Volume 10 INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR INCLUDING THE RETURN CIRCUIT ELECTRIC RAIL SYSTEMS

Transcription

1 Volume 10 INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR INCLUDING THE RETURN CIRCUIT IN ELECTRIC RAIL SYSTEMS Richard A. Uher RAIL SYSTEMS CENTER 2013 Country Club Drive Mount Vernon, PA TOM Version Edition Revision June 15, 2015

2 Preface This document is part of a series of instruction manuals, which can be used as guidelines for applying the Train Operations Model (TOM) to rail systems throughout the world. In this connotation, rail system definition includes main line railroads, heavy and light rail, trolleybuses, high-speed rail and MAGLEV and people movers. There are several manuals in the series: Volume 1 An Introduction to the Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM Volume 2 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Transit Systems DC Electric English Units Volume 3 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Transit Systems DC Electric Metric Units Volume 4 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Transit Systems AC Electric English Units Volume 5 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Transit Systems AC Electric Metric Units Volume 6 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Railroads Fueled English Units Volume 7 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Railroads Fueled Metric Units Volume 8 Instruction Manual for Applying the TOM to Rail Systems; Technology Aspects Volume 9 Instruction Manual for Procedures and Shortcuts in the TOM Volume 10 Instruction Manual for Including the Return Circuit in Electric Rail Systems Volume 11 - Instruction Manual Exercising the AC Drive Model Volume 12 Instruction Manual DC Electric Power System Methodology Volume 13 Instruction Manual AC Electric Power System Methodology Volume 14 Instruction Manual Exercising the Rail Voltage Model for DC Traction Systems Volumes 2-7 cover nearly all transit systems and railroads in the world. This instruction manual is Volume 10. These volumes are unprotected. Thus the user is free to make notes or rewrite sections according to his preferences. The primary purpose for using the TOM is evaluation. The evaluation generally takes the form of a study, with certain objectives, which may or may not be well defined. As the study is conducted, new objectives may result, because of unanticipated results. Within the framework of evaluation, designs may be modified and further evaluated, so that in this sense, the TOM may be considered a design tool. The TOM is used together with other standard software, such as Microsoft Office (in particular, WORD, EXCEL and POWERPOINT). This combined package is most effective in assembling client data as well as presenting results. In some instances, the TOM interacts directly with these office programs, while in other cases; the user handles the office packages directly. 2

3 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION PROCEDURE RETURN CIRCUIT METHOD LOOP METHOD COMPARISON OF LOOP VS. RETURN CIRCUIT METHODS APPLICATION TO TEST DC RAIL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF THE DC TEST RAIL SYSTEM Train Train Consists Types of Cars in Fleet Train Types Train Resistance Information Car Physical Characteristics Car Propulsion System Cam Control Tractive Effort Vs. Speed Efficiency Curve in Power AC Drive Tractive Effort Vs. Speed Electrical Braking Effort Vs. Speed Efficiency Curve in Power Efficiency Curve in Electrical Braking Right of Way Data Rail System Layout Passenger System Information Passenger Load Factor Passenger Station Dwell Time Electrical Distribution System Data Nodal Diagram Primary Circuits Primary Circuit Without Tie Lines Primary Circuit With Ties Return Circuits Return Circuit Without Bonds Return Circuit With Bonds Substations Wayside Electrical Components Primary & Return Circuit (Return Circuit Method) Primary Circuit (Loop Method) Operating Timetable Basic System Data TRAIN PERFORMANCE SIMULATION Output Files Simulation Runs and Results ELECTRIC NETWORK SIMULATION Input Files

4 Primary Circuits for Return Circuit Method Primary Circuit Without Ties Primary Circuit With Ties Return Circuits for Return Circuit Method Return Circuit Without Bonds Return Circuit With Bonds Primary Circuits for Loop Method Return Circuit Impedance Return Circuit Impedance File Without Bonds Return Circuit Impedance File With Bonds Network No Regeneration Networks Network Without Ties Includes Return Circuit Without Bonds Network Without Ties Includes Return Circuit With Bonds Network With Ties Includes Return Circuit Without Bonds Network With Ties Includes Return Circuit With Bonds Network Without Ties Loop Impedances Network With Ties Loop Impedances Network No Ties Loop Impedances (Rtn 2 Trks Par) Network With Ties Loop Impedances (Rtn 2 Trks Par) Regeneration Networks Train Location Operating Time Current Measurement Input File of Filenames Primary No Ties Return No Bonds No Regen ENS4n.tes Primary No Ties Return Bonds No Regen ENS4bn.tes Primary Ties Return No Bonds No Regen ENS4tn.tes Primary Ties Return Bonds No Regen ENS4tbn.tes Primary No Ties Loop No Regen ENS4pn.tes Primary Ties Loop No Regen ENS4ptn.tes Primary No Ties Loop No Regen (2 Par Tracks) ENS4pan.tes Primary Ties Loop No Regen (2 Par Tracks) ENS4ptan.tes Primary No Ties Return No Bonds Regen ENS4r.tes Primary No Ties Return Bonds Regen ENS4br.tes Primary Ties Return No Bonds Regen ENS4tr.tes Primary Ties Return Bonds Regen ENS4tbr.tes Primary No Ties Loop Regen ENS4pr.tes Primary Ties Loop Regen ENS4ptr.tes Primary No Ties Loop Regen (2 Par Trks) ENS4par.tes Primary Ties Loop Regen (2 Par Trks) ENS4ptar.tes ENS Simulation Results No Regeneration (CAM Cars) Regeneration (ACD Cars) CURRENT ANALYSIS Circuit Layout Line and Node Names

