MS Grade 7 Language Arts 2 Through ESOL

Transcription

1 FCAT Reading & Writing Focus: FCAT Support Skills: Language Focus: Text: MS Grade 7 Language Arts 2 Through ESOL The Short Story: Rikki-tikki-tavi by Rudyard Kipling Comparison/Contrast Simile and Imagery, Making Generalizations, Drawing Conclusions Comparisons: Equal and Unequal Prentice Hall Literature: Bronze Level English Spanish Haitian Creole Portuguese alerted alertó vivan alertou bottlebrush cepillo en forma de botella bwòs an fòm boutèy escova de garrafas British army post puesto militar británico pòs militè britanik base militar britânica bungalow bungalow, chalé boungalo bangalô burrow madriguera twou toca cobra serpiente cobra kobra naja cotton wool lana de algodón koton lèn algodão creature criatura kreyati bichinho, criatura crept up deslizó sigilosamente mache sou pwent pye rastejava croaked croaron (las ranas) chante coaxaram curious curiosas kirye curiosos explored exploró (te) eksplore explorou flood inundación inondasyon enchente fluffed up engrifó gonfle empinou fur pelo/ pelaje fouri pêlo habits costumbres abitid hábitos lured atraer (con señuelo) devye atansyon atraiu melon bed melonar jaden plantação de melão mongoose mangosta mangous mangusto muskrat rata o ratón almizclero rat rato almiscarado nest nido nich ninho particularly particularmente patikilyèman especificamente prized premiado rekonpanse elogiou protective protector pwotektif protetor raw crudo kri cru(a) rescued rescató (te) sove salvou, resgatou should debe ta dwe devia, deveria single-handedly a mano limpia poukont li por si só sorrowful afligidos tris tristes strike (snake) morder atak dar o bote tail cola, rabo ke cauda, rabo tailorbird pájaro tejedor zwazo pássaro-alfaiate tame domestican donte mansos threaten amenazando menas ameaçar tricked timó, engañó kraponnen atraiu, enganou veranda terraza veranda varanda washed up empapado y exánime delave todo encharcado weasel comadreja belèt doninha Page 1

2 English Summary Rikki-tikki-tavi by Rudyard Kipling This is a story about a great war that Rikki-tikki-tavi fought single-handedly with the help of his animal friends, in the bungalow of a family in India. Rikki-tikki-tavi was a mongoose that had fur like a cat, and he had a tail, head, and habits similar to a weasel. Rikki s eyes and the end of his nose were pink, and he used all four legs as he pleased. When he fluffed up his tail, it looked like a bottlebrush. Rikki made a sound like a war cry, Rikki-tikki-tikki-tikki-tchk! One summer day, a flood washed Rikki out of his burrow where he lived with his mother and father. A small boy named Teddy found Rikki washed up in the middle of a garden. Teddy thought the mongoose was dead, but Teddy s mother and father revived Rikki. After Rikki was rescued, the family warmed him in cotton wool and fed him raw meat. Teddy s father knew a lot about animals, and he told Teddy not to frighten the creature. It is hard to frighten mongooses because they are very curious. Teddy s father knew that all mongooses are tame around humans. The family fed Rikki and allowed him to run wherever he wanted in the house and garden. Rikki explored the house and garden and was not afraid to learn new things. Out in the garden, Rikki met Darzee the tailorbird and his wife, who were sorrowful that a big black cobra named Nag had eaten one of their babies. The most important thing in a mongoose s life was to fight and eat snakes. Rikki s eyes grew red and his tail fluffed up ready to attack Nag. Rikki turned and bit Nagaina, Nag s wife, who had crept up behind him. The cobras disappeared into the grass. Just as Teddy was running down the path to pet Rikki, Rikki saw a dusty brown snake named Karait whose bite was as dangerous as the cobra bite. Rikki attacked and killed Karait, saving Teddy from death. When night came, Chuchundra, the muskrat, alerted Rikki to the cobras plan to attack. Nag and Nagaina planned to kill the humans so that Rikki would go away. The cobras knew that a mongoose in the garden sooner or later meant death for a cobra. Nag waited in the bathroom to kill Teddy s father, but Rikki attacked Nag and held him with his teeth until Teddy s father shot the cobra with a shotgun. Rikki had saved the lives of his family. In the morning, Darzee the tailorbird sang Rikki s praises throughout the garden for all the animals to hear. Rikki knew that Nagaina and her eggs were just as dangerous as Nag was. Rikki went to see Darzee the tailorbird to help him find Nagaina and the nest with her eggs. The eggs were in the melon bed, and Darzee s wife lured Nagaina away from her eggs. Rikki bit off the tops of the eggs and crushed the young cobras, all except one. At that moment, Darzee s wife arrived screaming to warn Rikki that Nagaina was threatening his family. Rikki put the egg in his mouth and ran to the veranda. Nagaina was ready to strike Teddy s leg, when Rikki tricked her by showing her the egg of her young cobra. When she looked away, Teddy was rescued. Rikki followed Nagaina with her egg in her mouth into her underground hole. Rikki emerged and announced that Nagaina was dead. The Coppersmith bird told the garden that Nagaina was dead, and the birds and frogs sang and croaked. From that day on, Rikki kept the garden as a mongoose should keep it. No cobra dared to show its head inside the walls. The story ended with a song in honor of Rikkitikki-tavi. Page 2

