Report. Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity. Nigeria. Prepared by D.A. Aba

Transcription

1 Report Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria Prepared by D.A. Aba Zaria, February 009

2 Table of contents Acronyms. Introduction 3. National Agricultural Research System 3 3. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Northern Nigeria 4 Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, SamaruZaria 4 Ahmadu Bello University, Centre For Biotechnology, Research And Training 8 National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi 9 Lake Chad Research Institute Jigawa State Research Institute 3 Premier Seed Nigeria Limited 4 Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited 6 Nagari Seeds Nigeria Limited 8 Savanna Seeds Nigeria Limited 0 4. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southern Nigeria Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike Umuahia, Asia State, Nigeria 3 South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka 4 Department Of Crop Science, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka 6 5. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southwest Nigeria 7 Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State 7 Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State 8 Federal University of Technology, Akure 9 Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State 3 Lagos State University, Lagos 3 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State 34 National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State 35 Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State 36 Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State 37

3 University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State 39 University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 40 University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State 4 6. Summary Conclusion and recommendations References 45 Appendix I Northern Nigeria 46 Table : Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, Table : Number and educational level of FTEs plant breeders in various institutions in Table 3: Budget (in naira) allocated to plant breeding ad biotechnology activities in various institutions ( ) 47 Table 4: Resource allocation in percent and its trend in different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions ( ) 47 Table 5: Resource allocation (percent) of different institution for different research areas in Table 6: Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or crops group by different plant breeding institutions in Table 7: Number of crosses segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding 50 Table 8: Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programms of different crops in various institutions in Table 9: Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Table 0: The most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in the 980s and Table : Number of crops varieties released by institutions 54 Table : Required assistance from the international community 54 Appendix II: Institutions in Southern and Southwest Nigeria 55 Table II.: Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, Table II.. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant breeders in various institutions in Table II.3. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant biotechnologists in various institutions in Table II.4. Budget (in Naira) allocated to plant breeding and biotechnology activities in various institutions of Nigeria: Table II.5. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropsgroup by different plant breeding institutions of Nigeria 58

4 Table II.6. Resource allocation in percent and its trend for different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions in Table II.7. Resource allocation (percent) of different institutions in Nigeria for different research areas of plant breeding: Table II.8. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding in Nigeria 6 Table II.9. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in breeding programmes of different crops in various institutions in Nigeria in Table II.0. Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Nigeria in the 980s and Table II.: Priority areas of assistance needed in increasing efficient use of PGRFA as rated by different institutions 64 Table II.. Number of crop varieties released by institutions in Nigeria in Tabel II. 3: Limiting aspects for the success of the plant breeding programs 66

5 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the contributions of Professor A.A. Adeoti of UNAB and Dr. N.U.A. Idem of UNI Uyo in providing the data from their respective geopolitical zones which made up this report. I also wish to thank all the Institutions that provided information through the questionnaires. Finally, I thank the FAO for giving me this opportunity to participate in this programme. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

6 Acronyms AAUA Adekunle Ajasin University, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo State ABU Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria BABCOCK Babcock University, IlishanRemo, Ogun State BELLS Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State BOWEN Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State CBR&T Centre for Biotechnology, Research and Training, ABU, Zaria CGIAR Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research COVENANT Covenant University, Idiroko, Ota, Ogun State CRIN Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State CRINB Cereal Research Institute of Nigeria, Badegi, Niger State FRIN Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State FUTA Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State IAR Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru IAR&T Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan JSRI Jigawa State Research Institute, Jigawa LASU Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State LAUTECH Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State LCRI Lake Chad Research Institute, Maiduguri NAGRAB National Agency for Genetic Research and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Oyo State NCRI National Cereal Research Institute, Badeggi NIHORT National Institute for Horticultural Research, Ibadan, Oyo State NRCRI National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike OAU Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State OOU Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State RCB&B Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, Port Harcourt SZBC South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, Nsukka UI University of Ibadan, Oyo State UNAAB University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State UNAD University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State UNILAG University of Lagos, Lagos State UNILORIN University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State UNN University of Nigeria, Nsukka Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