5 Primary Circuit No Ties Return Circuit No Bonds Primary Circuit Ties Return Circuit Bonds Current Analysis Related Files No Regeneration Regeneration No Regeneration Operation Primary Circuit No Ties Return Circuit No Bonds(Example) Summary of All Cases No Regeneration Regeneration VOLTAGE REGULATION No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation LOSSES No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation CIRCUIT COMPARISONS Voltage Regulation Losses RMS Currents No Regeneration Operation No Ties Ties Regeneration Operation No Ties Ties APPLICATION TO TEST AC RAIL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF THE AC TEST RAIL SYSTEM Train Data Train Consists Types of Cars in Fleet Train Types Train Resistance Information Car Physical Characteristics Car Propulsion System PHC Car Tractive Effort Vs. Speed Efficiency Curve in Power Power Factor Curve in Power FQC Car Tractive Effort Vs. Speed Electrical Braking Effort Vs. Speed Efficiency Curve in Power Power Factor Curve in Power Efficiency Curve in Electrical Braking Power Factor Curve in Electrical Brake Right of Way Data

6 Rail System Layout Passenger System Information Passenger Load Factor Passenger Station Dwell Time Electrical Distribution System Data ENS or TMS Simplified Loop Method x25 With AutoTransformers Nodal Diagram Substations & Auto Transformers Wayside Electrical Components Direct Feed Nodal Diagram Substations Wayside Electrical Components ENS or TMS Loop Method x25 With AutoTransformers Nodal Diagram Primary Circuit Substations & AutoTransformers Wayside Electrical Components Direct Feed Nodal Diagram Primary Circuit Substations Wayside Electrical Components Operating Timetable Basic System Data TRAIN PERFORMANCE SIMULATION Input Files Control Files Train Files Station Files Right of Way Files Grade Curve Speed Restriction Route File of Filenames Summary of Input Filenames Output Files Simulation Runs and Results ELECTRIC NETWORK SIMULATION Input Files Network File for Use in the Simplified Loop Method Required Files for Use in the Loop Method Primary Circuit Files Network Train Location

7 Operating Time Current Measurement Input Use With the Simplified Loop Method Use With the Loop Method File of Filenames Simplified Loop Method x25kV Network No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation Direct Feed Network No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation Primary Circuit With The Loop Method x25kV Network No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation Direct Feed Network No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation Simulation Runs and Results CURRENT ANALYSIS Circuit Layout Line and Node Names Primary Circuit 2x25kV Primary Circuit Direct Feed Current Analysis Related Files No Regeneration Regeneration Example of Analyses Summary VOLTAGE REGULATION No Regeneration Simplified Loop x25kV Direct Feed Primary Circuit Loop x25kV Direct Feed Regeneration Simplified Loop x25kV Direct Feed Primary Circuit Loop x25kV Direct Feed Loop LOSSES APPLICATION TO DCEE DESCRIPTION OF THE DCEE RAIL SYSTEM Train

8 Train Consists Types of Cars in Fleet Train Types Train Resistance Information Car Physical Characteristics Car Propulsion System Right of Way Data Rail System Layout Passenger System Information Passenger Load Factor Passenger Station Dwell Time Electrical Distribution System Data Nodal Diagram Primary Circuits Return Circuits Return Circuit Without Bonds Return Circuit With Bonds Substations Wayside Electrical Components Primary & Return Circuit (Inclusion of Return Circuit Method) Primary Circuit (Loop Method) Operating Timetable Basic System Data TRAIN PERFORMANCE SIMULATION Input Files Output Files Simulation Runs and Results ELECTRIC NETWORK SIMULATION Input Files Primary Circuits Primary Circuit for Inclusion of Return Circuit Method Primary Circuits Loop Method Primary Circuit With Single Track Return Primary Circuit With Double Track Return Return Circuits Return Circuit Without Bonds Single Track Return Double Track Return Return Circuit With Bonds Return Circuit Impedance Networks Operating Time Train Location Current Measurement Input File of Filenames ENS Simulation Results CURRENT ANALYSIS Circuit Layout Line and Node Names Primary Circuit