3 Spanish Summary Rikki-tikki-tavi de Rudyard Kipling Este es la historia acerca de la guerra que Rikki-tikki-tavi peleó a pata limpia y con la ayuda de sus amigos contra las cobras, en un bungalow familiar del puesto militar británico de Segowlee en la India. Rikki-tikki-tavi era una mangosta, tenía un pelaje como el de los gatos, un rabo, una cabeza y unas costumbres parecidas a la de la comadreja, los ojos y la punta del hociquito eran rosados, y usaba sus cuatro patas como le venía en ganas. Cuando se enojaba o peleaba, Rikki engrifaba su cola, y ésta parecía una brocha en forma de botella, entonces lanzaba su grito de guerra, un sonido similar a Rikki-tikki-tikki-tikki-tchk! Un día de verano, las aguas de una inundación arrancaron a Rikki de la madriguera donde vivía con sus padres. Un pequeño llamado Teddy encontró a Rikki empapado y exánime en medio del jardín y lo dió por muerto, pero su papá y su mamá lo revivieron. Después que Rikki fue rescatado, la familia lo arropó con lana de algodón para que entrara en calor y le dió de comer carne cruda. El padre de Teddy sabía mucho acerca de animales y le dijo a su hijo que no asustara a la criatura, aunque fuera difícil amedrentar a las mangostas ya que eran muy curiosas. El papá sabía también que todas las mangostas se domestican cuando están cerca de los humanos. La familia alimentaba a Rikki y le permitía correr por donde quisiera, explorando la casa y el jardín, sin tener miedo de conocer cosas nuevas. Afuera, en el jardín, Rikki conoció a Darzee el pájaro tejedor y su esposa, quienes estaban afligidos porque una serpiente cobra, negra y enorme, llamada Nag, se había comido a uno de sus pichoncitos. La cosa más importante en la vida de una mangosta era pelear con las serpientes y después comérselas. Cuando Nag hizo su aparición, los ojos de Rikki se enrojecieron y su cola se engrifó: estaba listo para atacar. Rikki se volteó y mordió a Nagaina, la esposa de Nag, que se había deslizado detrás de él sigilosamente y las dos cobras desaparecieron en la hierba. Justamente mientras Teddy iba corriendo por el sendero para ir a atenderlo, Rikki vió a una pequeña serpiente de color tierra llamada Karait cuya mordida era tan peligrosa como la de la cobra, Rikki atacó y mató a Karait salvando de la muerte a Teddy. Cuando vino la noche, Chuchundra, la rata almizclera, alertó a Rikki del plan de ataque de Nag y Nagaina: ellos proyectaban matar a los humanos para hacer que Rikki se marchara, ellas sabían que una mangosta en el jardín significaría su muerte más tarde o más temprano. Nag se agazapó en el baño para asesinar al padre de Teddy, pero Rikki atacó primero y lo sujetó con sus dientes mientras que el papá de Teddy le disparaba con una escopeta. Rikki había salvado las vidas de su familia. A la mañana siguiente, Darzee el pájaro tejedor cantó alabanzas a Rikki para que todos los animales lo escucharan a través del jardín. Sin embargo, Rikki estaba preocupado porque la cobra Nagaina y sus huevos eran tan peligrosos como lo era el difunto Nag, por eso fue a ver a Darzee para que lo ayudara a encontrar a Nagaina y su nido. Descubrieron que los huevos estaban escondidos en el melonar, así que la esposa de Darzee fue hasta allí y, usándose ella misma como señuelo, logró atraer a Nagaina bien lejos. Rikki llegó al nido y mordió la parte superior de los huevos aplastando a todas las jóvenes cobras, excepto a una. En ese momento, la esposa de Darzee llegó piando muy alterada para avisarle a la mangosta que Nagaina estaba amenazando a su familia; Rikki, poniendo el huevecillo en su boca, corrió hacia la terraza donde la cobra estaba a punto de morder la pierna de Teddy. Rikki la timó mostrándole el huevo de la joven cobra, y en el instante que ésta apartó la mirada, el niño fue rescatado. Rikki, con el huevo aún en la boca, persiguió a Nagaina hasta su cueva bajo la tierra, poco más tarde salió y anunció que la malvada serpiente estaba muerta. El pájaro calderero le contó al jardín que Nagaina había muerto, y las aves y las ranas cantaron y croaron de alegría. Desde ese día en adelante, Rikki mantuvo el jardín como una mangosta lo debe mantener: ninguna cobra se atrevía a asomar la cabeza dentro de sus muros. El cuento finaliza con una canción en honor a Rikki-tikki-tavi. Page 3

