8th overall). Oslo s strengths lie in the number of employees in the high-tech sector and the quality of research and development in the area. It suffers in international comparison when reviewing data related to the industrial structure of its hightech sector and manufacturing of high-technology products, where only 11% of the sector s workforce is employed (compared to 40% in Helsinki, 30% in Stockholm and 42% in Cambridge). Sustainability/ Green Economy + In the Oslo region, there are over 700 clean tech companies employing 12,000 people, with a profit of 100 billion Norwegian Krones (about 17 billion USD). The industry has experienced a growth of 150% in the past 8 years. Oslo has an official target to become carbon neutral by The city has extensive infrastructure and incentives for use of electric vehicles, including free parking, toll exemption and reserved traffic lanes. Oslo s eco-certification program involves all 43,000 employees of the city and two-thirds of the municipality is covered in protected green spaces. Oslo is ranked in the top 5 most sustainable cities in the world. 4

5 Technology Score Justification Entrepreneurship + Norway is the most entrepreneurial country in Europe, with rates of startup creation among the highest in the developed world. The country hosts more entrepreneurs per capita than the United States. One out of every four entrepreneurial enterprises in Norway is situated in the Oslo region the highest concentration of entrepreneurship in the country. Overall score for technology + Oslo hosts a high concentration of science and technology affiliated human resources, invests considerably in research and development, and has levels of entrepreneurialism that are some of the highest in the world. 5

6 TOLERNCE SCORECRD Tolerance Score Justification Diversity Immigration B B Oslo s majority group (ethnic Norwegians) makes up approximately 74% of the city s inhabitants, 26% of the city s population is foreign born with the largest ethnic groups being Pakistani (7.2%), Somali (2%), Swedish (1.5%), and Polish (1.5%). 28% of the Oslo region s current population is foreign born (by far the largest of any city in Norway), a number that Statistics Norway projects could grow to 47% by Like the projected figures, however, Norwegians are split down the middle in terms of their receptiveness of the region s immigration levels. Enthusiasm towards the productivity and talent that immigrants bring to the economy is met by antiimmigrant sentiments, most notably voiced by Progressive Party leader Siv Jensen. Norway has not accepted migrant workers since 1976, so most of its immigrants come as refugees and asylum seekers. Visible Minority C+ Oslo s largest visible minority groups are Pakistani (7.2%), Somali (2%), Tamil (1.2%), Iraqi (1%) and Moroccan, Vietnamese and Iranian all with (0.9%). These figures are quite low by both regional and international standards. Integration B When looking at the spatial distribution of migrant communities across Oslo there is evidence of high levels of geographical segregation, with non-western communities concentrated in the East end of the city of Oslo. review conducted by the Council of Europe also found Oslo s education policy to be below average, a criticism reinforced by reports of ethnic segregation in one upper secondary school in The region does performs well above regional averages in policy evaluations in all other areas including its public service, labour market, media and governance. Multiculturalism B+ The 2011 anti-islamic fueled massacre that took place in Oslo has created high levels of tension around this topic. Oslo city council formed OXLO, the Oslo Extra Large campaign in 2001, which is part of the city s plan of action against racism and intolerance and to promote equal treatment across cultures. The city holds OXLO week annually and has developed a youth ambassador program for antiracism. The city is also host to an annual Mela festival, a celebration of performing arts and cultural expression from across the globe. The event brings over 300,000 spectators each year, is the largest of its kind in Europe, and one of the largest in the world. 6

7 Tolerance Score Justification Gay and Lesbian Population - Oslo s gay scene is located in the city s center, and its culture is integrated into the city on a number of levels, with openly gay public figures in entertainment, sports, politics and business. The LGBT culture is celebrated at Oslo s annual Gay Pride celebrations and the community is represented by LLH, a national organization that works for the equality of LGBT peoples and to fight against any forms of discrimination. Religious Diversity B- The Church of Norway belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran branch of the Christian religion is the state church, and the main expression of religious belief in Norway with approximately 86% of the population as baptized members. Outside of this institution, 56% of the remaining population also practices some form of Christianity; 22% practices Islam; 17% are life stance adherents, 3% practice Buddhism and the remaining 2% practice other religions such as Judaism and Sikhism. Openness Civil Rights B There are two tales to openness in Oslo. One considers the reality of a growing proportion of ethnic minorities and immigrants in a pragmatic way, and is backed by strong political commitment and relationship between local government and civil society towards tolerance and equality. The other is defined by polarization and exclusion and threatens to gain influence in politics at the national level. The future of Norway s openness will be defined by the struggle between these two sides. Levels of openness in other areas (LGBT rights, gender equality) are exemplary. The most notable civil rights victories in Norway s history have been won by the feminist, and LGBTQ groups. The feminist movement took root mid way through the 19th century and has fought for what is now one of the most gender equal countries in the world. Norwegian women earn on average 77% as much as men, the highest ratio in the world. Boardrooms are 42% female across the country. The LGBTQ movement was initiated in the late 20th century, and is represented at a national level by the organization LLH (see gay/ lesbian population above). The movement for racial equality is still taking root in some areas of the country, however, bold and liberal policy-making moves such as OXLO (see multiculturalism) are positive signs. 7

8 Tolerance Score Justification Bohemians B+ While Oslo s extremely high cost of living makes it difficult for the average Bohemian to take up residence, the region s arts and culture scene remains vibrant and its Bohemian culture centres on the neighbourhood of Grunerlokka, the cultural hangout for art and fashion in Oslo. The arts and culture scene is also supported at an institutional level by the Office for Contemporary rt Norway, (which offers grants to Norwegian, or Norway-based international artists) and the rts Council Norway, to which the National ssembly provides over 430 million Krones (just over 72 million USD) annually for arts and culture funding. Overall score for tolerance B+ Norway is a global leader in international human rights and cultural relations, and this track record is evident in the strong policy support for tolerance-based advocacy at the regional level. However, the region (and the country at large) is struggling to come to grips with its increasing diversity an issue from which two camps have emerged, one which links increased immigration and diversity to future prosperity, and one which fights against it. 8