9 Return Circuit No Bonds Return Circuit With Bonds Current Analysis Related Files No Regeneration Regeneration No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation VOLTAGE REGULATION ANALYSIS No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation LOSSES No Regeneration Operation Regeneration Operation CIRCUIT COMPARISONS Voltage Regulation Losses RMS Currents FEEDER LINES IN DC AND AC CIRCUITS FEEDERS IN THE DCEE RAIL SYSTEM Primary Circuit Feeders Results ENS Summary Voltage Regulation RMS Currents Return Circuit Feeders Results ENS Summary Voltage Regulation RMS Currents FEEDERS IN THE AC TEST RAIL SYSTEM Description of the Y AC Test Rail System Results TPS Summary ENS Summary Voltage Regulation RMS Currents SUMMARY

10 1 INTRODUCTION Previous to Version 3.4, the Train Operations Model (TOM ) had used a simplified loop method of load flow for calculating powers, voltages and currents in the power distribution of electrified rail systems. This means that the primary 1 circuit is considered in the load flow and the return circuit is handled by lumping its impedance in series with the primary circuit impedance. So, for example when a catenary or third rail impedance is specified, the impedance of the running rail is added to that of the catenary or third rail and then the load flow is performed. In addition, the Network file, which provides the basis for the loadflow, was constructed manually. In many cases of rail systems, the return circuit impedance does not simply add in series to the primary circuit impedance. There is one case in which the answers would be very close; namely, the case where track bonds are very close together compared to the length of the trains, which are running on the system and there are no tie stations (breaker houses) between substations. These tie stations improve the conductivity of the primary circuit as well as provide isolation capability. In this case the bonded rails are considered in parallel. Where this condition is not met, it is not clear how or in what direction the circuit powers, voltages and currents vary from the case, for which the return circuit is taken into account. Another case is AC systems. In this case, the return circuit cannot be separated from the primary circuit, primarily because of inductance and the resulting reactive impedance. The reactive portion of impedances are generally 4-5 times higher than the real part and there is no way to separate the circuits. In order to clarify this question, it has been necessary to include the return circuit for all cases in the TOM. However, this inclusion also gives the TOM the full capability of doing both the primary and return circuits for DC systems. In adding this capability to the TOM, a graphical method is used to construct both the primary and return circuits, giving the TOM an improved way of building the network, representing these circuits. This improvement makes network construction much simpler, whether or not a return circuit or loop method is used. The purpose of this instruction manual is to state and carry out a procedure for including the return circuit. With TOM Version 3.4, the methodology required not only the separation of primary and return circuits, but also a redoing of the loadflow where the substations were considered current sources and the trains were considered current sinks. The currents were determined by the original ENS or TMS loadflows and then these currents were used as sources or sinks for the second loadflow. This was carried out for AC and DC systems. The second loadflow, with the Current Analyzer of the FMM took a very long time to compute the currents. 1 Primary circuit in this context refers to the substations and the catenary or third rail. In DC systems, the positive circuit is the primary circuit and the negative circuit is the return circuit. 10

11 With TOM Version 3.6.1, these difficulties have been removed. In DC Rail Systems, the return circuit (negative) and primary circuit (positive) can be separated, combined in the loadflow, and separated again for current analysis. In both DC and AC Rail Systems, the return can be combined in series with the primary circuit in a loop loadflow and this can be carried out very quickly, since the loadflow is only done once. In order to understand the dynamics of including the return circuit, very simple rail systems are used for these exercises. Both AC and DC Rail Systems are illustrated as well as no regeneration and regeneration. Both methods, Loop and Return Circuit, are applied to DC Rail Systems, and the results are compared, while just the Loop Method is applied to AC Rail Systems. This manual has a companion EXCEL Book: InclusionRtnCctWorkbookForInstructionManual.xls in which many of the results of this exercise are tabulated. The reader will be referred there via hyperlink for those cases. There is an Index in this EXCEL Book. The book is always open to the index, from which the reader can choose his destination. For example, clicking the entry InclusionRtnCctWorkbookForInstructionManual.xls [Index of Sheets], will take the reader to the EXCEL Book index. He then clicks the Index of Sheets entry in the workbook to get to the desired entry. Section 2 outlines the procedure for both Loop and Return Circuit Methods of ENS or TMS. It also provides a means of comparing the results of both methods for DC Rail Systems. Section 3 describes the application of the procedure to a simple DC Rail System for both no regeneration and regeneration cases. Section 4 provides a description of the application of the procedure to a simple AC Rail System for both no regeneration and regeneration cases. Finally, Section 5 shows the application to a more complicated DC system, which is an extension of the DCEE Instruction Manual. 11