4 Haitian Creole Summary Rikki-tikki-tavi daprè Rudyard Kipling Sa se istwa yon gwo gè Rikki-tikki-tavi te mennen poukont li avèk èd zanmi bèt li yo nan boungalo yon fanmi nan peyi End. Rikki-tikki-tavi se te yon mangous ki te gen pwal tankou chat, yon ke, yon tèt, epi ki viv menm jan ak yon belèt. Je Rikki-tikki-tavi ak pwent nen li te wòz epi li te sèvi ak tout kat pat li nenpòt jan li te vle. Lè li gonfle ke li, li sanble ak yon bwòs boutèy. Kri Rikki te sanble ak yon kri degè: Rikki-tikki-tikki-tikki-tchk! Nan yon sezon ete, te gen yon inondasyon ki te pase ki te ratibwaze twou kote Rikki te rete ak manman li ak papa li a. Gen yon ti gason ki te rele Teddy ki te jwenn Rikki byen neye nan mitan yon jaden. Teddy te konprann mangous la te mouri. Men manman Teddy ak papa li te resisite Rikki. Aprè yo te fin sove Rikki, fanmi an te chofe li nan lèn an koton ak ba li manje vyann kri. Papa Teddy te konnen bèt byen, kidonk li te di Teddy pou pa fè kreyati a pè. Li difisil pou moun fè mangous pè paske yo se bèt ki kirye anpil. Papa Teddy te konnen mangous se bèt ki pa pè moun. Fanmi an te nouri Rikki epi yo te kite li kouri tout kote li te vle nan kay la ak nan jaden an. Rikki te pwonmennen nan tout kay la ak nan jaden an, epi li pa t ezite aprann kèk nouvo bagay. Deyò nan jaden an, Rikki te rankontre Darzee, ti zwazo tit la ak madanm li ki te gen lapèn akoz yon gwo kobra nwa ki rele Nag te manje youn nan pitit yo. Sa ki pi enpòtan nan lavi yon mangous se goumen ak manje koulèv. Je Rikki te vin wouj ak kolè epi ke li te gonfle, prèt pou atake Nag. Rikki vire pou mòde Nagaina, madanm Nag ki te ranpe tou dousman pou vin dèyè li. Koulèv yo te fonn disparèt nan zèb la. Pandan Teddy t ap kouri desann pou vin karese Rikki, Rikki te remake yon koulèv mawon pal ki rele Karai ki te danjere menm jan ak yon kobra lè li mòde. Rikki te atake ak touye Karai pou te kab sove lavi Teddy. Nan aswè, Chuchundra, yon rat miske, te fè Rikki konnen plan atak kobra yo. Nag ak Nagaina te gen plan pou touye moun yo yon fason pou Rikki te kab ale. Kobra yo te konnen prezans yon mangous nan jaden an te vle di lanmò pou yo yon jou kou jodi a. Nag te kache ap tann nan twalèt la pou rive touye papa Teddy, men Rikki te atake Nag kote li te rive kenbe li a ak dan li jiskaske papa Teddy te tire li ak yon fizi. Rikki te sove lavi fanmi an. Nan maten, Darzee, zwazo tayè a te chante louwanj Rikki nan jaden an pou tout bèt tande. Rikki te konnen Nagaina ak ze li yo te danjere menm jan ak Nag. Rikki te ale kote Darzee, zwazo tayè a, pou ede li jwenn Nagaina ak nich kote li gen ze li yo. Ze yo te nan chan melon an epi madanm Darzee te devye atansyon Nagaina pou li pa jwenn ze li yo. Rikki te mòde ze yo nan tèt pou defèt yo epi li te kraze tout tibebe kobra yo, eksepte yon sèl. Pandan tan sa a, madanm Darzee te kouri vini ap rele pou avèti Rikki Nagaina t ap menase atake fanmi li. Rikki te mete ze a nan bouch li kouri al sou veranda a. Nagaina te fin pare pou mòde janm Teddy lè Rikki te fè li wè ze tibebe kobra a nan bouch li pou kraponnen li. Lè li te vire tèt li gade, Teddy te gen tan sove. Rikki te suiv Nagaina ak ze a nan bouch li rive jis nan twou li anba tè. Rikki te soti parèt deyò pou anonse Nagaina te mouri. Zwazo tèt wouj la te di tout jaden an Nagaina te mouri epi tout zwazo yo ak krapo yo t ap chante. Depi lè sa a, Rikki kenbe jaden an jan yon mangous ta sipoze kenbe li. Pa gen kobra ki te oze parèt tèt li nan mi yo. Istwa a te fini ak yon chante kòm ochan pou Rikki-tikki-tavi. Page 4

5 Portuguese Summary Rikki-tikki-tavi by Rudyard Kipling Esta é uma história sobre uma grande batalha que Rikki-tikki-tavi travou por si só, com o apoio dos animais, seus amigos, no bangalô de uma família da Índia. Rikki-tikki-tavi era um mangusto que tinha o pêlo de um gato e tinha o rabo, cabeça e hábitos semelhantes aos de uma doninha. Os olhos de Rikki e a ponta de seu focinho eram cor-de-rosa e ele se movia livremente com suas quatro patas. Quando empinava o rabo, parecia uma escova de garrafas. Rikki emitia um som que era como um grito de guerra: Rikki-tikki-tikki-tikki-tchk! Num dia de verão uma enchente levou Rikki da toca onde morava com sua mãe e seu pai. Um garotinho chamado Teddy encontrou Rikki todo encharcado no meio de um jardim. Teddy pensou que o mangusto estava morto, mas sua mãe e seu pai fizeram com que ele voltasse a si. Após salvar Rikki a família o aqueceu com algodão e o alimentou com carne crua. O pai de Teddy sabia muitas coisas sobre animais e disse a Teddy para não assustar o bichinho. É difícil assustar mangustos porque eles são muito curiosos. O pai de Teddy sabia que todos os mangustos eram mansos diante das pessoas. A família deu comida a Rikki e deixou que ele corresse onde quisesse, pela casa e pelo jardim. Rikki explorou a casa e o jardim e não temia aprender coisas novas. Lá fora no jardim, Rikki encontrou Darzee, o pássaro-alfaiate e sua esposa, que estavam tristes porque uma grande naja preta, chamada Nag, havia comido um de seus filhotes. A coisa mais importante na vida de um mangusto é enfrentar e comer cobras. Os olhos de Rikki tornaram-se vermelhos e grandes e seu rabo empinou; ele estava pronto para atacar Nag. Rikki se virou e mordeu Nagaina, a esposa de Nag, que se rastejava por trás dele. As cobras desapareceram no gramado. Enquanto Teddy se dirigia a Rikki pelo caminho de entrada para acariciá-lo, Rikki viu uma cobra marron-ferrugem chamada Karait, cuja mordida é tão perigosa quanto à da naja. Rikki atacou e matou Karait, salvando a vida de Teddy. Quando anoiteceu, Chuchundra, um rato almiscarado, alertou Rikki sobre o plano que a naja tinha de atacar. Nag e Nagaina planejavam matar os humanos para que Rikki desaparecesse dali. As najas sabiam que um mangusto no jardim, mais cedo ou mais tarde, significaria a morte delas. Nag ficou esperando no banheiro para matar o pai de Teddy, mas Rikki atacou Nag e o segurou firme com seus dentes, até que o pai de Teddy atirasse nele com uma arma. Rikki salvou a vida dos membros de sua família. Pela manhã, Darzee, o pássaro-alfaiate, cantou fazendo elogios a Rikki, para que todos os animais do jardim ouvissem. Rikki sabia que Nagaina e seus ovos eram tão perigosos quanto Nag. Rikki foi se encontrar com Darzee, o pássaro-alfaiate, para ajudá-lo a achar Nagaina e seu ninho. Os ovos estavam numa plantação de melão e a esposa de Darzee atraiu Nagaina para longe deles. Rikki mordeu a parte superior dos ovos e esmagou os filhotes da naja, com exceção de um deles. Neste momento a esposa de Darzee chegou gritando para avisar a Rikki que Nagaina estava ameaçando sua família. Rikki correu para a varanda, com o ovo em sua boca. Nagaina estava pronta para dar o bote na perna de Teddy, quando Rikki a atraiu mostrando-a o ovo com seu filhote. Assim que ela olhou, Teddy pôde se salvar. Rikki seguiu Nagaina, que tinha o ovo em sua boca, até que ambos entrassem no buraco subterrâneo de Nagaina. Rikki saiu do buraco e anunciou que Nagaina estava morta. O pássaro capitão-de-bigode anunciou para todo o jardim que Nagaina estava morta e os pássaros e sapos cantaram e coaxaram. Daquele dia em diante, Rikki manteve o jardim como um mangusto deveria mantê-lo e nenhuma naja ousou aparecer novamente. A história teve um final com uma música em homenagem a Rikki-tikki-tavi. Page 5

