Managing biowaste. Defining strategies and turning plans into practice. Enzo Favoino. Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

Transcription

1 Defining strategies and turning plans into practice Managing biowaste Enzo Favoino Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza Chair, Working Group Biological Treatment ISWA

2 Overview The pivotal role of biowaste What s going on in the EU A few facts & figures Sep collection, optimisation and results Tools and approaches 2 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

3 Contextual remarks: More than just waste management Biodegradables represent the vast majority of MSW arisings (above all in S Europe) Proper management often driven by strategies to reduce impacts of disposal Landfill diversion targets (EU Landfill Directive) Major contributor to GHGs from inappropriate management of MSW Extended benefits: soils, farmlands, the environment Climate Change (UNFCCC) Desertification (UNCCD) Biodiversity, fertility, resilience, prevention of floods, erosion (e.g. EU Soil Thematic Strategy)

4 Strategic approaches to reduce impact of organics in landfills Landfill diversion targets (Directive 99/31 EC) - Probably the most important driver for waste management in last decade in the EU (and elsewhere) Landfill Bans (e.g. US, Brazil) - Garden waste only or organics as a whole - May be lacking some flexibility, anyway an important driver to consider for proper evolution of waste management systems! - Requires proper definition of acceptance. Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

5 MSW composition (EC, 2001) AU BE DK FIN FRA GER GRE IRL ITA YEAR (quantities) Total MSW (million tonnes) (38) Total (OECD) (1997 data, or latest year) Kitchen and Yard Waste Yard Waste Kitchen Waste Paper and card Paper Cardboard Timber I Textiles Nappies Plastics Glass Metals Ferrous metals 1.7 Non-ferrous metals 0.9 Other

6 Some savings just to give a touch Replacement of mineral fertilisers kg CO 2 - eq/tonne Biogas Production kg CO 2 -eq/tonne Peat replacement kg CO 2 -eq/tonne C sequestration 11 to 326 kg CO 2 -eq/tonne EC Report Soils and climate change Reduced N 2 O release + Improved Workability + Water retention + Replacement of pesticides..

7 Climsoil Report, EC "The report underlines the need to sequester carbon in soils.. The technique is cost competitive and immediately available, requires no new or unproven technologies,, and has a mitigation potential comparable to that of any other sector of the economy." l/review_en.htm

8 Established separate collection and composting In implementation European biowaste at a glance: In beginning phase No activities Potential organic Waste in EU15: 60 Mio. t / year 3 Mt 12 Mt 800 plants 4 Mt 240 plants Sep. Collection in all municipalitieṣ

9 Article 22 bio-waste Member States shall take measures, as appropriate, ( ) to encourage: (a) the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of bio-waste; (b) the treatment of bio-waste in a way that fulfils a high level of environmental protection; (c) the use of environmentally safe materials produced from bio-waste. The Commission shall carry out an assessment on the management of bio-waste with a view to submitting a proposal if appropriate. The assessment shall examine the opportunity of setting minimum requirements for bio-waste management and quality criteria for compost and digestate ( ) in order to guarantee a high level of protection for human health and the environment.

10 Article 22 bio-waste Member States shall take measures, as appropriate, ( ) to encourage: (a) the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of bio-waste; (b) the treatment of bio-waste in a way that fulfils a high level of environmental protection; (c) the use of environmentally safe materials produced from bio-waste. The Commission shall carry out an assessment on the management of bio-waste with a view to submitting a proposal if appropriate. The assessment shall examine the opportunity of setting minimum requirements for bio-waste management and quality criteria for compost and digestate ( ) in order to guarantee a high level of protection for human health and the environment.