12 2 PROCEDURE The Return Circuit Method is described first. 2.1 RETURN CIRCUIT METHOD The procedure for inclusion of the Return Circuit (Return Circuit Method) in the TOM can only be applied to DC Rail Systems and proceeds in the following steps. o Construct both the Primary and Return Circuit for the rail network using the ENS or TMS Primary Or Return Circuit File construction of the FCM. Layout the primary circuit using a graphical procedure and calculate the line (adjacent node to adjacent node) impedances. Layout the corresponding return circuit using a graphical procedure and calculate the line (adjacent node to adjacent node) impedances. o Estimate the dynamic impedances of the return circuit as a function of right of way position of the train and track number on which the train is running. Using the Impedance Calculator of the FMM, develop the Return Circuit Impedance file. o Construct the Network file using the Network with Return Circuit Option o Run the ENS or TMS to complete the load flow. The Current Measurement Output file must be selected as an output choice. o Use the Circuit Analyzer of the FMM to obtain the currents in both the Primary and Return Circuit. o Graph the circuit currents as desired to present the results for comparisons. Application of the procedure is shown in Sections 3 and LOOP METHOD The procedure for using the loop method in the TOM proceeds in the following steps. o Construct the Primary Circuit for the rail network using the ENS or TMS Primary Circuit File construction of the FCM. Layout the primary circuit using a graphical procedure and calculate the line (node to node) impedances. These impedances contain the series impedances of the return circuit. o Construct the Network file using the Network without the Return Circuit Option o Run the ENS or TMS to complete the load flow. The Current Measurement Output file and the Detailed Output file must be selected as an output choice. 12

13 o Use the Circuit Analyzer of the FMM to obtain the currents in the Primary Circuit. o Graph the circuit currents as desired to present the results for comparisons. Before TOM Version 3.4, the Loop Method was the only one available. No graphical procedure existed for constructing the Primary Circuit, which constituted the Network. Application of the procedure is shown in Sections 3, 4 and COMPARISON OF LOOP VS. RETURN CIRCUIT METHODS Comparisons between the Loop Method and Inclusion of Return Circuit Method is accomplished in four general areas for DC Rail Systems: o Voltage Regulation The maximum voltage drop and the position and train of its occurrence. o Power Losses The power and energy loss of the network. o Current Flows Currents through each of the lines of the circuits. o RMS Currents The RMS currents over the ENS or TMS. 3 APPLICATION TO TEST DC RAIL SYSTEM For this purpose, a simple DC Rail System was used as the basis for illustrating the methods and their comparison. Concentration was on the power distribution system (ENS - related) aspects, rather than the TPS aspects. The DC TEST Rail System consisted of a two-track line between end of track positions 0.1 and 3.1, which was fed by four substations, at positions 0, 1, 2, 3. Both no regeneration and regeneration capability was included in the trains. The system is described further in the next section. 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DC TEST RAIL SYSTEM Certain kinds of data are required to describe a rail transit system for TOM application. These data are divided into five general categories: o Train o Right of Way o Electrical Distribution o Operational Timetable o Basic System Each of these is described in the following sections. 13

14 3.1.1 Train The group Train is further divided to include: o Train Consists o Train Resistance Information o Car Physical Characteristics o Car Propulsion Characteristics This kind of information is used to create the train files, which are input files to the TPS Train Consists The Train Consists are described by the types of cars in the fleet, which are used for service and how these cars are used in trains. A train is a group of one or more cars coupled together Types of Cars in Fleet Two types of cars are considered. o Type 1 - Self-propelled using DC Series motors with Cam control (Switched Resistor)(CAM Cars) o Type 2 - Self-propelled using AC Induction motors with Inverter control (ACD Cars) Train Types These are to be considered two different fleet scenarios, the Type 1 CAM Cars have no regeneration capability while the Type 2 ACD Cars do have regeneration capability. In both cases, trains have six cars. 14

15 Train Resistance Information Both types of trains have train resistance specified by the Davis Train Resistance formula. Train Resistance Davis Formula: T RR = 1.3 (6.37) * W + 29 (129) * n + f * W * v T RA = [C A + C S *(C-1)] * A * v 2 where in English (Metric) units: W: weight of train(tons)(tonnes) n: number of axles/train v: Speed of train(mph)(kph) f: flange coefficient(lbs/ton/mph)(nts/tonne/kph) C: Number of cars/train A: frontal area(ft 2 )(m 2 ) T RR : Train Rolling Resistance(lbs)(nts) Aerodynamic coefficients C A : Front car(lbs/ft 2 /mph 2 )(nts/m 2 /kph 2 ) C S : Trail cars (lbs/ft 2 /mph 2 )(nts/m 2 /kph 2 ) T RA : Train Aerodynamic Resistance(lbs)(nts) 9/11/2002 TOM Training Section 3/RAUher 39 Parameter Davis Equation Parameters Value Number of Cars Per Train 6 Number of Axles per Car 4 Flange Coefficient ( lb/ton/mph) Train Frontal Area ( ft 2 ) 85 Front Car Aerodynamic Coefficient (lbs/ft 2 /mph 2 ) Trail Car Aerodynamic Coefficient (lb/ft 2 /mph 2 )

16 Car Physical Characteristics The car physical characteristics are shown next. Both cars are identical. CAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Parameter CAM Car ACD Car Empty Weight (tons) Number of Passengers at Crush Load (150 lbs/passenger) Full Weight (Crush Load) (tons) Number of Seats Length (ft) Auxiliary Power (kw) Car Propulsion System The characteristics of the car propulsion systems for the two type cars are provided. This information is the Traction Effort Curves and the Efficiency Curves. 16