6 Beginning Listening Activities Minimal Pairs Objective: Auditory discrimination of confusing sounds in words Procedure: Write a word pair on the board. (Example: there-dare) Write #1 above the first, #2 above the second. The teacher models by pronouncing one of the words without indicating which. Teams guess which word they heard, #1, or #2. Pronounce both words in the pair. Teams guess the order they heard (1-2, 2-1). Call out the numbers 1 or 2. Teams respond with the word (Can be done with sentences). Use both words in the pair in otherwise identical sentences. (Example: The Constitution is the heart of US government. The contribution is the heart of US government.) Teams decide which sentence has meaning, and which is silly. (Award points for correct responses.) Rikki-tikki-tavi: Minimal Pairs Activity: wash/watch prize/price post/boast tame/dame raw/law flood/fled Bingo Objective: Auditory comprehension of vocabulary from the lesson Procedure: Choose vocabulary words or phrases from the lesson summary list or from students' classroom texts. Give each team a blank Bingo card. Each team writes vocabulary words/text phrases you provide on the board in the spaces of their choice. Randomly select sentences from the text and read them aloud. Teams mark their Bingo spaces when they hear the word or phrase. Intermediate Listening Activities Team Spelling Test Objective: Listen for lesson vocabulary words & collaborate with others to spell them correctly. Procedure: Place ten vocabulary words (or fewer depending on time) in a pocket chart or on a chalk tray. Teams get 3-5 minutes to study the words. Hide the words from view. Each team uses one pencil and one sheet of paper. (Team name at top; numbers 1-10 down the left margin) Read the spelling words as you would during a traditional spelling test. The first team member writes word number one with the team's help, and then passes the paper and pencil to the second team member who will write word number two, etc. Students on each team take turns. Teams exchange papers. Place the 10 words back in view. Teams check each other's tests. A team gets one point for each word spelled correctly. Options: Ask for additional information. For example, you may ask teams to write a sentence with the word in it. You might ask for a specific tense, plural form, opposite, etc. An alternative technique is to have each team member complete all spelling items on his/her own paper. Team members are allowed to help each other. On completion, collect the one paper of your choice. The grade on that paper will count for each team member. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Spelling Activity: Use the following words for the test. The teacher gives the singular form of the noun. The students give the plural form. bungalow, burrow, cobra, creature, croaked, curious, mongoose, muskrat, threaten, weasel Page 6

7 Follow Directions Objective: Listen for the purpose of following spoken directions. Procedure: With one piece of paper and one pencil, team members take turns writing on paper what the teacher directs to complete a task. 1. For example, there might be a list of dates. The teacher might say the following: Draw a circle around Make a star in front of Connect 1322 and 1673 with a line. 2. The teacher might direct teams to make changes to a sentence. Example: He sailed to the Americas in The teacher says, Circle the verb. Put a box around the preposition. 3. Another example: Change the verb to the present tense. Add 505 years to the date. Change the subject to the third person plural. 4. The teacher might also direct teams to complete a drawing, or draw the route of an explorer on a map. Teams that complete the exercise correctly get a point. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Follow Directions Activity: Provide teams with paper, pencil and a set of word cards. Teams will follow the directions to hear, read, and classify words for rodents and reptiles. Word cards: alligator, crocodile, gerbil, hamster, lizard, mouse, muskrat, rats, snake, squirrel, turtle Directions: a) Fold a paper in half vertically. b) Open the paper and you should see two columns. c) At the top of the first column write, Rodents d) At the top of the second column write, Reptiles e) Find the word rat, and move it to the rodent column. f) Find the word snake, and move it to the reptile column. g) Find the word mouse, and move it to the rodent column. h) Find the word lizard, and move it to the reptile column. i) Find the word squirrel, and move it to the rodent column. j) Find the word turtle, and move it to the reptile column. k) Find the word gerbil, and move it to the rodent column. l) Find the word crocodile, and move it to the reptile column. m) Find the word hamster, and move it to the rodent column. n) Find the word alligator, and move it to the reptile column. o) Find the word muskrat, and move it to the rodent column. Page 7