11 What does it take to get there? integrated schemes, kerbside food waste + PAYT integrated schemes, kerbside food waste separation Road containers + kerbside (doorstep) for a few dry recyclables (paper) added systems, organics included trhough containers on the road added systems, containers on the road for dry recyclables 80 % 70 % 50 % 40 % 20 %

12 Development of source separation of biowaste in the EU Obligations for biowaste management NL: compulsory schemes for separate collection AUT: obligation upon households to either take part in separate collection or to compost in the backyard GER: KrW-AbfG separate collection widely diffused Catalunya (Spain( Spain): ley 6/95 compulsory for all Municipalities with a pop. > 5000 (recently( extended to cover all Municipalities) SK (Act 24/04): Garden Waste to be separately collected by 2006; biowaste by 2010 Targets SWE: 35% composting target ITA, UK: recycling targets acting as drivers

13 Separate collection of biowaste facts and findings Kerbside (doorstep) schemes basically showing same results everywhere Schemes may be optimised Increased captures Best quality cost optimisation (no increase of costs for collection) Best performing schemes based on labour-intensive strategies (kerbside collection, hand pick-up) Less CAP.EX., creation of jobs Collection at high-rise buildings also POSSIBLE and widely implemented

14 A remarkable, long-lasting lasting effect Kerbside biowaste collection implemented Time 1st sem. '92 2nd sem. '92 1st sem. '93 2nd sem. '93 1st sem. '94 2nd sem. '94 1st sem. '95 2nd sem. '95 1st sem. '96 2nd sem. '96 1st sem. '97 2nd sem. '97 1st sem. '98 2nd sem. '98 1st sem. '99 2nd sem. '99 1st sem. '00 2nd sem. '00 % recycling

15 Best Recycling Municipalities, pop < 10,000 inhabitants 9 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

16 Province capitals (larger towns, with high-rise buildings) 10 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

17 Quality of biowaste: not a matter of size of towns! Collection at the doorstep Purity , Population Containers on the road Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

18 Turin Pop. 909,000 Separate collection = 42% 404,000 inhabitants with collection at the doorstep ( kerbside ) - Waste separation in neighbourhoods with kerbside, incl. food waste = 59% - Waste separation in neighbourhoods without kerbside (road containers, 3,2 m 3 ) = 25% 11 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

19 Waste management in Italy? 3 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

20 The new European Map Economist 2010 * 7 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

21 Salerno 150,000 inhabitants Pilot project covering 30,000 inhab., July 2008 Extension in 5 steps, completed in September 2009 Separate collection= 75 % Organics 50%! Florianopolis october 28, 2010 Patrizia Lo Sciuto Slide by Enzo Favoino 14 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

22 Optimising logistics, making management sustainable (and cost-effective) Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

23 bespoke food waste collection: Food waste in residual waste Municipality % Food waste Altivole 7,82 Arcade 8,24 Breda di Piave 7,61 Casale sul Sile 9,42 Castello di Godego 8,05 Cessalto 6,30 Conegliano 9,40 Cornuda 7,19 Giavera del Montello 6,88 Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

24 Cost optimisation (Lombardy, 1500 Municipalities) Cost of collection (green bars) and cost of treatment/disposal (blue bars) Euro/person Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza

25 TOOLS AND STRATEGIES TO CUT COSTS Tool Reducing pick-up time Details Hand pick-up of small receptacles much faster than mechanical loading Reduced frequency for collection of Residuals Effective systems to collect biowaste make its percentage in Residuals less than 15 % Use of bulk lorries instead of packer trucks Bulk density of food waste is much higher (0.7kg/dm3) than garden waste

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27 Low-tech tech,, modular approaches (particularly suited for small districts, pilot areas, small islands)

28 Anaerobic Digestion Turns biogenic C into a substitute fuel wider benefits (renewable energy AND soil improvers) Not dependent on availability of bulking materials (e.g. metropolitan areas, lack of gardens) Unit investment and operational cost usually higher than composting (in spite of revenues from energy production, even if Renewable Energy is subsidised) Less independent from economies of scale Cost for the management of wastewaters requires good integration of waste management and management of wastewater

29 Summary remarks Separate collection of biowaste a PROVEN strategy Similar schemes deliver similar results everywhere MAKE IT HAPPEN! intensive collection of food waste may deliver High separate collection rates high diversion of BMW savings on cost of managing waste

30 Thanks for your attention Enzo Favoino Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza, Monza,, Italy