17 Cam Control Tractive Effort Vs. Speed CAM CAR TE Vs. Spd Speed TE Efficiency Curve in Power 17

18 AC Drive Tractive Effort Vs. Speed ACD CAR TE Vs. Spd Speed TE Electrical Braking Effort Vs. Speed ACD CAR TE Vs. Spd Speed TE

19 Efficiency Curve in Power Efficiency Curve in Electrical Braking Right of Way Data Rail System Layout The layout is shown. 19

20 Passenger System Information Passenger Load Factor The trains are run empty for this exercise Passenger Station Dwell Time There is no dwell time for this exercise. The trains stop and then restart immediately Electrical Distribution System Data 20

21 Nodal Diagram The Nodal Diagram for the DC Rail System is shown next. The nodal diagram is symbolic, because the Primary and Return Circuits are each connected to the substations, symbolized in the primary and return circuits as 00, 01, 02 and 03, which are termed substation nodes. Before the discussion of the Primary and Return Circuits appropriate to this Nodal Diagram, some definitions and terminology are presented. Consider the following diagram. 21

22 This diagram shows a primary or return circuit. Definitions of each of the components follows: o Substation Node The node on the low voltage side of the substation. o Substation Connection Node A node connecting a substation to a Track Line. o Substation Line The line connecting a Substation Node with a Substation Connection Node. Associated with Substation Lines are track (line) numbers between 80 and 99. o Track Line A line, from which the trains collect power. Associated with track lines are track (line) numbers between 1 and 79. These are tracks on which trains run. o Track Tie Line A line which connects two lines together in the primary circuit. Associated with Track Tie Lines are track (line) numbers between 80 and 99. o Track Bond Line A line which connects two lines together in the return circuit. Associated with Track Bond Lines are track (line) numbers between 80 and 99. o Track Line Node A node connecting two Track Lines. o Track Tie Node A node connecting a Tie Line with a Track Line in a primary circuit. o Track Bond Node A node connecting a Bond Line with a Track Line in a return circuit. The next items are the discussion of Primary and Return Circuits for the TEST DC Rail System. 22

23 Primary Circuits In this rail system, the Primary Circuit is the positive circuit. Two Primary Circuits are considered, one with Tie Lines and one without Tie Lines Primary Circuit Without Tie Lines The TEST DC Rail System Primary Circuit, without ties, except at the end of track, is shown next Primary Circuit With Ties The second Primary Circuit under consideration has ties between substations. It is shown next. 23

24 Return Circuits Two Return Circuits are considered in the analysis. The first is without bonds and the second is with bonds Return Circuit Without Bonds This Return Circuit has no bonds except at the end of track. It is shown next. 24

25 Return Circuit With Bonds The second Return Circuit under consideration is one with rail bonds every 0.25 mi. This circuit is shown next. 25

26 Substations All transformer-rectifier units are 12-pulse with a commutating to total reactance of The open circuit AC voltage is 13.2 kv and the open circuit DC voltage is 750 v. The other data on the substations follow: Substation Information Transformer-Rectifier Size (MW) % Impedance Y Y Y Y Wayside Electrical Components The handling of impedances is different, depending on whether the Inclusion of the Return Circuit Method or the Loop Method is used for the ENS or TMS. 26

27 Primary & Return Circuit (Return Circuit Method) The impedances uses for this method are listed Primary Circuit (Loop Method) The impedances uses for this method are listed. 27

28 3.1.4 Operating Timetable The operating timetable reflects a five minute headway between trains with no offset in the schedule Basic System Data All TPS runs use these data. 3.2 Train Performance Simulation Only four runs will be made. Two runs with trains of ACD Cars with regeneration and two runs with CAM Cars with no regeneration. Input files reside in the TEST Rail System directory of the TOM and are listed here. Files are listed in the format: File Name [File Caption] 28

29 Abbreviations are: EB Eastbound WB Westbound (+dir) Increasing Position Direction (-dir) Decreasing Position Direction Trk 1 Track 1 Trk 2 Track 2 No Dwl No Dwell Time at Stations No Ld Empty Train Regen Regeneration On No Regen Regeneration Off Output Files All four runs were set up to obtain Summary, Detailed and Current Measurement Output files. The TOM File Viewer shows the output files for each of the cases. 29

30 DC Test Track (+dir) CAM EB Trk 2 No Regen DC Test Track (-dir) CAM WB Trk 1 No Regen 30

31 DC Test Line (+dir) ACD EB Trk 2 Regen DC Test Line (-dir) ACD WB Trk 1 Regen 31

32 3.2.2 Simulation Runs and Results The summary results of the four TPS runs are shown next. These are the first four records The AC Test Line is shown as well. These are the last four records. 3.3 ELECTRIC NETWORK SIMULATION Input Files There is much new material in constructing the Network file for the Inclusion of Return Circuit Method for ENS and TMS, so that some time will be spent on constructing the files, which are input into the Network. Three files, the Primary Circuit, Return Circuit and Return Circuit Impedance files, constitute this group. For constructing the Primary and Return Circuits, refer for more detail to the Program Manual. The remaining files are also part of the process but are discussed in more detail in the other instruction manuals Primary Circuits for Return Circuit Method The Primary Circuit file is built first for the TEST DC Rail System. Two such files are needed, one for the circuit without ties and the other for the circuit with ties Primary Circuit Without Ties On the FCM Main screen, select the TEST Rail System and the ENS Input option. 32