8 Dictation Objective: Listen to discriminate words in sentences and reproduce them in writing. Procedure: Dictate sentences from the lesson, saying each sentence only two times (once if listening skills allow) Team members take turns writing the sentences, assisting each other. (Teams can write sentences on the board to correct them in class, or collect as a quiz.) Option: An alternative technique is to have each team member complete all dictation items on his/her own paper. Team members are allowed to help each other. On completion, collect one paper of your choice. The grade on that paper will count for each team member. Option: Dictate a sentence with an important word left out. Offer four choices for teams to write. Example: Columbus landed in a) Boston b) Haiti c) Argentina d) England Option for Dictating Dates or mathematical concepts/formulas: Can be written in number form or in word form (fourteen hundred and ninety-two) (All sides are equal in an equilateral triangle.) Dictate the question, so teams can write them down. Then each team answers the question in the group. (What kind of polygon has two parallel sides?) Rikki-tikki-tavi: Dictation Activity: a) Rudyard Kipling wrote a short story about a mongoose. b) The mongoose was washed out of his burrow by a summer flood. c) The mongoose ended up in a garden and became a family pet. d) Mongooses help people by killing snakes, rats, and mice. e) Rikki-tikki-tavi killed two cobras that threatened the family. Proficient Listening Activities Interview Objective: Role play a verbal interaction in the form of an interview Procedure: You play the role of an informative person relative to the topic of the unit. Choose a representative from each team and distribute the questions among them. These students play the role of journalists. Provide students with these questions to interview you in your new role. Teams must coach their representative, and take notes of the answers for Writing Activity #1, Language Experience Story. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Interview Activities: You play the role of the Teddy s mother. Choose several students to play the role of Teddy. Provide these students with the questions below. They take turns asking you questions. Students not asking questions must take notes of Teddy s answers. Students save notes for Writing Activity #1, Language Experience Story. When I found the mongoose, mother, what did you think? When you looked at him, what did you see? What did you do to revive him? Why did you feed him? What did you hope the mongoose would do? What did you mean when you said that the mongoose was providence after he killed the brown snake? What happened when Nag came into the bathroom? What happened when Nagaina went into her hole? Will Rikki-tikki-tavi always live with us? Page 8

9 Beginning Speaking Activities Intentional Intonation Objective: Auditory discrimination and oral production of intonation/stress patterns in spoken English Procedure: Write the sentence on the board and then say it, stressing one word. Teams take turns explaining the special meaning the emphasis brings to the sentence. Repeat this process several times with the same sentence, each time emphasizing a different word. Example: All for one and one for all! (not none)..(not, None for one and one for all!) All for one and one for all! (not from)..(not, All from one and one for all!) All for one and one for all! (not three)..(not, All for three and one for all!) All for one and one for all! (not or)..(not, All for one or one for all! ) All for one and one for all! (not everyone)..(not, All for one and everyone for all! ) All for one and one for all! (not to).. (not, All for one and one to all!) All for one and one for all! (not nobody)..(not, All for one and one for nobody! ) Rikki-tikki-tavi: Intentional Intonation Activities: This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not poem) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not above) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not muskrat) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not visits) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not French) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not navy) This story is about a mongoose that lives at a British army post. (not base) Backwards Build-up Objective: Auditory discrimination and oral reproduction of rhythmic patterns of spoken English Procedure: Students practice the intonation, stress, and punctuation of sentences by repeating, by teams, the increasingly larger fragments of a sentence modeled by you. Repeat each line (as necessary) until teams can pronounce the segments well. Continue to build up to the complete sentence. Teams completing the exercise correctly get a point. Example: in fourteen hundred and ninety-two blue in fourteen hundred and ninety-two the ocean blue in fourteen hundred and ninety-two. sailed the ocean blue in fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue in fourteen hundred and ninety-two. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Backward Build-up Activity: a) The mongoose was washed out his burrow by a summer flood. b) He ended up in a garden of a bungalow where an Englishman found him. c) The Englishman dried out the mongoose and he kept him as a family pet. d) Families in India prize mongooses because they kill mice, rats, and snakes. e) The two cobras that lived in the garden tried to kill the Englishman s family. Page 9

10 Intermediate Speaking Activities Charades Objective: Oral production to determine word meaning and context of new lesson vocabulary Procedure: Team members guess who/what the teacher (or student) is silently role-playing. (Ex: famous person, geometric shape, scientific theory) The team guessing correctly gets point. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Charades Activity: Suggestions: threaten, sang praises, crept up, croaked, explored, fluffed up, fur, nest, sorrowful, tame, curious, crept up Mixed-up Sentence Objective: Each team consults to give spoken directions to correct a mixed-up sentence. Procedure: Write a sentence on the board that contains lesson vocabulary and grammar, but scramble the order of the words and put a capital letter or two in the wrong places(s). Tell the class the way the sentence should read. Example sentence: A dicot seed has two parts. You might write on the board: two a seed dicot has parts. The person whose turn it is must verbally give directions to make a correction after consulting with the team. The teacher follows the exact directions given and, if correct, gives the team a point. Then s/he calls on next team. Example: Move the A to the front. You might decide to erase letter a in part and put it at the beginning of the sentence. Perhaps you erase an a and rewrite it on the wall somewhere in front of the classroom. In both cases, you were not given the detailed instructions necessary to complete the task, and you would move on to the next group without awarding a point. You are looking for a response something like, Remove the first capital A and replace it with a lower case A. Directions like these get teams points. Continue until the sentence is reorganized, with a capital at the beginning and a period at the end. Notes: This activity is very difficult and takes several weeks to master. Students will prefer to show you what to do, but do not let them. The idea is to tell you, not show you. The first time you use the activity do not spend more than five minutes. Stop and discuss the kinds of directions they need to give in the future. Do not give up on this activity, no matter how immature the students. Proficient Speaking Activities Twenty Questions Objective: Ask oral questions about a photo or picture to determine meaning of vocabulary words. Procedure: A student from one team selects a photo or picture without showing it to members of teams. Teams take turns asking YES/NO questions about the picture. The picture holder can only answer yes or no. If a team guesses correctly, it receives 20 points minus the number of questions that have been asked divided by two. Example: Is it from the fifteenth Century? Is it a boat? (etc.) Rikki-tikki-tavi: Twenty Questions Activity: Photo or picture suggestions: bottlebrush, bungalow, burrow, cobra, cotton wool, creature, flood, fur, India, melon bed, mongoose, muskrat, nest, veranda, weasel Page 10

