How do you explain the low level of cannabis use in the Netherlands compared to surrounding countries, despite its free availability in coffeeshops?

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1 Press Release 8 December Embarrassment For United Nations Drug-czar Costa Amsterdam Antonio Maria Costa, the Italian Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, is seriously embarrassed because of a solo-action by Amsterdam psychiatrist Fredrick Polak. In an open letter published today, Polak demands an answer to a simple question. Despite earlier promises the global drug czar has been dodging the question for exactly one year. How do you explain the low level of cannabis use in the Netherlands compared to surrounding countries, despite its free availability in coffeeshops? On the internet two YouTube-videos show Costa avoiding the question time after time. To Polak the issue is of crucial importance as if falsifies the basic assumptions underlying drug prohibition. Therefore he continues to harass Costa with it. Polak, board-member of ENCOD (European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies): The primary objective of drug prohibition is reduction of consumption and addiction. However, the Dutch experience with coffeeshops of over thirty years has proved convincingly that without enforcement of this prohibition levels of use won t skyrocket which is what the drug warriors want us to believe. No wonder Costa is at a loss how to respond to the question. Reprimand One year ago Polak first posed the question on a drug policy conference in New Orleans. Costa ignored it, but used the occasion to scold the Dutch government for poisoning Europe with amphetamines. That remark got Costa a reprimand from the Dutch government, at which he had to bite the dust and offer a letter of apology. Nonetheless, at a second occasion in March 2008 in Vienna, Costa again avoided the question. This time he claimed that more than 2000 coffeeshops had already been closed, and that the city of Amsterdam had decided to move all coffeeshops from the red light district to the borders with France, Belgium and Germany. Polak: Apparently Mr. Costa thought Holland (or Amsterdam) borders on France. And that figure was totally unfounded. Waste Shortly thereafter, Costa checked in with the authorities in Amsterdam and The Hague for a study mission including a visit to coffeeshop De Dampkring (The Atmosphere). At the next conference in Barcelona Polak asked him about his findings. Polak: This time Costa really went too far, claiming that Amsterdam has three times more cannabis addicts than anywhere else in Europe. Costa promised a discussion paper with the scientific basis for this claim, to be published on his website very 1 / 5

2 soon. Until today Costa hasn t lived up to this promise nor has he answered Polak s initial question. Reason for Polak to draw media attention to the affair. Holland consistently scores low to average in Europe in drug consumption surveys. To Polak this justifies a call for the abolition of drug prohibition: That will save us a lot of misery, and a huge waste of taxpayers money. What is the use of all the effort to enforce prohibition, when clearly it doesn t diminish consumption? Polak concludes his open letter on a positive note, suggesting Costa (67) not to wait until after his retirement to acknowledge the failure of drug prohibition. Doing so now would earn him eternal fame NOTICE to the EDITORS Enclosed is the Open Letter of 8 December 2008 to Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna For more information you may contact the undersigned. The previous history to this open letter is shown in two short videos on the internet. Silenced NGO Partner: Polaks Question Round 3 (with comments by dr. Alex Wodak, Sydney, Australia): Reactions from other NGOs: Yours sincerely, Fredrick Polak Stichting Drugsbeleid / Netherlands Drug Policy Foundation member of the board ENCOD (European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies) member of steering committee Vossiusstraat AG Amsterdam The Netherlands T +31 /(0) M +31 /(0) E fpolak@planet.nl 2 / 5

3 Joep Oomen EUROPEAN COALITION FOR JUST AND EFFECTIVE DRUG POLICIES Lange Lozanastraat Antwerpen - Belgium Tel (0) Mob (0) info@encod.org ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Open letter to Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Vienna 6 December 2008 Dear Mr. Costa, On 6 December 2007 at the Drug Policy Alliance Conference in New Orleans I asked you the following question: Why, after more than 30 years of regulated availability to adults over 18 years, is cannabis use in the Netherlands lower than in most European countries and the USA - and not higher, as would be expected if the prohibition of illicit drugs really was effective? I am still waiting for your answer to this question. Although you made some comments about related matters, you did not answer my simple question. The basic assumption of drug prohibition is that by rigorously enforcing prohibition, drug use will disappear, or at least decrease significantly. In the Netherlands, the liberal availability of cannabis for more than 30 years has not led to levels of use above the EU average. Although cannabis prohibition is much more rigorously enforced in France than in the Netherlands, the prevalence of cannabis use (last month) in 2003 by 15- and 16-year olds was 22% in France and 13% in Holland, and by 15 to 64-year olds in % and 3%. (National Drugsmonitor 2007). This comparison of France and the Netherlands suggests that rigorously enforcing prohibition could even increase drug use. I use the term prohibition because the term drug control, that you prefer, is incorrect. One of the many harmful consequences of punitive prohibition is that the lucrative drug market is driven underground where it can not be regulated. There is no control over the drug market under prohibition. I asked you the same question for a second time at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs in Vienna on 12 March You responded (incorrectly) that you had already given me an answer the first time, and that this answer had created problems for you with the Dutch government. You then referred me to the Dutch government and to the mayor of Amsterdam for the answer (apparently unaware of important differences of opinion between them). This exchange was filmed and can be accessed at: / 5

