Coefficient of Performance and Efficiency

Transcription

1 Coefficient of Performance and Efficiency January 2006 It s the general opinion, that it is not possible to realize an electromagnetic system, which has a coefficient of performance COP of higher than 100%. We have included the additional aspect of efficiency besides the COP to make, more clear the role of the electric field, current and the energy from the quantum vacuum. This is necessary to understand the difference between a symmetrical and an asymmetrical electromagnetic system. The COP explains the difference of the input energy induced by the operator and the energy obtained (output). The efficiency tells us the difference between the total input energy and the energy obtained (output). The total input energy is the energy input by the operator plus the energy from the river or in em systems from the quantum vacuum. Following analogous example is used to explain the correlations to an em system. The river (3) symbolizes the source of energy. The current of the river (4) represents the energy obtained through the outlet (2). The energy flow (4) is constant and is in this example 100W. We can extract a limited quantity of energy from the system by using the paddle wheel (5) (output). Diagram 1 1

2 First of all we must induce a certain amount of energy at the lever (6), in order to get the energy, because only then the paddle wheel (5) gets the current (4). The farther we pull the lever upwards, the more energy must be induced, because the farther the weir (1) moves upwards, the more intensively the paddle wheel pushes the weir downwards (selfsymmetrizing effect or self-balancing effect), when it begins to rotate. That the energy must be induced permanently at (6) is naturally impractical in this example, because the lever could be fixed. In order to make the analogy to an EM system more clear, we simply assume that we have to induce energy permanently by using a propeller to hold the lever up. This explains that all accompanying work-performing components represent dynamic processes and are open systems with regard to the energy of the quantum vacuum. This Gedankenexperiment shall only show that the quantum vacuum plays a fundamental role in em systems. Diagram 2 Example 1 We pull the weir (1) upwards and in this process invest a very little energy for a very brief period. Now the river flows onto the paddle wheel, it begins to rotate and thereby first of all 20W are converted into mechanical energy (capacity of extraction). Due to the rotation of the paddle wheel, however, a very short time later, the weir is pressed downwards again with 10W. 2

3 The paddle wheel "spends" 10W of energy on the weir and consequently the value of the power output which remains behind at the paddle wheel shaft is also 10W. In the view of the author this represents the classic mechanism of the self-symmetrizing action. So the energy on the paddle wheel levels off at 10W and represents the output. Initially in the very beginning (when switching on) for a very short period, this system and an EM system produces more energy than we (only the operator) have input into the system. But a very short moment later, due to the self-symmetrizing process we receive exactly the same amount of energy as we (only the operator) have input into the system. In em systems this effect is hardly visible at all because the self-symmetrizing mechanism kicks in with light speed so to speak. Diagram 3 3

4 Example 2 Now in this system, something is changed technically. The energy which we will induce will be input in pulses and not in a uniform and continuous fashion. We lift the weir again and in the process invest a small amount of energy. Consequently, the river flows with 100W into the direction of the paddle wheel and the paddle wheel can extract 20W from it as before. As soon as the energy is extracted, the paddle wheel will begin with the downwards pressing of the weir. But before this self-symmetrizing process can set in, we will not immediately induce again more energy to hold up the weir, however, we will wait until the situation has calmed down. Due to the downward pressing of the weir it is possible to extract more energy from the river flow than we (only the operator) have to input into the system. If the energy is induced in pulses, then it can lead to a pulse-like behavior in the whole system. Since we input energy regularly in pulses, we assume that we have to induce in total only 4W and finally receive for example 8W at the paddle wheel from the system. It is not of any significance how big the COP is the efficiency will always be below 100% because energy can t be produced from nothing. Diagram 4 4