11 FCAT FOCUS READING SKILL: Using Comparison Contrast Teacher-Student Grammar Notes are provided as a teaching resource or student study notes. What to do and what to watch for-comparing and contrasting is a skill you use every day. You compare prices when you shop to get the best value for your money. You contrast one TV show with another to decide which one you will watch. The ability to compare and contrast details is an important skill. The FCAT test requires you to compare and contrast. Sometimes you are asked to look at things in one passage, and sometimes you will compare and contrast two passages that have similarities and differences. Find the details in the passage(s) and organize them. Similarities are easier to find than differences. There are two kinds of comparison/contrast questions: multiple-choice questions and READ/THINK/EXPLAIN questions. Do not let the questions get you confused. Follow the steps below to stay on track. a) Make a comparison/contrast diagram like the example above. Label the two things you are comparing, and then list similarities and differences. b) Look for the comparison/contrast words in the lists below. c) In writing your responses, make a statement (like a topic sentence) about why similarities and differences are important. You can also say the same thing again at the end (like a conclusion). d) Organize the main points you want to make in your comparison. Compare point by point or compare points by topic. Compare similarities and differences. In comparison/contrast, we tell how two ideas or things are alike or how they are different. Sometimes something that is unknown will be compared and contrasted to something familiar to you. This Venn diagram organizes information comparing and contrasting baseball and soccer. It shows both similarities and differences. DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES BASEBALL BAT BASES SMALL BALL PITCHER RUNS BOTH ROUND BALL GOOD ATHLETES SPECTATORS ACTION SPORTS UNIFORMS SOCCER CLEETS NET LARGE BALL GOALIE GOALS Page 11

12 COMPARISON CONTRAST MODEL DIFFERENT SAME DIFFERENT Learn key comparison/contrast words. These words signal or point out a comparison or show a contrast. We can compare two or more things, people, or ideas. Some comparison words make equal comparisons (similarities), and others make unequal comparisons (differences). Review details in a text by skimming for comparison/contrast words. Equal comparisons: Compare two people, things, or ideas with the same or equal qualities. Here are some words to watch for and examples: the same (+ noun) the same as (+noun phrase) as (+ adjective/adverb) as a) the same (+ noun) The two girls have the same dress. The two sentences say the same thing. b) the same as (+noun phrase) I have the same car as you. Girls are not the same as boys. c) as (+ adjective/adverb) as Vladimir is as tall as Tiago. My watch is as expensive as your watch. I work as diligently as I can. Page 12

13 Unequal comparisons: Compare and contrast people, things, or ideas with similar or different (unequal) qualities. Here are some words to watch for and examples. like, alike more (+adjective/adverb/noun) (adjective+ -er) than than similar to less (+adjective/adverb/noun) than the (adjective+ -est) different nearly as (+adjective) as the most (+adjective). from but almost as (+adjective) as one of the (adjective+ -est) + noun Examples: a) like. Students in this class are like students in all other classes. b) alike. Jose and Rudy look alike. c) similar to. This flower is similar to that flower in shape and color. d) different from. A circle is different from a square. e) more (+adjective/adverb/noun) than My CD player cost more money than yours did. This book is more interesting than that one. I walk more slowly than you walk. f) less (+adjective/adverb/noun) than Julia has less time than the other students do. This play is less serious than the other play. He works less efficiently than Joseph. My suit cost less than that one. g) (adjective+ -er) than She is much happier than her friends are. h) But. A lemon is sour, but an apple is sweet. i) but affirmative/negative. I like chocolate, but Maria doesn t. An elephant doesn t fly, but a bird does. j) nearly/almost as (+adjective) as James is almost (nearly) as tall as Rolfe is. This class is nearly as easy as PE class. k) the most (+adjective). The most beautiful girl in the world is my mother. l) the (adjective+ -est). The fastest car in the race will win. m) one of the (adjective+ -est) + noun. One of the nicest days is Sunday. Page 13

14 Comparison/Contrast Practice Activity: Students can work in groups to combine the following statements by using the comparison/contrast words. Have groups share answers with the class. Point out that there can be more than one way to make a comparison or show contrast. Have students continue to work in groups to write their own original comparisons. Examples: Maria has the red dress. Josefina has the red dress too. (Maria and Josefina have the same red dress.) Joe s car is new. Bill s car is old. (Joe s car is different from Bill s car.) The blue house has four bedrooms. The yellow house has five bedrooms. (The blue house is almost as large as the yellow one.) a) Marta likes hot dogs and cherry coke. Wilfredo does too. b) Sports cars have two doors. Family cars have four doors. c) Paul is 5 6 tall. Milee is 5 8 tall. Miko is 6 2 tall. d) I have ten dollars. You have twenty-five dollars. Mom has fifty dollars. e) My dog is 10 pounds. My sister s dog is seventy pounds. f) I like soup. My best friend doesn t. g) My motorcycle jumped 200. The world record is 228. h) Oranges are orange. Apples are red. i) Some people are nice. Some people are mean. j) My hair is short and curly. Suzanne s hair is short and straight. k) French fries taste good. Rice is delicious. l) A giraffe s neck is thin. A bird s neck is very thin. m) This book is interesting. That book is very interesting. n) Florida is a large state. Alaska is a very large state. o) Texas is hot. Florida is very hot. Page 14