9 MENITIES ND QULITY OF PLCE SCORECRD menities and Quality of Place The SOBs (Symphony, Opera, Ballet) Museums Entertainment and Nightlife Crime Rate Recreation Facilities Score + - Justification Oslo hosts world class talent both in Norway s national ballet and national opera housed in what is one of the city s most iconic buildings, the Oslo Opera house. The Opera house was named World Cultural Building of the Year in 2008, and has won an array of awards both at home and internationally for its architecture and performance. The internationally acclaimed Filharmonien symphony orchestra is also located in Oslo, with concerts broadcast nationally on the radio. There are over 50 different museums in the Oslo region, including 7 of the top 10 most visited museums in the country. Most notable on the list is The National Museum of rt, rchitecture and Design. Lonely Planet describes Oslo as the cosmopolitan heart of Norway, with top-tier restaurants and world-class nightlife options. The largest draw for Oslo s nightlife is its performing arts scene; however the city also has over 100 night clubs, cafes, and restaurants. In 2011, Oslo was featured as the 24th safest city in the world to live, a significant drop from its previous spot at 18 that can be attributed to the racially fuelled terrorist attack by nders Breivik that killed 77 people. The report noted that outside of this event, the city would rank among the top 15 cities for safety in the world. The region s crime rate in 2011 was 8 violent crimes per 1,000 inhabitants. Oslo is one of Europe s largest capitals in terms of area (450km 2 ). The region s green areas are tied closely to its culture of outdoor recreation, offering a wide range of opportunities such as hiking, ice skating, kayaking, sailing and skiing. In 2009, the Norwegian government adopted legislation to protect the forest region surrounding the Oslo area in an effort to preserve opportunities for outdoor recreation. The cities commitment to outdoor recreation is captured in an indicator used by the city of Oslo since 2001, which shows that 94.3% of Oslo residents live within 300m of public green areas. 9

10 menities and Quality of Place Score Justification Neighbourhoods B+ Scenes - Public Transit + Bike Paths - Oslo s neighbourhoods are not as clearly divided or concise as many of the global cities evaluated in this report. Central Oslo is at the heart of the city, and is the most congested, but also most convenient part of the city. The East end of the city (marked by Central Station) hosts the majority of non-european immigrants and is considered the area with the highest concentrations of poverty. The West of city center hosts the city s wealthiest neighbourhoods, as well as the Royal Palace. Loose definitions of neighbourhoods do exist, such as Old Town, ker Brygge and Grunerlokka, each with their own identities, however they have a tendency to overlap and are not always clearly defined. Oslo s multicultural scenes are relatively small, in large part due to the homogeneity of the region s population. There is, however, a wide range of scenes present in the city, a number of which are world class namely, the city s performing arts scene. Oslo was one of the first cities in Europe to initiate a toll ring around the city, a move that has reduced traffic volumes in the city centre by 3 5% while raising money for public transportation development and encouraging use of the public transit system. The city is also working to develop public transport through measures such as a priority system of traffic lights, improvements in infrastructure and improved electronic information. The Oslo region s public transport network is managed by Ruters, a transport management company that has contracts with various operating companies across the region to provide bus, metro, ferry and regional train service across the region under the same ticket and price system. In 2011, the number of public transport passengers increased by 7%, while the amount of cars entering the toll ring was reduced by 1.5% Cycling in Oslo currently accounts for 5% of all trips made during the week. The city s goal is to increase this level to 12% in lthough seasonal factors should be considered in the levels of cycling compared to southern cities, Oslo s cycling share is small compared to its regional counterparts (Helsinki 6%, Stockholm 7%, Copenhagen 23%). Critics have suggested the city should develop its cycling infrastructure including paths, storage facilities and electronic aids to improve its bike culture. 10

11 menities and Quality of Place Civic Capital (NGOs, Non-Profits) Built Form Investment Infrastructure (Utilities, Roads, etc.) Overall score for amenities and quality of place Score Justification The volunteer sector in Norway consists of 100,000 nongovernmental and non-profit organizations with 10 million memberships among them. 48% of the adult Norwegian population participates in voluntary work annually with a contribution equivalent to 115,000 full time employees. 36% of the funding for this work comes from central and local governments, 7% from private donors and 57% from membership fees and sales. In the 21st century, Oslo has followed an urban containment policy, increasing the region s spatial density by more than 11% since strong focus on coordinated land use and transport planning to increase sustainability has been an important part of Oslo s densification, and the strategy has been met by a high degree of professional and political consensus. Improvements in regional coordination of spatial development are important to the continued development of built form at the regional level. The Oslo region has three international airports, most notably Oslo irport Gardermoen ranked the most efficient airport in Europe by the ir Transport Research Society in Gardermoen is well connected to the Oslo region via irport Express Train and a well-developed bus network, taking 19 minutes to travel between the airport and the city centre. The region also has a strong network of roads, trains and ferries linking to the rest of the country and continent. The Port of Oslo hosts nearly six million travelers each year, offering connections to continental, as well as overseas destinations. It is well connected to the rest of the country by road and rail. The city is well planned, and an international benchmark for sustainable development. The city s network of infrastructure is well connected, and operates at a high level of efficiency. lthough the region s homogeneity does not offer the same diversity of scenes and neighbourhoods that some other global cities might, Oslo s entertainment and recreational offerings are world class. 11

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