5 Analogy with an em System Through this Gedankenexperiment it becomes clear, that even if the the input operator energy has the same value as the output energy, the output energy has only an indirect connection with the input energy. The output energy is not the direct cause of the input operator energy. It derives from the river or in an em system it comes from the quantum vacuum. This example shall show that when dealing with the topic vacuum energy it is not about extracting energy from the vacuum (because that s already always the case) but it s about getting around the self-symmetrizing action to a certain degree. So that is the problem we have to solve. a. The river (3) represents the potential of the vacuum (not yet polarized vacuum). The individual charge carriers (+) and (-) though, are in a permanent energetic exchange with the quantum vacuum and thereby polarize it in the process. The process of asymmetry between a single charge carrier and the vacuum is indicated as "Asymmetry A". In our opinion, the polarisation of the vacuum through an individual charge carrier represents a virtual negentropisation process. This phrase was chosen because the polarisation process in the quantum vacuum is a permanently ongoing process in time and thereby the entropy of the quantum vacuum is permanently reduced. So a charge steadily absorbs energy in virtual form from the quantum vacuum and due to that it can radiate a steady stream of a potential into space. b. The input dipole represents a limited capacity of a permanently ongoing energy flow from the quantum vacuum in form of an electric field. The input dipole (difference between the two charge carriers of + and -) originates first at the weir gate and is symbolized through (4). The difference between both charges is indicated as "Asymmetry (B)". In this case, "Asymmetry (B)" means: production of a limited but permanent em energy flow in form of an em potential from the quantum vacuum. Diagram 5 5

6 c. The energy input by the operator is symbolized by the lever. The upward moving of the outlet represents another process of asymmetry. The energy which is converted in this process finally flows from the (input-operator, e.g. electrochemical energy) into the quantum vacuum and is therefore not converted into a usable output energy form. In an observable sense the input operator energy is always lost. The energy flow from the input into the vacuum is symbolized through the slope (b), and from there moving back to the paddle wheel and then to the vacuum. The input operator energy is exclusively bused to create this kind of asymmetry. This is indicated as "Asymmetry (C)". So the energy which is finally obtained at the output does not derive from the input operator but is channeled from the quantum vacuum via asymmetry (C). Diagram 6 d. The paddle wheel shows a mechanism where the em potential is converted by a very small part into current (amperage). This process is a mechanism of asymmetry as well. So the rotation of the paddle wheel represents the amperage. This is indicated as "Asymmetry (D)". 6

7 Diagram 7 e. A back-coupling effect originates on the slope at the weir (back emf.) due to the rotation of the paddle wheel. Due to this effect the weir is pressed downwards again. In an em system this means that the back-pressure due to the load onto the electrons causes the selfsymmetrizing action. Both observable energies, input operator and back emf. balance/symmetrise each other and therefore the input operator energy is transferred to the quantum vacuum. The notion back-emf, is probably not the ideal phrase in this example. The author has referred with this expression to the back pressure onto the electrons due to the load and the common losses. Son one half of the energy from the quantum vacuum flows to the output and supports the load and the other half is used unintentionally to destroy the dipole. 8

8 Diagram 8 Symmetrical System Initially we explain the situation on a common symmetrical system. The chemical reactants in a battery constitute the input dipole. As long as the chemical reactants are separated from each other the input dipole will remain. The input dipole engages via a mechanism of asymmetry with the quantum vacuum in the sense of an external energy source and produces there from permanently new charge energy in the form of an electric potential. 1. If you now connect the wires of a circuit to the battery (open switch), the wires will be potentialized for example with 12 volts. This with great speed proceeding potentialisation process doesn t cost the operator any energy yet. The energy for this action derives from the quantum vacuum. 9