15 Beginning Reading Activities Pre Reading Objective: Listen to a short series of oral sentences in order to answer simple questions. Procedure: Use the short summary paragraph below (5-10 sentences). Read the paragraph to the class two times. Then read the paragraph a 3 rd time, stopping at the end of each sentence to ask questions. Ask several questions for each sentence, and ask a variety of types of questions (i.e. yes/no, either/or, and wh- ). Ask the questions at a quick pace, and if the group cannot answer quickly enough, move on to the next group. Example: Columbus sailed to America in Sample Questions: Did Columbus sail to America? Did Columbus sail to Europe? Did Columbus sail to Europe or America? Where did he sail? Did King Ferdinand sail to America? Did Columbus or King Ferdinand sail to America? Who sailed to America? Did he sail in 1942? Did he sail in 1492 or 1942? When did he sail? Option: Read the paragraph a 4 th time. Ask questions again. End the activity by dictating the paragraph to the teams. Allow collaboration within the team. Collect/grade one dictation from each team. Each student on the team receives the same grade. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Pre Reading Activity: Rikki-tikki-tavi was a mongoose that was flooded out of his home and ended up in a garden bungalow in India. At first, he looked dead, but the family who lived there revived him. Rikki became the family pet and had the run of the house and garden. Rikki saved the lives of his family when he attacked and killed two black cobras, Nag, and his wife Nagaina, and a poisonous snake named Karait. Nag and Nagaina planned to kill the humans so that Rikki would go away. Rikki kept the garden as a mongoose should keep it. No cobra dared to show its head inside the walls Intermediate-Proficient Reading Activities Total Recall Objective: Read a text in order to ask and answer short questions. Procedure: Teams prepare 3 (or more) questions and their answers from the text. Teams are allowed to write notes about the text. Teams take turns asking each other their questions, and challenging incorrect responses. Responding teams are not allowed to raise hands. The team asking the question chooses which team answers. The same question cannot be asked twice. If a team does not answer correctly, it loses a point and the team asking the question gets a point. When a team does not agree with the answer that the questioner deems correct, it can challenge that team. The challenging team must prove that it is also correct or that the questioning team is incorrect. It does not need to prove both. All teams can join a challenge on either side (questioner's side or respondent's side), but they must do so immediately. (Teams may wait to see how many teams are joining each side, which is unfair.). Once the teams have taken sides on a challenge, they look up the answer in the book. All teams siding with the correct answer get 2 points, and losers lose 2 points. Page 15

16 Story Grammars Objective: Identify a common organizational pattern or grammar of a reading text. Procedure: Introduce story grammars by using the Language Experience Approach. The second time, have each group prepare one. Once groups have mastered story grammars, individuals can prepare their own, but include incentives for the group to help individual members. For example, you might want to give a team a point for each member who receives a grade of B or higher. Example: Setting:, Characters:,,Problem:, Goal:, Events Leading to goal (list in order):,,,resolution: (Three possibilities include: character solves problem, character learns to live with problem, problem defeats character) Note: Story grammars help students understand that most stories have a common organization, and they help students to write reports, evaluate the quality of stories, and write their own stories. Judgment Objective: Read a text for the purpose of identifying facts and opinions. Procedure: On five separate strips of paper, each team writes (or copies) 5 sentences from the text that show facts and opinions. Teams write their team name on the backs of the 5 strips, and swap their sentences. Teams read the sentence strips they have, and place them in either a fact basket or opinion basket in front of the room. The teacher reads each sentence strip from the two baskets. For each, the teams decide if the sentence was correctly placed. If correct, the team with its name on the strip gets a point. If not correct, that team loses a point. (This encourages effective writing.) Option: This activity may be adapted to focus on cause/effect, reality/fantasy or inferred/explicit. True or False Objective: Read a text passage for the purpose of making true and false statements about it. Procedure: Teams make a T chart (2 columns with titles--one side is for true, the other side is for false). Teams make three true or false statements about the text. A representative from the first team reads one statement aloud. The other teams listen and place their token on the appropriate side of their True/False chart. The questioning team decides which choices are correct. Each correct answer earns a team a point. In a disagreement, follow the challenge rules of Total Recall. Page 16

17 Scan Objective: Scan a text for the purpose of asking and answering simple questions. Procedure: 1. Teams write 3 questions about an assigned text. Next to each question, they write page number and paragraph number where the answer is located. 2. A representative from each team asks the team s questions. The other teams get 60 seconds for each question to scan the text, find the answer, page and paragraph numbers, and write them on a sheet of paper. Any team not getting the answer within that time loses a point. 3. Any time a responding team loses a point, the questioning team gets a point. The responding teams take turns reading out their page and paragraph numbers. Then the questioning team reads its page and paragraph numbers. 4. Team respondents who have the same answer as the questioner get an automatic point. Respondents who do not have the same answer as the questioner are not automatically wrong. Both the questioner and respondent read aloud their chosen paragraph. The questioner then decides if the respondent is also correct (Many times the answer to a question can be found in more than one place in a text). If the respondent is also correct, the respondent gets a point. 5. If the questioner says that the respondent is incorrect, the respondent may challenge (as in Total Recall). The responding team must prove that it is also correct or that the questioner is incorrect. It does not need to prove both. Other teams may join one side or the other. The teacher then decides who wins. Winning teams get 2 points and losers lose 2 points. Page 17