7 3. Introduction Nigeria is situated in the south of the SubSaharan Africa and occupies a total land area of 93 million hectares, which lies between longitude 3 o and 4 o E and latitudes 4 o and 4 o north. The ecological diversity of Nigeria ranges between the southern mangrove and the northern Sahel. As a consequence, there is considerable diversity in response to the ecological variability. The crop types grown in Nigeria include the tree crops (oil palm, cocoa, coffee, rubber, etc) legumes (cowpea, soyabean, pigeon pea, sunflower groundnuts, etc), cereals (maize, sorghum, millet, rice, wheat, etc), root tubers (cassava, yams, potatoes, etc), fruit crops (guava, pineapple, pawpaw, citrus, mango, etc), vegetables (tomatoes, onions, pepper, amaranthus, etc), fibre crops (cotton, kenaf and jute). Formal agricultural research in Nigeria started as far back as 893 when the first botanical research station was established by the colonial government (Gambo, 996). Today we have 8 National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) in the various subsectors of agricultural research, with over 900 core scientists employed by these institutes. We also have over Federal Universities in the various geopolitical zones of the country working together with some of these research institutes in the various agricultural subsectors. These institutes are saddled with the responsibilities for researching into the development of new applied agricultural innovations and/or technologies that will enhance the productivity of our peasant farmers (Aba, 005). It is in the light of this that the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO of UN) commissioned the national plant breeding survey in Nigeria and other countries in Africa to assess and strengthened sustainable use of plant genetic resources especially for agriculture in order to enhance the capacities of these agricultural research organizations in their quest in the development of new applied agricultural innovations/technologies that will enhance the productivity of our farmers and thus alleviate poverty. Plant genetic resources constitute genotype populations of cultivars (landrances, advanced/improved cultivars) genetic stocks, wild and weedy species, which are maintained in the form of plants, seeds, tissues. The great wealth of genetic diversity currently available holds vast potential. However, the genetic resources are nonrenewable and are natural resources. The term biotechnology has been used to include a wide variety of biological manipulations such as cell, tissue and organs culture, embryo rescue, genetic engineering, including the transfer of DNA across sexual barriers, vaccine production, etc (RAO and Kiley, 994). In Nigeria, the use of genetic resources has been in practice for over 30 years in the various crop breeding programmes in the various research institutes and universities involved in plant breeding work. The major constraint in most researches in plant breeding work in Nigeria has been due to limited funding. Fortunately and recently, research in plant breeding and biotechnology are beginning to be recognized or appreciated by the Federal Government of Nigeria as the only way whereby technological breakthroughs in science and agriculture can be achieved. Thus funding in these areas is beginning to improve.. National Agricultural Research System Agricultural research in Nigeria began nearly a century ago. Since then, the Nigerian research system has undergone a number of cycles of development. Currently, the national research system comprises 8 National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs), three agricultural universities, 3 Faculties of Agriculture, seven international agricultural research centers (DFID, Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

8 4 ICRISAT, IFAD, IITA, ILRI, UNDP, USAID), agricultural development projects (ADPs) and some private organisations (i.e., seed companies) (Bakshi, 996). The Nigerian agricultural research system was considered to be the largest and perhaps the best in Africa. Unfortunately, since the early eighties, it has been experiencing serious setbacks due to drastic reduction in funding, frequent changes in government policies, inability of the national research institutions to effectively focus limited resources on priority areas, and lack of mechanisms for effective collaboration among NARIs, universities, extension and private sector. The President of Nigeria has outlined a seven point agenda in which the government will provide enough funds and the enabling environment to ensure that this seven point agenda transforms the Nigerian economy from a developing to a developed economy by year 00. This seven point agenda has agriculture as one of its areas of focus. It is hoped that this will provide enough funds for the training of more plant breeders and biotechnologists who are key to innovations in crop improvement, and also for the procurement and upgrading of facilities in this research institutes, the agricultural universities and the faculties of agriculture in the various universities in the country. 3. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Northern Nigeria Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, SamaruZaria Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), is affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria and has the mandate to train and research in all aspects of Agricultural science. This institute was established in 94 as a zonal institute with the mandate of researching into all aspects of crop improvement for the northern region. In 96 it was merged with the Faculty of Agriculture of the Ahmadu Bello University. In 986 its mandate was redefined by the Federal Government of Nigeria to cover the genetic improvement of sorghum, cotton, cowpea and groundnuts and other farming systems requirements of all crops grown in the north. By 996, the mandate area was reduced to cover only the Northwest of Northern Nigeria with maize in addition to the other crops mentioned earlier. The five mandate crops of the Institute i.e., sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnuts and cotton were surveyed (Table ). Educational Level The Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) in 985 had only one BSc holder usually known as a Graduate Assistant, three staff (assistant research fellows) and two holders. In 995 the qualifications/number changed to two holders and four holders. In 005 and 007 we had four holders and seven holders which is a significant increase in both the and holders. This is an indication that there are more competent breeders today than it was in 985 (Table ). Funding and Budgeting The IAR in the 980s had an estimated budget of about million naira as total allocation for research. Out of this amount five hundred thousand naira (N ) was for plant breeding (50%). Between 990 and 995 the total budget rose to million naira for research, out of which million was allocated to plant breeding (50%). By the year 000, no funds were allocated for research. By 007 the allocation of funds to research rose to 0 million of which 8 million naira was allocated to plant breeding and biotechnology which is about forty percent (40%). Even though the amount of money increased the percentage to plant breeding and biotechnology decreased (Table 3). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