9 2. If you close the switch the electrons will start to move. A short moment later you will receive due to the load a resisting force on the electrons. Due to the voltage (similar to a wind) trying to push the electrons against this force through the circuit, one half of the energy from the quantum vacuum will be back fed to the vacuum so to speak (self-symmetrizing mechanism). The voltage (wind from the vacuum) is the true source of energy because this wind pushes the electrons through the circuit and thereby work is done. But the dipole is destroyed in the same speed and with the same amount of energy as we can restore it. This is from the view of the author the actual reason why the exact same amount of energy is received in the output as was input before. So the mechanism of the self-symmetrizing process is the cause for the apparent conservation of energy. 3. In the moment where the first electrons start flowing back into the battery the ion movement will begin to destroy the input dipole. This happens because the ion flow symmetrizes the chemical reactants. The more electrons flow back into and out of the battery, the more you will symmetrize (destroy) the input dipole. 4. So the more the input dipole gets destroyed, the more difficult it gets for the input dipole to channel further energy (electric wind) from the quantum vacuum and therefore the electrons cannot be potentialized so good anymore. This leads to the situation that the voltage drops further and further and therefore the battery cannot produce the usual power performance. In the end the chemical reactants have symmetrized completely and the battery is empty. Strictly spoken the battery has not emptied, but rather has been symmetrized. 5. In any EM circuit the electrons get potentialized through the quantum vacuum in the first place. One could also say that the battery does not furnish the load with energy. The chemical reaction is only there to keep up the input dipole as long as possible. The energy which furnishes the load with energy derives exclusively from the quantum vacuum. This is from the view of the author the case in all common energy conversion systems. The reason why ideal em systems have a cop. of 100% is because the destruction of the input dipole costs the same amount of energy as is furnished to the load. The cause for this is a symmetry between the energy spent in the load and the energy which destroys the input dipole. That is why we always have to input the same amount of new energy as was dissipated in the load. With this Gedankenexperiment we want to emphasize, that the present classical em Model with its reference to the quantum vacuum is incomplete. Now, with the help of these extended perspectives, we can explain how an asymmetrical em system could function from which more energy from the quantum vacuum can be converted into an observable energy form, than only we (the operator) have to input into the system. Asymmetrical System As the diagram 9 illustrates, we wish to produce work rather via the potentialisation process (electric field) than with the input dipole destroying flow of electrons. Using a high frequency, high voltage input energy and two separate circuits it could be possible to achieve a COP of greater than 100 %. The additional energy is received (as usual) from the quantum vacuum by going around the self-symmetrizig mechanism to a certain degree. 10

10 The first three points are the same as above. 1. If you now connect the wires of a circuit to the battery (open switch), the wires will be potentialized for example with 12 volts. This with great speed proceeding potentialisation process doesn t cost the operator any energy yet. The energy for this action derives from the quantum vacuum. 2. If you close the switch the electrons will start to move. A short moment later you will receive due to the load a resisting force on the electrons. Due to the voltage (similar to a wind) trying to push the electrons against this force through the circuit, one half of the energy from the quantum vacuum will be back fed to the vacuum so to speak (self-symmetrizing mechanism). The voltage (wind from the vacuum) is the true source of energy because this wind pushes the electrons through the circuit and thereby work is done. But the dipole is destroyed in the same speed and with the same amount of energy as we can restore it. This is from the view of the author the actual reason why the exact same amount of energy is received in the output as was input before. So the mechanism of the self-symmetrizing process is the cause for the apparent conservation of energy. 3. In the moment where the first electrons start flowing back into the battery the ion movement will begin to destroy the input dipole. This happens because the ion flow symmetrizes the chemical reactants. The more electrons flow back into and out of the battery, the more you will symmetrize (destroy) the input dipole. 4. Before the first electrons start to move back into the battery we have to open the switch. Should the electrons flow back into the battery they will start immediately with the destruction of the input dipole. One could solve this problem with a special technology using two independent circuits. The first circuit, where the battery is connected they should only get potentialized by a voltage peak. The second circuit shall be depotentialized normally and will produce a small amount of work. The voltage and the current can be disjoined to a certain degree. So if one desires to realize an asymmetrical em system using this approach, one needs an extremely fast switch which is switched on and off at the exact right times. 11

11 Diagram 9 In practice this concept could appear like that, that we use two not completely independent circuits. Both circuits are connected to each other by a 1:1 transformer. The first circuit could be potentialized by a battery for a very short time. The battery will then be disconnected from the circuit before the self-symmetrizing process kicks in. This first circuit (actually just a voltage circuit) potentializes via the coil onto a second circuit. Finally we allow the second circuit (with the load) to depotentialize normally with the current and perform some work. If this process is repeated often and fast enough, then a significant amount of work could be performed and finally more energy would be obtained than only we (the operator) have to input into the system. "The two infinitely large charges on our dipolar ensemble are not reduced slightly even once, irrespective of the quantity of observable energy is extracted from the charge carriers. From a "Static Voltage" over an unlimited period a limited amount of energy can be obtained and with this a limited amount of work can be performed over an unlimited period." Quote: Tom Bearden, "Energy from the Vacuum". Marcus Reid January