33 Double click on the Pri Cct item in the ENS Input list box to obtain the next screen. 33

34 Click the Graphic Input command button to produce the next screen. 34

35 Click the Open Grid command button to produce the next screen. 35

36 The first step is to lay out two horizontal lines for tracks 1 and 2, which range from position 0.1 to position 3.1. Track 1 is first. Click the mouse on Track 1 position 0.1 and click it again at position 3.1. This action produces the next screen. 36

37 The line does not have exactly the endpoints required, so change the Begin Node Position text box to -.1 and the End Node Position text box to 3.1 and follow this action with a click on the Correct Position command button to produce the next screen. 37

38 Draw Track 2, using the same sequence as for Track 1, to produce the next screen. 38

39 Click the Clean Garbage command button to allow the graphics screen to reflect what is in the grids of the Primary or Return Circuit Input Main screen. This can be done anytime spurious lines appear on the graphics screen. The first substation line will be entered at position 0.0, between Tracks 0 and 1. Use the same procedure for drawing a line, click the mouse on position 0.0 on Track 0 followed by a click on position 0.0 on Track 1, to produce the next screen. 39

40 Again, use the correction procedure, to obtain the next screen. 40

41 Draw the next substation line or tie line from position 0.0 on Track 1 to position 0.0 on Track 2, using the same procedure to produce the next screen. 41

42 Repeat the procedure three more times to produce all of the substation lines and tie lines, which results in the next screen. 42

43 The next step is to add the end of track tie lines, using the same procedure. The result is shown in the next screen. 43

44 The layout portion of the Primary Circuit Without Ties is completed. Click the Close command button to return to the Main screen. 44

45 The next step is to add the resistances to the Line Input grid. Click the Impedances command button to produce the next screen. 45

46 The impedance basis is shown in the Impedance Specifications (Real Ohms) frame. If satisfied that these are correct for the construction at hand, which can be determined by reviewing the specifications in Section Error! Reference source not found., click the Set Impedances to Grids command button to calculate the impedances of the Line Grid of the Main screen and enter them, as shown in the next screen. 46

47 The resistances are now in their unit values. If not happy with all of the resistances, they can be changed by double clicking on the impedance and entering a new one by hand; or if there are many impedances to be changed, the incorrect ones may be deleted and by returning to the Add Impedance Procedure screen and changing the basis. The latter path is taken whenever different pars of the right of way have different impedance values. A second approach is to use the Text to TOM Transfer feature, where impedances can be calculated in a spreadsheet and transferred to the TOM. Name the file and add a File Caption and follow with a click on the Create File command button to complete the file, as shown in the next screen. 47

48 The choice of the File Caption here should be enough to characterize the circuit. Trks:2 Subs:4 0;1;2;3 Ties:0 Z:3R is translated as: Tracks 2, Substations 4, Substations at Positions 0, 1, 2, 3, Ties 0, Impedance 3 rd Rail. By clicking the Circuit Check command button in the Circuit Construction frame, a quick circuit check can be completed for any problems that have been or will be encountered with the circuit. 48

49 Click the Yes command button to view the circuit check report. Scrolling to the bottom: 49

50 This report is saved by clicking the Save File As command button at the top left of the screen. To review the exceptions go to the Program Manual Primary Circuit With Ties The Primary Circuit With Ties is constructed by adding ties to the Primary Circuit Without Ties, which was just built. The FCM Circuit Layout graphics screen is shown next, before the ties have been added. 50

51 Adding the ties produces the next screen. 51

52 Just as a reminder ties are just nomers for Tie Stations or Breaker Houses. To complete the Primary Circuit With Ties file, use the Close command to go to the following screen. Click the Clear All Impedances command button in order to recalculate the impedances. 52

53 Click the Impedances command button to proceed to the Add Impedances Procedure screen shown next. 53

54 If happy with the Impedance Specifications (Real Ohms) frame settings, click the Set Impedances To Grids command button to recalculate impedances. Return to the FCM Primary or Return Circuit Input Main Screen shown next. 54

55 Correct the File Name to be changed and the File Caption as shown. 55

56 Click the Create File command button to save the file, which is now the Primary Circuit With Ties file Return Circuits for Return Circuit Method The return circuits will now be built in the same manner as the primary circuits Return Circuit Without Bonds Except for the impedance differences and the name Bonds replacing the name Ties in the screens, the process is exactly the same as for creating the Primary Circuit Without Ties file. The graphics screen is shown next as completed. 56