9 5 Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup The IAR in 985 allocated thirty percent each for its human and financial resources to the sorghum breeding programme and groundnut breeding programme. Twenty percent was allocated to cotton and cowpea each for their plant breeding activities the same year. By 990 IAR was allocating thirty percent each of its resources to sorghum and groundnut breeding work. While twenty percent went for cowpea and cotton each. In 000, IAR was allocating twenty percent of its human and financial resources to sorghum breeding, maize breeding cowpea breeding, cotton breeding and groundnut breeding each. By the year 007 IAR allocated twenty percent of its resources each to all its mandate crops (sorghum, maize, groundnut, cowpea and cotton). Even though there were some plant breeding work going on sunflower and castor. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Sorghum The IAR allocated twenty percent of its research budget to germplasm enhancement, thirty percent for line development and fifty percent for line evaluation. Gemplasm enhancement is maintained at same while line development and line evaluation are in the increase. Maize: The IAR allocates 0% of its resources in maize breeding to gemplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development and forty percent for line evaluation. Germplasm enhancement has remained the same while line development and line evaluation are increasing. Cowpea: IAR allocates twenty percent of its plant breeding resources to cowpea germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line evaluation and forty percent too for line evaluation. Gemplasm enhancement is increasing in importance in cowpea as well as all others i.e. line development and line evaluation. Groundnuts: In IAR 0% of resources are allocated to germplasm enhancement in cowpea since there are difficulties in making crosses in the institute, 0% resources for cowpea breeding are allocated to line development, while 70 percent is for line evaluation. Line development is low, while line evaluation is on the increase. Cotton: IAR which has the national mandate for cotton improvement and allocates twenty percent of the cotton breeding resources to germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development, and forty percent for line evaluation. The trend shows that all the aspects of plant breeding in cotton in IAR are increasing. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding in The IAR in the early years of its research (985) allocated fifty percent of its resources for plant breeding to germplasm enhancement and fifty percent to line development and line evaluation combined. In the year 990 the situation remained the same. But from the trend changed. Sixty percent of the resources were for line development and evaluation, while forty percent was for germplasm enhancement. In 005 line development and evaluation maintained. Its sixty per cent of the allocation, but germplasm enhancement declined to thirty five percent while biotechnology was introduced with five percent. By 007 line development and evaluation Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