18 Beginning- Writing Activities Language Experience Story Objective: Use student-created writing as a text as a model for individual student writings, for rereading or other written activities, including Story Grammars, RAFT, and Spool Writing. Procedure: Language Experience instruction involves asking students to talk about some item of relevance to the class. You may use information from Listening Activity Interview or information learned in other unit activities. Individual team members and teams take turns offering sentences to be added to the text. You write individual contributions on the board, including non-standard forms or word order. Then ask teams to correct or change the text to standard English grammar and syntax and to decide on an organizational format. Assist teams in making necessary adjustments. After the text is corrected, students copy it in their notebooks, or you can type and distribute it. Indirect Speech Objective: Write a familiar dialog in paragraph form, using indirect or reported speech. Procedure: Use the dialog in this lesson written for Presenting Activity Dialog. After teams have completed presenting their dialogs (see Presenting Activities), have each group write the dialog in a paragraph format using indirect speech. Example: COLUMBUS: I need money to buy ships to sail west. Columbus asked the queen for some money to sail to the west. Teams use one piece of paper and one pencil only. Each member takes a turn writing a line of the dialog. Other team members can offer help, but they cannot write it for the individual whose turn it is to write. Collect and grade. Each member of the team gets the same grade. Rikki-tikki-tavi: Indirect Speech Activity: Use the dialog in this lesson written for Presenting Activity Dialog. Example: Father to Mother: A mongoose would be a good pet for Teddy. Father told Mother that a mongoose would be a good pet for Teddy. Intermediate-Proficient Writing Activities Language Experience Story Objective: Create a collaborative writing text to use as a model for re-reading, individual student writing or other written activities (including Story Grammars, RAFT, and Spool Writing) Procedure: Language Experience Story instruction involves asking students to talk about some item of relevance to the class. (You may use information from Listening Activity 6, the Interview, or information learned in other unit activities.) Teams take turns, through individual members, offering sentences to be added to the text. You write their contributions on the board, including non-standard forms and word order. Ask groups to change the text to standard English grammatical and lexical forms and to decide on an acceptable organizational format. Help the groups when they cannot make all of the necessary adjustments. After the text is corrected, students copy it in their notebooks, or you can type and distribute it. Page 18

19 Framed Paragraphs Objective: Use a frame (outline or template) for writing a paragraph that contains a main idea (topic sentence), supporting details, and a summary statement (conclusion). Note: Framed paragraphs are most useful in preparing students for exam questions. In fact, framed paragraphs make very good exam questions. Procedure: Introduce framed paragraphs to the class by creating a story collectively using the language experience approach. The second time you assign framed paragraphs, have each group prepare one. Once the groups have mastered framed paragraphs, have each student prepare his/her own, but include incentives for the group to help individual team members. For example, give a team one point for each member who receives a grade of B or higher. After constructing a model, paragraph with the class, assign groups, pairs, or individuals to find examples in the text. Social Studies Example: There are many cultures of people living in Florida. First... Second... Third... These groups and others... Language Arts Example:..., a character in the novel... by... is... An example of this behavior is... Another example is... Finally... Therefore, this character is... Science Example: OBSERVATION: After observing... HYPOTHESIS: I think... MATERIALS: PROCEDURE: DATA: ANALYSIS: The results of the experiment show... This was caused by... Therefore, my hypothesis was/was not correct because... Framed Paragraphs Activities: Sample #1: (Conclusions) Use these as starters for drawing conclusions: a) Nagaina wants revenge for the death of her husband Nag b) Nagaina is a good mother and wants to defend her eggs c) Nag and Nagaina s plan was to kill the humans was the best possible plan d) Rikki tells Nagaina that he killed Nag to distract her from hurting Teddy At the end of, by, the reader draws the conclusion that (Topic Sentence). This conclusion is based on information in the story and personal knowledge. First, in the story the author says that (information in the story- Detail # 1). Second, (information in the story- Detail # 2). Another detail in the story that leads us to this conclusion is (information in the story-detail # 3). Personal experience and knowledge of the world also tells us that (Detail # 4). The reader can draw the conclusion that. This is because of (information), and (information). Personal experience and general knowledge about help us to arrive at this conclusion. Page 19

20 Sample #2: (Simile and Imagery) Use these as starters for simile and imagery: a) Nagaina gathered herself together and flung out at him Again and again and again she struck and she gathered herself together like a watch spring. b) When the cobra runs for her life, she goes like a whiplash flicked across a horse s neck. c) He (Rikki) held on savagely and stuck out his feet to act as brakes on the dark slope of the hot, moist earth. d) As Rikki-tikki went up the path, he heard his attention like a tiny dinner gong. e) The Coppersmith is a bird who makes a noise exactly like the beating of a little hammer on a copper pot In the story, the author uses similes to create images in the reader s mind (Topic Sentence). In the first comparison, the writer compares to. This comparison creates an image in the reader s mind of (Detail #1). This simile (creates a real sense or sensation of an experience, place, or person/appeals to the senses of sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell). In the second simile comparing to, the writer leaves an image in the reader s mind of (Detail #2). This simile (creates a real sense or sensation of an experience, place or person and appeals to the senses of sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell). In another simile comparing to, the writer leaves an image in the reader s mind of (Detail #3). This simile (creates a real sense or sensation of an experience, place or person and appeals to the senses of sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell). By using the literary devices of simile and imagery, the writer makes comparisons that create powerful word pictures in the reader s mind. (Conclusion) Sample #3: (Generalizations) Use these starters for generalizations. a) The way the family treats Rikki leads us to make a generalization about what kind of people they are. The human family is not afraid of animals. They understand animals and know that a mongoose is a good thing to have around in India where there are many snakes. b) The author refers to the cobras as wicked. We learn that they are poisonous and can kill both people and animals. The reader can make a generalization that cobras are very bad creatures. c) The author calls Darzee a featherbrained little fellow, while his wife was smart enough to make a plan to trick Nagaina. Nagaina was smart enough not to look the snake in the eyes. The reader can make a generalization that male birds are not very smart, and female birds are more intelligent. At the end of the story, by, the reader can make generalizations that may or may not be true. First, because of the reader concludes that and could generalize that. This generalization is (is probably not) true because. Another example is after, the reader concludes that and could generalize about. This generalization is (is probably not) true because. Finally, the reader could generalize that. This is because in the story, and the reader concludes. This generalization is (is probably not) true because. In conclusion, an important factor in making generalizations is that they may apply to the larger picture of life, or they may represent a stereotype that may not be true. Page 20