57 The next screen shows completion of the creation process. 57

58 Return Circuit With Bonds Using the same graphics process as for the previous primary and return circuits, the completed graphics screen is shown next. 58

59 The rail bonds are spaced every 0.25 mi. The next screen is shown after the file has been created. 59

60 Primary Circuits for Loop Method Two Primary Circuits will be required, a Primary Circuit Without Ties and a Primary Circuit With Ties. The Primary Circuit Without Ties and the Primary Circuit With Ties will have the same layout as their counterparts in the Return Circuit Method; however the impedances will be different. The difference will reflect the fact that in this case the loop impedance is used; namely the primary line impedance in series with the return line impedance. The next screen show the Add Impedance Procedure with the correct impedances for the Loop Method. 60

61 These impedances are used to create the two Loop Method files: PC-4p.tes (Without Ties) and PC-4pt.tes (With Ties). The completed screens are shown in the next two screens. First, the Primary Circuit Without Ties for Loop Method is shown. 61

62 And second the Primary Circuit With Ties for the Loop Method is shown. 62

63 Return Circuit Impedance After the Primary and Return Circuit files have been constructed, the next step is to create the Return Circuit Impedance files for the two return circuits, which were just built. To accomplish this it is necessary to use the FMM Impedance Calculator process. The FMM Main screen is shown next after selection of the TEST Rail System. Click the Impedance Calculator command button to open the next screen. 63

64 The two files, for which the Return Circuit Impedance files will be generated are the Return Circuit files RC-4.tes and RC-4b.tes Return Circuit Impedance File Without Bonds To generate the impedance file connected with the Return Circuit file RC-4.tes, double click on the file name in the Circuit Input Files file list box in the center of the screen to produce the next screen. 64

65 After any modifications to the File Name ZR-4.tes, the Return Circuit Impedance file, and the File Caption, click the Create File command button to begin the process. 65

66 Progress of the run is presented in the Run Progress Dynamic Impedances frame. The next screen shows the completed run. 66

67 Click the Yes command button to review the file. 67

68 The dynamic impedances are shown together with all relevant data concerning the run. These data are discussed further in the Program Manual Return Circuit Impedance File With Bonds The impedance file connected with the Return Circuit file RC-4b.tes is generated following the same procedure. The file ZR-4b.tes is shown in the File Viewer. 68

69 Network After the Primary Circuit, Return Circuit and Return Circuit Impedance files have been constructed, the Network file can be built. Ten Network files will be built to reflect a network without ties, which includes the return circuit without bonds; a network without ties, which includes the return circuit with bonds; a network with ties, which includes the return circuit without bonds; a network with ties, which includes the return circuit with bonds; a network without ties, which uses loop impedances and a network with ties, which uses loop impedances. Although the Regeneration Networks are the same as the corresponding No Regeneration Networks, they are separated for the purpose of less confusion. They have different filenames, although in practice different filenames are not necessary. The next screen show the FCM Network File Input Main Screen. 69

70 No Regeneration Networks The No Regeneration Networks are built next. The first Network is built in some detail Network Without Ties Includes Return Circuit Without Bonds On the FCM Network File Input Main Screen, click the Include Return Circuit option, followed by a click on the Generate Network command button. This action opens the next screen. 70

71 Select the appropriate files in each file list box to correspond to the Network to be generated. 71

72 The files PC-4.tes, RC-4.tes and ZR-4.tes are appropriate for this network. If uncertain the caption of the file is displayed in the tool tip text by moving the mouse over the file list box. Click the Generate Network command button, which produces the next screen. 72

73 At this stage, the Network has been generated and resides in the screens of the TOM. Things can be reviewed by clicking any of the options: AC Part of Nodal Diagram, DC Part of Nodal Diagram and/or Converter Part of Nodal Diagram. The user may change the settings of the substation converters at this stage. It is highly recommended that nothing else be changed at this stage, except impedances on the high side of the substation transformer. The place to make all other changes would be in the circuit screens. The File Name may now be set and the File Caption modified. When completed, click the Create File command button to finish the procedure, the results of which are shown in the next screen. 73

74 Click the Yes command button to review the file. 74

75 Scroll to the bottom of the viewer. All information concerning the circuits and dynamic impedances are part of this file. 75

76 A Network file, which was not created using return circuits and primary circuits, is still legitimate and will be run by the ENS and TMS, as well. Thus the old procedure, prior to Version 3.4, will still run under Version 3.4 and is still valid. In some studies, it would be appropriate to use the old method, sometimes referred to as the Simple Loop Method, because it does not add the complication of the return circuit Network Without Ties Includes Return Circuit With Bonds The final screen is shown next. 76

77 Network With Ties Includes Return Circuit Without Bonds 77

78 Network With Ties Includes Return Circuit With Bonds 78

79 Network Without Ties Loop Impedances For the Loop Method, the Include Return Circuit option is not clicked and when the Generate Network command button is clicked on the FCM Network File Input Main Screen, the following screen is opened. 79