10 6 climbed up to seventy percent of allocation, while germplasm enhancement declined to twenty percent and biotechnology increased to ten percent (Table 6). Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in IAR in plant breeding in 007 Sorghum: Twenty different crosses are made in a season in sorghum breeding, there are usually ten to twenty segregating populations considered all generations, with about 50 different trials in about six locations in a season (Table 7). Maize: IAR makes about hundred crosses in its maize breeding programme, with fifty to hundred segregating populations. It conducts about twenty trials in seven locations in the season for maize. Groundnut: IAR does not generate crosses in the groundnut breeding programme due to the difficulty involved in getting viable crosses from ICs, but handles some few segregating populations in groundnut during the season. However, they conducted four trials in two locations during the season, 007. Cowpea: IAR generate about ten crosses in cowpea, they have five to ten segregating generations. IAR conducted about five different trials in about three locations in 007. Cotton: The IAR generates about ten crosses in cotton breeding, with five to ten segregating populations. It conducted six trials in only one location in the season, 007. Main sources of IAR germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes Sorghum: IAR uses about ten percent from local germplasm bank for its plant breeding work in sorghum. National germplasm bank, introduction through multilateral agreements don t contribute anything while participating in introductions through germplasm evaluation contribute twenty (0) percent of the germplasm sources, farmers materials contribute about sixty (60) percent of the germplasm in the sorghum breeding programmes of the institute. Public organizations in industrialized countries and private sector contribute five percent each. Maize: IAR sources for five percent of its germplasm for maize breeding work from National gene banks, sixty percent from introduction through multilateral agreements, ten percent from participating in germplasm evaluation, ten percent from public organizations, five percent from private sector and ten percent from farmers materials. Cotton: IAR with the national mandate for cotton sources for eighty percent of its germplasm from national gene banks, ten percent from introductions from multilateral agreements, five percent from introductions and five percent from public organizations in industrialized countries. Cowpea: IAR sources for thirty percent of its cowpea germplasm from local gene banks, ten percent from national gene banks, thirty percent from introductions through multilateral agreements, twenty percent from introduction through participating in germplasm evaluation, ten percent from CGIAR and thirty percent from private sector organizations. Groundnut: IAR with the national mandate on groundnut sources for twenty percent of its germplasm from local gene banks, five percent from national gene bank, thirty percent from multilateral agreements and introductions through participating in germplasm evaluation. Five percent of its germplasm comes from CGIAR, ten percent from farmers materials. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

11 7 Priorities of crop breeding programmes of IAR in IAR with the mandate for genetic improvement of sorghum, maize, cowpea, cotton, groundnut and sunflower in Nigeria gives high priority to highly favourable environments (yield) to all the crops of its mandate. The next in importance of its focus on crop improvements is the biotic stress followed by abiotic stress. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in IAR (980s 007) IAR has as its first most limiting factor to a successful pant breeding programme as, inadequate number of breeders for each crop (), followed by lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (); thirdly is the lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding (3), the fourth most limiting factor is inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carryout experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (4). Lastly, is the lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (5) (Table 0). In 980 IAR had similar priority setting as it is in recent years (007). In the 80 s IAR had as the most important limiting factor to its plant breeding programmes is inadequate number of breeders for each crop (). The second most important limiting factor at that time was the lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). The same trend was observed for all the factors limiting plant breeding programmes in 80 s is still the same today with the same priority setting. Crop varieties released by IAR from The varieties shown in the various questionnaires from IAR were actually varieties registered by the institution. Varieties of crops could be released in different years and be registered in another year, this will explained the differences between the number of crop varieties in the questionnaire and the ones in Table. IAR which has the mandate for the genetic improvement of maize, sorghum, cowpea, cotton and groundnuts, etc has released the following varieties of crops: Sorghum, in 985 nineteen (9) varieties were released giving a total of nineteen. For Maize, three (3) varieties were released in 000, giving a total of three. For cowpea one () variety was released in 985, 3 in 990 making a total of four varieties. For groundnuts eight (8) varieties were released, two () in 990, three (3) in 000 making a total of thirteen (3). For cotton three (3) varieties were released in 000, making a total of 3 by 007. For millet five (5) varieties were released in 985 when millet was still its mandate. IAR also released two varieties of sesame in 000 giving a total of by 007. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

