Rwanda Agricultural Sector and its Impact on Food Security and Economy
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1 Rwanda Agricultural Sector and its Impact on Food Security and Economy Workshop on Asian Lessons and Agriculture Transformation in Rwanda J.J. Mbonigaba Muhinda Rwanda Agriculture Board Kigali, 31 Jan 2013
2 Outline Country background Agriculture Sector background Policy reforms and Capacity Building Sector mission, development & key milestones/ targets Research priorities for Agriculture Development Sector contribution to the Economy 2
3 Rwanda background Rwanda s economy is still largely agrarian ~ 10.5 mill people >80% of population depend on agriculture ~34% contribution to the national GDP Total Land area = 24,700 sq. km Population density = 407 persons/ sq. km Arable land = 91% of land (2,294,390 Ha) Cultivated land (Cash and Food Crops) = 1,735,025 Ha Cultivated land (Food crops; 2011 B) = 935,176 Ha 3
4 Agriculture sector-background Agriculture in Rwanda remains the trade sector that holds potentials for expansion However, agricultural growth was 0.5% in the 80 s and 3.9% in the 90 s Low agricultural growth lied at the central core of under-performing economy in the 80 s pictured limitation in resources base, declining soil fertility and exceptionally low utilization of modern agricultural inputs Since the beginning of the year 80, highly growing population was becoming more and more obviously a negative impact on lands occupation: overexploitation and soil erosion leading to decline soil fertility
5 Sector background ( ) Intensive agriculture has then been considered, and necessary measures were undertaken (introduction of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion control, interest in organic manure, etc.) These efforts did not however result in expected outcomes because they were mainly directed to self-sufficiency and did not lead to the creation of monetary income to farmers. Other hindrances were overlooked, such as: Agricultural tools were rudimentary and did not receive much attention; Control of water and especially water for irrigation was little ensured; Animal husbandry was not sufficiently developed, hence less productive.
6 Sector background ( ) From this background, agriculture and livestock have become a major concern of the Government in the reconstruction period after the Genocide The goal was to reverse the trend and bring about wellbeing of the population through identification of a liberalized and market-oriented agricultural economy, food security and poverty reduction Research was then set to be an important backbone for this policy Hence, elaboration of the agricultural policy and related strategies to implement it were initiated favoured participatory approach 6
7 Policy reforms & CB: SPAT 1 & 2 The SPAT II has been developed in response to the need for an updated strategy for agriculture (SPAT I) The SPAT II bringing it fully into consonance EDPRS, prospective, long term Vision 2020 and the National Investment Strategy The SPAT II serves to elaborate and develop the programmes, sub programmes and activities that should lead agricultural development, and so will guide implementation as well as forming the basis for a Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) in agriculture.
8 Policy reforms & CB: SPAT 2 framework 8
9 Policy reforms & CB: EDPRS Under the EDPRS process, four major programs were defined for the period , which together represent Rwanda s priorities across the four CAADP Pillars. Government sees implementation of EDPRS as strategy to achieve and exceed the 6% CAADP growth target Government committed to implement Maputo-declaration (10%) 9
10 Sector mission and priorities The mission: to insure food security for the Country through increasing productivity of Agriculture and Livestock Resources available: water, marshlands, land, soil and people to our advantage and sustainably 10 10
11 Sector strategic orientation (SPAT ) Diversification and intensification of plant, animal and fish production Diversification of income and employment sources for rural populations Linking products to national, regional and International markets Sustainable management of natural resources, particularly soil and water Organization, mobilization and capacity-building for producers Capacity-building for service providers and private-sector development Creating an enabling environment for investment in agriculture Promoting gender and youth approach in agriculture sector 11
12 Sector priority programs Crop Intensification Program Irrigation & mechanization infrastructure development Comprehensive land husbandry Post-Harvest Handling and storage Livestock modernization & genetic improvement Promoting Exports and High-Value Crops Integrated Research for Development & Technology transfer 12
13 Research priorities for agriculture development Crop production and protection Development of high yielding and resistant crop varieties Diseases and pests control Tissue culture development for staple food crops, horticulture, coffee and trees. Animal resources for enhanced food security Animal genetic improvement (crossing, artificial insemination & embryo transfer), animal nutrition and animal health Sustainable natural resources management Soil fertility management and soil conservation Water resources management and irrigation Forestry and agro-forestry systems Agro-meteorology and climate change adaptation 13
14 Research priorities for agriculture development Gene Bank establishment for plant and animal genetic resources (germplasms) reconstitutions (some have been lost after 1994). Tissue culture development for staple food, horticulture, coffee and trees. Integration of Research and Extension for development Research Extension End users 14
15 Agriculture contribution to the National Economy % Rate of Sector Growth % of Rwanda s GDP 70% of exports Employment > 80% of population Provides 90% national food needs Average annual agricultural growth has been 5% over the past 5 years, underpinned by strong growth in production of staple food crops 15
16 Impact to the sector development Production & productivity increase for key staples 600,00 5,000,00 500,00 4,000,00 400,00 3,000,00 300,00 2,000,00 200,00 100,00 1,000, Roots & Tubers: Cassava & Irish Potato Cereals: Wheat & Maize Pulses: Beans 400 Maize Yield (Kg/Ha) 6,000,00 Cereals & Pulses Roots & Tubers increase: 1998 to A 2009A 2010A 2010B 2011A 2011B NaGonal Average Yield Average Yield under Consolidated Land Land consolidation, inputs provision and proximity extension services through the Crop Intensification Programme have been the main contributors to this growth 16