80 80

81 The appropriate Primary Circuit file is selected. 81

82 The Generate Network command button is clicked to return back to the FCM - Network File Input Main Screen. 82

83 The File Name is fixed, the File Caption may be modified and any converter or high transformer side impedances changed, after which the Create File command button is clicked to finish the procedure. 83

84 Click the Yes command button to review the file. 84

85 Scroll the file to the bottom. Only information on the Primary Circuit appears, since no return circuit was used in this case. A Network file, which was not created using primary circuits, is still legitimate and will be run by the ENS and TMS, as well. Thus the old procedure, prior to Version 3.4, will still run under Version 3.4 and is still valid. In some studies, it would be appropriate to use the old method, because it does not add the complication of the primary circuit. 85

86 Network With Ties Loop Impedances The same procedure is carried out here to produce the final screen Network No Ties Loop Impedances (Rtn 2 Trks Par) This Network and the next Network are a repeat of the previous two Loop Networks, except that loop resistance is calculated by adding two running tracks (parallel) to the primary circuit resistance. In the case of the previous two Networks, it was one running track. This simulates rail bonds at very short distances so that the it s the parallel combination of the two tracks determining the rail impedance. 86

87 87

88 Network With Ties Loop Impedances (Rtn 2 Trks Par) The Network screen is shown. 88

89 Regeneration Networks The Networks for the Regeneration are the same as for No Regeneration. Only the filenames are different. The following table shows the names of all Network files Train Location The other manuals go into detail on the creation of a Train Location file. Only the final screen appears here, which satisfies the specification in Section Since the regenerating and no regeneration are not run together. The filename is TL-dc.tes. 89

90 Since the CAM Cars (No Regeneration) and ACD Cars (Regeneration) type trains run separately, the Train Location file is used for both ENS runs of No Regeneration and Regeneration Operating Time The other manuals go into detail on the creation of a Operating Time file. The simulation time is set at 5 minutes (one headway) with 1 second between snapshot, the same as output in the TPS Current Measurement Input The other manuals go into detail on the creation of a Current Measurement Input file. Only the final screen appears here. The file is built to measure output current from each substation and end of track. 90

91 Note: If further analysis is to be done on the Primary and/or Return Circuits, a Current Measurement Input file is required in order to produce the Current Measurement Output file, used as the basis for further analysis. This file is used for both Regeneration and No Regeneration cases. 91

92 File of Filenames There will be 16 ENS runs with the specifications outlined. There are eight runs with the no regeneration operation and eight runs with the regeneration operation. These are listed next, together with their File of Filenames. No Regeneration Operation The simulations are: 1. Primary No Ties Return No Bonds ENS4n.tes 2. Primary No Ties Return Bonds ENS4bn.tes 3. Primary Ties Return No Bonds ENS4tn.tes 4. Primary Ties Return Bonds ENS4tbn.tes 5. Primary No Ties Loop ENS4pn.tes 6. Primary Ties Loop ENS4ptn.tes 7. Primary No Ties Loop (2 Tracks in Parallel) ENS4pn.tes 8. Primary Ties Loop (2 Tracks in Parallel) ENS4ptn.tes Regeneration Operation The simulations are: 9. Primary No Ties Return No Bonds ENS4r.tes 10. Primary No Ties Return Bonds ENS4br.tes 11. Primary Ties Return No Bonds ENS4tr.tes 12. Primary Ties Return Bonds ENS4tbr.tes 13. Primary No Ties Loop ENS4pr.tes 14. Primary Ties Loop ENS4ptr.tes 15. Primary No Ties Loop (2 Tracks in Parallel) ENS4pn.tes 16. Primary Ties Loop (2 Tracks in Parallel) ENS4ptn.tes Again, construction of the File of Filenames is handled in detail in the other manuals, so it is not repeated here. Only the File Viewer screen of each file is shown. The File of Filenames for each of these runs is shown in the next 16 sections. 92

93 Primary No Ties Return No Bonds No Regen ENS4n.tes Primary No Ties Return Bonds No Regen ENS4bn.tes 93

94 Primary Ties Return No Bonds No Regen ENS4tn.tes Primary Ties Return Bonds No Regen ENS4tbn.tes 94

95 Primary No Ties Loop No Regen ENS4pn.tes Primary Ties Loop No Regen ENS4ptn.tes 95

96 Primary No Ties Loop No Regen (2 Par Tracks) ENS4pan.tes Primary Ties Loop No Regen (2 Par Tracks) ENS4ptan.tes 96

97 Primary No Ties Return No Bonds Regen ENS4r.tes Primary No Ties Return Bonds Regen ENS4br.tes 97

98 Primary Ties Return No Bonds Regen ENS4tr.tes Primary Ties Return Bonds Regen ENS4tbr.tes 98

99 Primary No Ties Loop Regen ENS4pr.tes Primary Ties Loop Regen ENS4ptr.tes 99

100 Primary No Ties Loop Regen (2 Par Trks) ENS4par.tes Primary Ties Loop Regen (2 Par Trks) ENS4ptar.tes 100