12 8 Ahmadu Bello University, Centre For Biotechnology, Research And Training Ahmadu Bello University Centre for Biotechnology (ABU), Research and Training is a public sector centre established in 999 to carry out work on only biotechnology and training for scientists and technologists involved in biotechnology in the north of Nigeria specifically. This serves as a zonal centre of biotechnology in the north, while others are found in the south west zone, south east zone and southsouth zone of the country. The director of the centre is Professor A.J. Nok. Educational Level In 999 the staff on ground was made up of BSc and and As at 007 the staff strength still remains the same. The centre needs assistance in the area of promoting training programmes on biotechnology tools for its staff. The centre of biotechnology research and training of the ABU needs the support from the international community, including organizations like centres of the CGIAR system, FAO, etc. Funding and Budgeting Total budget for the research by the centre by 007 was about N3.5 million naira only (Three and half million naira only). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Percentage resource allocation both human and financial to maize biotechnology has thirty (30%) while others form seventy (70%) percent. The centre is involved in evaluating fixed lines introduced from other breeding programmes in maize and sorghum. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops From the total resources available to the organization for research, fifty percent goes for line development and evaluation while fifty percent goes for biotechnology work. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding The organization is working mainly on molecular characterization and marker assisted selection (MAS). The centre is mostly concerned with improving quality traits in sorghum and maize in its biotechnology programme in breeding. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in ABU Biotechnology in 007 The centre made about ten crosses in the year 007. Main sources of Ahmadu Bello University Biotechnology Centre germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Ahmadu Bello University Biotechnology Centre is not directly involved in plant breeding but only the biotechnology aspect. This biotechnology started in 998 and the allocation is hundred percent to biotechnology. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

13 9 Priorities of crop breeding programmes of ABU Biotechnology Centre from Inception to 007 About fifty percent (50%) of the resource allocation in biotechnology is use for line development which does not seem to change (), while fifty percent of the allocation is used for line evaluation, which seems to be increasing (). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in ABU Biotechnology Centre rated to 5 with the 007 experience Ahmadu Bello University has as the most limiting factor being due to lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding. It is followed by the inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advance plant breeding techniques (). National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi (NCRI) is a public sector research institute which was established in 95. It has the national mandate for the genetic improvement of rice, sugarcane, soyabean, beniseed and fonio. Until 988, the institute also had the national mandate for maize and cowpea. Not much work has been done in the last two crops (i.e. benniseed and fonio), whereas extensive research work has been done in the first two crops (rice and sugarcane) which were surveyed. No plant biotechnology work has been done here. Educational Level In the National cereals Research Institute they started with holders in 985 and, by 995 there were four holders and In 005 and 007, only one and one holders. This is showing a decline in the number of breeders available in the institute. Funding and Budgeting In NCRI the total budget for research in the eighties was estimated to be million naira only, while about seven hundred (75%) thousand naira only was the budget for plant breeding activities. In the nineties the budget remaining the same but with a slight increase for plant breeding activities (80%). In 000 no funds were allocated to research at all. In 007 about 0 million naira was allocated for research while.5 million naira was allocated to plant breeding activities. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup NCRI Baddegi allocation of resources both human and financial has not been consistent because it is based on the priority and allocation of funds. Earlier, forty percent of it resources were to its rice and sugar cane breeding programme, while twenty percent was used for other minor crops. But in 990 allocated fifty percent of its resources to rice breeding and forty percent to sugar cane while ten percent went to other crops. NCRI was allocating fifty percent each to rice and sugarcane breeding activities in the institute with little amounts for the other minor crops. Recent response showed fifty percent of its resources to rice breeding and fifty percent to sugar cane breeding programmes. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops The amount allocated for research increased and that of plant breeding has also increased. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

14 0 Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Though the amount allocation for different research areas of plant breeding has increased but the percentage allocation to plant breeding decreased by 45%. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in National Cereal Research Institute NCRI generated about ten crosses, with about twenty segregating populations. It conducted ten trials in four locations for sugarcane breeding programme in 007. Main sources of National Cereal Research Institute germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sixty percent of its germplasm comes from participation in germplasm evaluation, twenty percent from CGIAR and twenty percent from farmers materials. It sources for eighty percent of its sugarcane germplasm from national gene bank and twenty percent from private sector. Priorities of crop breeding programmes of National Cereal Research Institute from Inception to 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority). National Cereal Research Institute has high priority () for its breeding programmes to all its mandate crops rice and sugarcane to highly favourable environments (), followed by biotic stress () and lastly by abiotic stress (3) in that order. National Cereals Research Institute allocates twenty percent of its rice breeding funds for germplasm enhancement, twenty percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. Germplasm enhancement of rice is on the decline (3) while line development and line evaluation are on the increase (). Sugarcane improvement was allocated ten percent of its breeding to germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development and fifty percent for line evaluation. The trend indicates that germplasm enhancement is not changing () while line development and line evaluation are increasing (). National Cereals Research Institute Baddegi allocated eighty percent of its research resource for line development and evaluation in 985. This trend continued up to 007, while only twenty percent of the resources were for germplasm enhancement. No biotechnology work is being done here. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in National Cereal Research Institute rated to 5 with the 007 experience NCRI seemed to have a similar experience in the plant breeding programmes of the Institute as it is today. The most important factor at that time was inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carryout experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (). Lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory factor limiting success in plant breeding programme in NCRI. Lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (3). The lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding programmes (4) was the fourth most important factor while, inadequate number of plant breeders for each crop was the last most important factor (5). Crop varieties released NCRI released eighteen (8) varieties of rice in 985, eight (8) in 990 and three (3) in 000, thus making a total of twenty nine varieties of rice by 007. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