17 17 Production & productivity increase ( ) 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00 Total Produc@on (Kg) Area Under Cul@vaa@on (Ha) Trends in Maize Output 50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00 Maize Yield (Kg/Ha) Area Under Cul@va@on Trends in Maize Output 50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 Yield (Kg/Ha) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Maize_Season A 50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 Yield (Kg/Ha) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Maize_Season B 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00 300,00 350,00 400,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 Produc@on (Kg) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Maize_Season A 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 Produc@on (Kg) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Maize_Season B
18 18 500,00 1,000,00 1,500,00 2,000,00 2,500,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00 Total (Kg) Area Under (Ha) Trends in Irish Potato 1,00 3,00 5,00 7,00 9,00 11,00 13,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00 Yield (Kg/Ha) Area Under Trends in Irish Potato 1,00 3,00 5,00 7,00 9,00 11,00 13,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 Yield (Kg/Ha) Area (Ha) Season B 200,00 400,00 600,00 800,00 1,000,00 1,200,00 1,400,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 Produc@on (Kg) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Season A 200,00 400,00 600,00 800,00 1,000,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 Produc@on (Kg) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Season B 1,00 3,00 5,00 7,00 9,00 11,00 13,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 Yield (Kg/Ha) Cul@vated Area (Ha) Season A Production & productivity increase ( )
19 Impact to the sector development: food security trend 21/30 districts vulnerable to food insecurity in 2007 while in 2011, all districts were food secure 19
20 Impact to the sector development: poverty reduction 20
21 Poverty reduction mapping (2012) 21
22 New sector strategic orientation ( ) Shifting Towards Private Sector Led Agriculture Growth (SPAT/EDPRS 2013/17) FROM......TO... Guaranteeing Food Availability Food Security through Economic Growth Public Investment... Private Investment... Farmers as Passive Recipients Farmers as Ac@ve Market Players Government as direct provider Government as facilitator 2020 TARGETS $120GDP per capita Average annual sector growth of 8.5% between ProducGon of 2,50kcal/ person/day 3.2 million off farm jobs 5% of households with Borderline Poor Food ConsumpGon Score (Food Security Indicator) 22
23 SPAT 3 & EDPRS2 ( ) Currently the GoR is undertaking formulation of EDPRS 2 & SPAT 3 for EDPRS 2 priorities Development of Quality Irrigation & Mechanization Systems (using public & private resources) Comprehensive Approach to Land Husbandry (Soil Fertility, Soil Conservation, Water Harvesting & Management, Livestock Feed) Increased use of agricultural inputs (organic and mineral fertilizers & improved quality seeds) Develop the agricultural post-harvest handling & storage system and farmer capacity Develop and target with private sector high-value commodity chains, encouraging innovation Livestock modernization Agricultural research agenda is strengthened according to demand driven by farmers 23 23
24 Sector milestones: MDG & Vision 2020 Agriculture Sector MDGs Indicator GDP per capita in US dollars Average real GDP growth rate (%) Average real growth rate of the Agricultural Sector (%) Average real growth rate of the Industry Sector (%) Average real growth rate of the Service Sector (%) Agricultural production (kcal/person/day) Agricultural population (% of active population) Use of fertilizers (Kg/ hectare/ year) Use of chemical or organic fertilizers (% of households) Land under modernized agric (%) Soil erosion protection (% total land) Financial credits to the Agricultural Sector (%) Target in ,
25 Sector milestones: EDPRS & GoR Program EDPRS Current EDPRS Targets GoR 2017 Targets Percentage of Arable Land Protected Against Soil Erosion 87.3% Marshlands Developed (ha) 23,683 20,000 65,000 Production of Coffee (MT) 16,373 (2011) 23,000 34,000 Fertilizer application (Kg/Ha/Year) Number of HH using Improved Seeds 71% 20% 100% 25
26 Sector milestones: EDPRS & GoR Program ( ) Commodity Production 2011 (tons) EDPRS targets 2012 (tons) 2017 targets (tons) Milk 472, , ,133 Meat 79,035 98, ,808 Fish 16,924 14, ,000 Eggs 3,921 3,583 6,300 26
27 Sector milestones: e.g. dairy development and with NDS 1,600,00 1,400,00 Thousands of Liters 1,200,00 1,000,00 800,00 Milk ProducGon With NDS Milk ConsumpGon Goal with NDS 600,00 400,00 200,
28 Innovations 28
29 Innovations: Utilizing regional potential to poverty reduction Land use category Area (Ha) Area (%) Annual cropping 228, Coffee plantation 185, Tea plantation 123, Range 139, Forest 25,079 4 Total 707,
30 Home Grown Solutions- boosting the sector impact There are a number of home-grown programmes and initiatives that have contributed to great changes 1. PRODUCTION Land Use Consolidation One Cow Per Poor Family HIMO Approach to Terracing Community-based Marshland Development for Irrigation 2. VALUE-ADDITION Drying Grounds and Storage linked to highproduction areas Community-based collection centers (Milk, Horticulture etc) 3. MARKETING Promotion of Community-based Purchasing One Cup of Milk per Child HIMO Approach for Feeder Road Construction 30
31 Home growing solutions: e.g. terracing 31
32 Home growing solutions: e.g. irrigation 32
33 Home growing solutions: e.g. one cow & one cup 33
34 Sector Challenges Low involvement of the private sector in agriculture sector: Low investments, weak capacity of local private entrepreneurs in agriculture infrastructure, Access to Finance: Reluctance of Financial institutions in lending agriculture Insufficient skills in key domains such as irrigation, mechanization, breeding, post harvest. Public Investment and funding Agriculture vs. Targets 34
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