4 On 15 May 2008, during the International Harm Reduction Conference in Barcelona, having heard that you had visited the coffeeshop 'De Dampkring' ('The Atmosphere') in Amsterdam on 22 April 2008, I asked you what you had learned from your recent study mission to the Netherlands. You responded that the visit had confirmed your ideas. You announced that a discussion paper (on the relationship between the availability of cannabis and consumption levels, concentrating on the situation in the Netherlands) would appear on the UNODC website very soon. You also claimed to have found that addiction rates to cannabis in Amsterdam are three times higher than in any other large European cities. (Your response was filmed and can be accessed at: ) It is no exaggeration to say that your response was greeted in Barcelona with widespread disbelief, and eager anticipation of the discussion paper that you announced. Among experts it is common knowledge that cosmopolitan cities like Amsterdam have more of every kind of drug consumption, legal and illegal, than smaller cities. This is also true of such cities in punitive prohibition states. More than six months later, the paper that you promised appears not to have been published on the UNODC website. However, on 23 June 2008 you published in your blog, 'Costa's Corner', an informal report that you had written shortly after your visit to Amsterdam. This entry on your blog ( contains no sources or references. It does not accurately reflect scientifically rigorous epidemiological data published by reputable sources. In addition, you ignored the well-known comparison of cannabis use in San Francisco and Amsterdam by Reinarman and Cohen, the only study that actually compares similar cities with the same robust methodology (The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco, Am J Public Health. 2004;94: ). This study shows that levels of cannabis use ( ever and > 25 times lifetime ) in liberal Amsterdam are much lower than in the more restrictive environment of San Francisco. The study also showed that the use of other illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamine etc) was much higher in the more restrictive environment of San Francisco. A forthcoming paper also shows that in San Francisco a three times higher proportion of cannabis users were offered other illicit drugs on the last occasion that they obtained cannabis. See also: TNI UNGASS 10-year review, the Cannabis Debate: Polak vs Costa, 27 May Instead of reacting to your blog immediately, I decided to wait for the publication of your discussion paper. On 9 September 2008, I submitted a Contact Form on the website to General Information, asking for the discussion paper. I have not received a reply. How should this be interpreted? It is now one year since I asked you to explain why cannabis use in the more liberal environment of the Netherlands is lower than most other European countries and six months since you publicly announced a discussion paper on the subject. In the meantime you continue to assert claims about cannabis use in the Netherlands that you are unable to substantiate. I am reluctant to conclude that you are unable to admit that cannabis use in the Netherlands is lower than in most European countries and the USA, because after more than 30 years of de facto regulated availability (to adults over 18 years), these data are further proof that the prohibition of illicit drugs has failed and can not be justified. 4 / 5

5 I now pose the following questions to you: 1. Is a discussion paper (on the relationship between availability of cannabis and levels of use and problematic use) being prepared? 2. If so, when can we expect to see it? 3. On which data did you base your claim in your blog of 23 June 2008 that Amsterdam has 3x higher levels of cannabis use compared with other major European cities? 4. Do you acknowledge the data published by EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) which place the Netherlands in the mid-range of prevalence figures in Europe and well below US figures? ( stat_stat_reference&cfid= &cftoken=1970f1665e5f2b e39-a24b-d D62C206AF4A9F&jsessionid=2e c6b1067e1) 5. Do you acknowledge that the coffeeshop system has not led to higher levels of cannabis use in the NL than in neighboring countries? 6. How do you reconcile the expectations of prohibition with the empirical evidence drawn from 30 years experience in the Netherlands? In the absence of a response, I will be forced to draw the conclusions that you, as Director General of the UNODC have no adequate answer to my question about the relatively low levels of cannabis use in the Netherlands, and that you cannot substantiate your claim that cannabis consumption in Amsterdam is three times higher than in other comparable cities. If, as I suspect, you have some doubts about drug prohibition, I would suggest a better course to you, a more honourable one. Fear of retaliation is one of the reasons why some people won t admit they were mistaken in their support for prohibition, not even when confronted with convincing and conclusive evidence. Fear of loss of face is another reason. Some judges, police chiefs, and other high functionaries only come out of the closet as legalizers after their retirement. In your report to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in March 2008 (entitled Making Drug Control Fit for Purpose ) you acknowledged the harmful negative consequences of drug prohibition and you came remarkably close to conceding that this policy is an emperor without clothes. It would be to your eternal credit to acknowledge the fundamentally flawed nature of prohibition, and its apparent ineffectiveness, high costs and severe counter productive effects, while still in office and not only after your retirement. Yours sincerely, Fredrick Polak, M.D., psychiatrist, Amsterdam, the Netherlands member of the Steering Committee of ENCOD (European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies) E: fpolak@planet.nl 5 / 5