15 NCRI also released four (4) varieties of sugarcane in 985, three (3) in 990, two () in 000, making a total of nine (9) varieties by 007. Lake Chad Research Institute The Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI) is a public sector research institute which was established in 977 about 3 years ago. It has the national mandate for the genetic improvement of millet, wheat and barley. It has not been involved in any plant biotechnology work, so the survey covered only the three crops of its mandate. Educational Level In Lake Chad Research Institute, there was only one holder and one holder in 985. In 995 there were two BSc holders with 3 holders. The holder had gotten another offer somewhere and had relocated. In 005 and 007 there are BSc, and holders. The situation here also has improved with more qualified breeders as was the case in 985. Funding and Budgeting For LCRI total budget for research in the eighties was about million out of which three hundred and fifty thousand was allocated to plant breeding (35%). In the nineties same amount was allocated for research and plant breeding still maintain its 35 percent allocation. In 000 there was no allocation of funds to research. By 007 the allocation to research rose to 5 million while allocation to plant breeding activities rose to 3 million which was 0% of the total. Again though the allocations increased, the percentage allocation to plant breeding decreased (5% to 0%). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup LCRI allocated sixty percent of its resources to millet breeding work, twenty percent to each of wheat and barley breeding work by 985. In 990 LCRI allocated fifty percent of its resources to millet breeding work, twenty percent for barley and thirty percent for wheat breeding. LCRI by 000 was allocating fifty percent of its resources to millet breeding, twenty percent to barley and thirty percent to wheat breeding activities. By 007 allocated sixty percent of its resources to millet breeding, ten percent to barley work and thirty percent to wheat breeding. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops LCRI allocates twenty percent of resources for millet breeding to germplasm enhancement, twenty percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. LCRI allocates thirty percent of its resources for barley breeding work to gemplasm enhancement, thirty percent for line development and forty percent for line evaluation. Similarly, thirty percent of its resources is allocated for wheat breeding to germplam enhancement, ten percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Lake Chad Research Institute in 985 allocated eighty percent of its resources to line development and evaluation while twenty percent was for germplasm enhancement. By the , line development and evaluation declined to 70% while germplasm enhancement increased to thirty percent when wheat was being emphasized for bread making and other confectionaries. But the year 005 and 007 there was an increase again of allocation of Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

16 resources for line development and line evaluation with twenty percent for germplasm enhancement. No biotechnology work is being done here. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops The LCRI generates about 50 crosses in millet, with about ten to twenty five segregating populations. LCRI conducted about ten trials in about five locations in the season, 007. LCRI generate no crosses in barley, but carry out about 50 trials in only one location in the season, 007. LCRI generates about ten crosses in wheat, twenty five segregating populations in one location in 007 season. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. LCRI sources for fifty percent of its germplasm from local gene bank, ten percent from introductions through multilateral agreements and from farmers materials. All the other sources, national gene bank, participating in germplasm evaluation, CGIAR, public organizations and private sector provide five percent of the germplasm materials. LCRI sources for Barley has hundred percent germplasm from introductions from bi or multilateral agreements. This is a temperate crop which is being adopted into the tropics. LCRI sources for ninety five percent of its germplasm wheat materials from introductions through bi or multilateral agreements while five percent is from local gene banks. This is also a temperate crop which is being adopted into the tropics. Priorities of crop breeding programmes from Inception to 007 In Lake Chad Research Institute, the pattern is the same as in the other research institutes, i.e., high priority for highly favourable environments followed by breeding for biotic stress () and lastly breeding for abiotic stress (3). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in 007 Lake Chad research Institute has its most important limiting factor to a successful plant breeding programme as lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). The second most important factor is inadequate number of plant breeders for each crop (). Thirdly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (3). Fourthly is the lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques (4). Lake Chad Research Institute as at the 980 s had lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments being the most liming factor (). Inadequate number of breeders for each crop was the next most important factor (). Inadequate knowledge level of general plant breeding strategies (3) was the third limiting factor in importance in LCRI. The lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques was fourth in importance in limiting success to plant breeding in the 80 s in LCRI. And finally the last limiting factor in LCRI is lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (5). Crop varieties released LCRI released two varieties of millet in 000 making a total of by 007. LCRI released one () variety of wheat in 990, making a total of by 007. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

17 3 Jigawa State Research Institute The Jigawa State Research Institute is a public sector research institute, established in 00, about six years ago. Its main focus is on plant biotechnology which was covered by the survey. Educational Level In Jigawa Research Institute by 985 it was not yet established. By 000 and 007 we had and holders. This is in plant biotechnology. Funding and Budgeting Jigawa State Government allocates about 3 million naira for its biotechnology work in sugarcane and baoba. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Jigawa Research Institute allocated hundred percent of its human and financial resources to plant biotechnology in sugar cane. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Jigawa Research Institute allocated hundred percent of its plant breeding resources to sugarcane, and now is introducing rubber (gum Arabic). Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding This institution was established in 000 with the sole aim of working on biotechnology using sugar cane. Hundred percent of the resources allocated are for the biotechnology work. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops No crosses are generated for the two crops, no trials. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Jigawa Research Institute sources for fifty percent of its germplasm for the sugar breeding work from local gene bank and fifty percent from public organizations in industralized countries. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Jigawa Research Institute has seventy percent of resource allocation for sugar breeding is used in germplasm enhancement, this is specifically for biotechnology work in the institute. The twenty percent allocation for line development and ten percent for line evaluation, all the aspects are increasing () in trend. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Jigawa Research Institute most limiting factor is lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding (). The second most limiting factor is inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (). lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments (3) as the third limiting factor. And lastly lack of support from the international community including CGIAR ad FAO (4) as the fourth most limiting factor to its plant biotechnology programmes. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

18 4 Premier Seed Nigeria Limited Premier Seed Nigeria Limited (PLC) is a private sector seed company established in 984 by the former Nigerian Head of State General Olushegun Obasanjo. This is the first indigenous seed company ever established in Nigeria. It started as an Agricultural Seed Limited, which was later bought over by Pioneer seeds in 99. Pioneer Seed was later also bought over by Premier Seeds Nigeria Limited in 994. The company has been involved in plant breeding activities since 99 supporting the maize breeding programme of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) based in Ibadan, Nigeria, through the provision of land and infrastructure of its farm in Zaria. The company is not engage in any plant biotechnology work. But apart from doing some plant breeding work on maize, it also work on sorghum, groundnut, rice, cowpea and some vegetables. All of which were covered by the survey. Educational Level Established in 984 had only and holder by 985. By 000 and 007 we had twenty (0) BSc, twenty (0) and holders. This shows an improvement in the plant breeders employed by the company. Of course, it is the largest and well established seed company in Nigeria. Funding and Budgeting Her budget for research in the eighties (80 s) was about 5 million naira only which was for plant breeding activities (00%). In the nineties (90 s) it went up to 0 million naira only which is for research as well as plant breeding activities. In the 007 the budget went up to 50 million naira only, which was used for plant breeding activities. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Priemer Seeds then Pioneer seeds allocated twenty percent of its resources to sorghum breeding work, while sixty percent was allocated to maize breeding work. Ten percent of the resources were allocated to groundnut and cowpea each. Premier seeds when just been established, allocated ten percent of its resources to sorghum breeding programme, sixty percent for the maize breeding programme, twenty percent to cowpea breeding work and ten percent for groundnut work. Premier seed by 007 allocated twenty percent of its plant breeding resources to sorghum breeding, sixty percent to maize breeding, ten percent to cowpea and ten percent to groundnut work and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Premier Seed allocated hundred percent of the resources in cowpea to line evaluation. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Premier Seeds does not carry out germplasm enhancement but is involved in line development which takes 30% of its resource allocation, and 70% of its resources go for line evaluation. Premier Seeds allocates thirty percent of its resources to line development, while seventy percent goes for line evaluation. Premier seeds allocates hundred percent of its groundnut resources to line evaluation. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

19 5 Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops Sorghum: Premier seeds also is involved in making crosses, up to twenty segregating populations. They could evaluate one hundred trials in twenty locations for sorghum. Maize: Premier seeds makes about one hundred crosses in the season, with fifty segregating populations and conducted twenty trials in about one hundred locations. Groundnut: Premier seeds do not also generate groundnut crosses, but are involved in conducting trials in fifty locations for other researchers on groundnuts. Cowpea: Premier seeds do not generate cowpea crosses but conduct 0 trials in 5 locations. Rice: Premier seeds do not generate rice crosses but carry out 5 trials in 5 locations. Main sources of Premier Seeds plc germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sorghum: Premier seeds sources for thirty percent of its germplasm from local gene bank and sixty percent from private sector. Maize: Premier seeds sources for ten percent of its germplasm materials from National germplasm bank, ten percent from introduction, twenty percent from CGIAR and fifty percent from private sector and ten percent from public organizations. Cotton: Premier seeds is not interested in cotton seed production, this might be due to its high cost of production and poor market value for the lint produce in the country. Cowpea: Premier seeds gets five percent of its cowpea germplasm from local sources, thirty percent from national gene banks, ten percent from introduction from multilateral agreements, introductions from participation in germplasm evaluation, and from farmers materials. Five percent comes from public organizations and thirty percent from private sector. Groundnut: Premier seeds gets forty percent of its groundnut germplasm from national gene banks, ten percent from CGIAR and fifty percent from private sector. Rice: Premier seeds sources for thirty percent of the germplasm for rice from national gene bank, while ten percent each from local gene banks, introduction through bi or multilateral agreements, introductions through CGIAR, public organizations, private sector and also from farmers materials. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Premier seed is concerned with highly favourable environment with high priority (). Other aspects though of their concerned because they are also not directly involved in breeding for such aspects as disease or drought resistance. Actually they simply acquire ready made materials/varieties/ hybrids from research institutes that develop such. No biotechnology is done here and no germplasm enhancement. Line development does not change () while line evaluation is on the increase (). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

20 6 Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Premier seeds plc most limiting factors are lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). Secondly there is lack of adequate number of breeders for each crop (). Thirdly there is the lack of support by the international community including CGIAR and FAO (3). Fourthly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (4). And finally is the inadequate experimental fields (5). Crop varieties released Premier seed released four (4) varieties of maize in 000, making a total of 4 by 007. Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited is a subsidiary of Deesham Farms Ltd, it is a seed company established in 997 and has the backing and support of (i) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. (ii) National Seed Service, Federal Department of Agriculture. (iii) Some highly placed agriculturally oriented Nigerian Farmers, under the Chairmanship of Late Major General T.M. Madaki Its main objectives are: (a) To produce and market high quality seeds that have consistence performance at different environments. (b) To expand the profit of Alheri customers. (c) To contribute in making Nigeria selfsufficient in food production. Alheri seeds is currently involved in the production of high quality seeds of sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnut and rice, which were covered by the survey. This company is based in Zaria, Nigeria. Educational Level Alheri Seeds by 995 was not yet established, but by 000 there was only BSc holder and the rest were Diploma holders (HND or OND). Up till today there is only BSc holder who is the Managing Director of the company. Funding and Budgeting Alheri seeds had a total budget of 5 million naira only for research, which is allocated to all plant breeding activities (00%) in 999. As at 007 the budget went up to 5 million which is fully utilized for plant breeding activities (00%). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Alheri seeds by 000 was allocating twenty percent of its resources to sorghum breeding work, forty percent to maize, twenty percent to cowpea, ten percent to groundnut and ten percent to rice and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Alheri seeds allocated twenty percent of resources in 007 to sorghum breeding work, forty percent to maize breeding, twenty percent to cowpea and groundnuts each and ten percent to its rice breeding. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria