2.00 Artificial Workplace Lighting

Transcription

1 Prepared by Guaranteed by Approved by Sheets Annexes Ing. Jiří Nohejl VSU VS 10 This workplace lighting concept is valid for all facilities of ŠKODA AUTO. Table of Contents 1. General Introduction Regulations 3 2. Basic Knowledge Human Eye Psychological Data Illuminance and Glare Colour and Colour Perception Object Size and Viewing Angle Colour Hue, Brightness, and Saturation Basic Terms and Their Definitions Workplace Illuminance Illuminance Levels Ceiling and Local Lighting 7 4 Required Maintained Illuminance Levels General Levels Depending on the Distance From the Visual Task Area Outdoor areas Administrative premises Control workplace Production areas 9 5. Sources of light Examples of Application 10 Page 1/10

2 The latest updated version of this ITS is available at the web site, the company is not obliged to notify their business partners on the ITS update. Therefore we strongly recommend that everybody checks the ITS regularly. These documents become valid on the date of their last update. For the contracts signed is decisive the validity of the ITS at the time of the order. Note: In case of any differences between the Czech, English or German language mutation of this ITS, the Czech version takes precedence. The Czech version is available at Change - number: Date: Comment: 06/05/2002 first issue 1. 23/03/2003 additions to article 1.2 Regulations 2. 01/11/2010 a/ article 1.2 Regulations updated b/ new article 3. Workplace Illuminance added 3. 21/12/2010 completely revised 4. 08/11/2013 completely revised Page 2/10

3 1. General 1.1 Introduction This lighting concept deals with the (minimum) workspace illuminance as required by standards in all facilities of ŠKODA AUTO. 1.2 Regulations The management and electric installation of lighting equipment must comply with ITS ŠKODA AUTO. Further, it is necessary to comply with the following: ES conformity declaration including CE marking as per Act No 22/1997 Coll., as amended by Act No. 71/2000 Coll. Government Regulation No 616/2006 Coll. on technical requirements for products in terms of their electromagnetic compatibility. The Directive 2006/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down technical requirements for lowvoltage electric equipment; Government Regulation No. 361/2007 laying down conditions for the protection of health at work, as amended by Government Decree No. 68/2010 Coll. and last Government Decree No. 92/2012 Coll. Act No. 258/2000 Coll. on public health protection, as amended Health Ministry Decree No. 432/2003 Coll. laying down the criteria for dividing tasks into categories (such as visually demanding, etc.). Technical standards ČSN, EN, ISO, DIN. ČSN EN Light and lighting Lighting of work places, Part 1: Indoor work places from March 2012 ČSN EN Light and lighting Lighting of work places, Part 2: Outdoor work places from July 2008 ČSN EN Light and lighting Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires Part 2: Presentation of data for indoor and outdoor work places from September 2005 ČSN EN Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements from April 2003 ČSN EN 1837+A1 - Safety of machinery Integral lighting of machines from May 2010 ČSN EN Emergency escape lighting systems from February 2005 ČSN CEN/TR Road lighting - Part 1, 2, 3, 4 ČSN Integrated lighting from February 2007 All used components must comply with Government Regulation No 616/2006 Coll. Used (old) materials which may affect the electrical usability of the device may only be used upon ŠKODA AUTO's written consent. Page 3/10

4 2. Basic Knowledge 2.1 Human Eye The human vision, unfortunately, is not independent from illuminance, it only can indicate that something is out of the ordinary. In order to understand the basics of lighting technology it is necessary to understand biological functions of the human eye. It is understood that the basic function of the eye is the capability of perceiving various levels of brightness and colour hues, perceiving shapes and the speed of identifying brightness levels, and colour and shape differences. The values of the basic functions of the eye depend on the average brightness or illuminance level to which the eye is adapted. The capability of seeing may also be affected by high brightness levels or high illuminance of the background in the field of vision. The capability of visual recognition is also significantly limited by uniform illuminance. The eye needs a sufficient amount of contrast in order to see. If we focus closer on the basic function of the eye, effective vision requires suitable a continuously changing illuminance intensity, based on the reflection of an outline observed in various ways, and changing colours. In terms of occupational medicine, it is clear that the state of having to adapt constantly, strong glares, and unacceptably high levels of brightness may cause permanent damage of vision. 2.2 Psychological Data The influence of light colours has an extreme psychological effect on human health. This way, we may decrease fatigue, increase motivation, improve the capability of distinguishing observed surfaces, distort or improve the colours of the ambient environment. The hue and saturation of colours may be altered by the brightness or colour temperature of a source of light (fluorescent or discharge tube, LED, light bulb, etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to equip the lighting systems only with light sources of colour temperatures corresponding to the work performed in individual workplaces. Fluorescent tubes of the colour temperature of 2700 K not only provides a good colour rendition for red surfaces, but also creates a feeling of warmth as a side effect. The colour temperature of 6500 K, by contrast, creates a feeling of cold and provides a good colour rendition for blue surfaces. The colour temperature of 4000 K is balanced, with a good colour rendition for yellow and green surfaces. Colour temperature, Illuminance K, > 4000 Lx K, > 4000 Lx K, < 3000 Lx K, > 1000 Lx K, > 1000 Lx Production Area Pressing shop incl. audit Welding shop incl. audit Coating shop (cataphoretic coating, filler) Coating shop (top coating, audit) Assembly (finishing, audit) Surface reflection Weak reflections Weak reflections Moderate reflections Good, very good reflections Good, very good reflections K, > 8000 Lx QS, colour sampling Good, very good reflections 2.3 Illuminance and Glare The human ability to observe details of objects and surfaces largely depends on the ability of the eye to distinguish the differences of brightness of adjacent areas. In order to provide the perception of contrast even at great changes of the intensity of the eye-stimulating light, the eyes are able to adapt to the given illuminance conditions. This adaptation mechanism is based on neuronal photochemical processes. Therefore, the eye with its visual abilities of identifying and distinguishing differences in brightness needs good contrasts. Uniformly lit areas are perceived as sufficiently bright, however, analyzing of the observed areas shall not be possible with growing uniformity of illuminance any more. Targeted prevention of glares by light sources supports the possibility of accenting contrasts. Targeted identification of surface detects is possible only with contrast optics. If coloured surface areas are to be observed, e.g. the illuminance of 3000 lx applied on a white surface shall cause a strong glare, but is perceived as pleasant if applied on a black surface. This phenomenon is caused purely by the luminosity (reflection) of the surface, which is crucial for the perception of brightness caused by a shining or lit surface. Page 4/10

5 2.4 Colour and Colour Perception The type of light source is crucial for the perception of the accuracy of each individual colour. Artificially lit objects often cause a totally different perception of colours than under sunlight even though the colour itself has not changed. The individual perception of colours forms differently in every human, it is necessary to evaluate the colour sensitivity of a pair of eyes in terms of the age of the observer. Even in people with standard ability of distinguishing colours slight shifts in the blue and red areas of the spectrum may occur. With increasing age, a creeping change of colour perception occurs. Therefore different observers arrive to different results when evaluating colours. 2.5 Object Size and Viewing Angle The size of the coloured object is important for the perception, as small samples are not perceived with such intensity as whole surfaces. Large areas create a brighter and more intense perception in the evaluating person. When observing a certain car bodywork, the brightness and intensity of the is perceived differently, depending on the angle of observation. The colour perception depends on the direction, which is frequent especially in metallic paints and paints with pearl or nacre (changes its colour according to the angle of observation) effect. Therefore, for exact colour identification it is necessary to maintain an identical observation angle as well as lighting angle and illuminance. 2.6 Colour Hue, Brightness, and Saturation Apples are red, lemons are yellow and the sky is blue. This is how names of colours are used in the daily life. What we call yellow, red, or blue are color hues. New colour hues are created by mixing. Colours may be comparably bright or dark. The yellow colour of a lemon is definitely brighter than the grapefruit yellow. The brightness may be identified and measured independently from the hue. In what relation is then the lemon yellow to the yellow colour of a pear? We can say, again, that the lemon is much brighter but that does not capture the nature of the problem. The lemon yellow is much more shiny and strong than the colour of the pear. The difference is in the strength of the colour or, more exactly, in its saturation. This property is entirely independent from the hue and brightness. 2.7 Basic Terms and Their Definitions Light Light is electromagnetic radiation which creates the perception of brightness when it enters the human eye. There are many wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from X-rays and radio waves all the way to the infrared radiation. The wavelengths perceivable for the human eye are between the lengths of nm. Luminous flux Luminous flux is measured in Lumens (Lm), and serves as a measure of the luminous power emitted by a light source. In technology, power is usually measured in Watts, luminous flux is measured in Lumens. It is luminous power evaluated according to the visibility for the human eye. Illuminance Illuminance is measured in Luces (Lx). It is the amount of light incident to a certain area (luminous flux per square unit). The luminous flux of 1 Lm incident on the area of 1 m 2 creates the illuminance of 1 Lx. Brightness Brightness is the measure of the perception of luminosity of a shining or lit object as perceived by the human eye. Light colour If a light beam radiates through a prism, it refracts in 2 places. When entering and when leaving the prism. Coloured stripes then appear beside each other on a white background (screen). This refraction of light is caused by a different refracting angle of different colours of the spectrum. The order of the colours of the light create the spectrum of colours, which is in fact formed by purple, blue, green, yellow, and red colours. The colour hue of light It relates to the apparent colour (chromaticity) of the radiated light. The following hues are distinguished: warm white, neutral white (day white), and cool white. Page 5/10

6 Maintained illuminance of lighting systems E m is the minimum value of average illuminance in the workplace in the visual task area on the control plane (horizontal, vertical, inclined) which must be achieved regardless the age or condition of the lighting system. It is measured in luces. Identification of illuminance For lighting systems, the actual values of lighting-technical parameters, especially of illuminance, illuminance uniformity, and brightness conditions are mostly defined by means of measurements of the lighted areas. Based on these measurements, the evaluation of lighting system operation is done in terms of hygiene requirements, economic lighting energy management measures are designed, and the energy demands of the lighting systems are assessed. Visual task visual aspects of the performed work, the so-called critical detail. Visual task area is a partial area of the workplace where the visual task is located, i.e. the production or work operation. Immediate task surround is the area surrounding the visual task area located in the field of vision, a at least 0.5 wide. Visual task background is defined on indoor workplaces, especially if daylight is shaded; space adjacent to the immediate task surround, a zone at leas 3 m wide. Observation angle is the angle between the horizontal plane and the line of sight of the employee performing a work operation. Illuminance uniformity is the ratio of the minimum and average illuminance in a workplace. It is expressed using the Uniformity index U 0. Integrated lighting is deliberate concurrent lighting by daylight and additional artificial lighting. Glare is a perception caused by surfaces of great brightness present in the visual field. It may be felt either as disturbing or limiting. It may be caused by inappropriate choice or placement of a luminaire or reflections on shiny surfaces. Its measure is the Glare Rating or Unified Glare Rating, and the values must be stated in the project documentation of lighting systems. The limit values of UGR are defined by ČSN EN and of GR by ČSN EN , chapter 5. Directed lighting means adjusting the angle of light incidence into the visual task area in a manner that makes the visual task details sufficiently apparent, improves their visibility, and facilitates performing the visual task. Color rendition The visual performance and psychological comfort of employees requires a natural rendition of the colour of objects and human skin. The maximum value is 100, and the minimum value required for workplaces is 80. In spaces where it is impossible to achieve the required coefficient of daylight, the minimum required value is 90. Flickering and strobing The flickering is caused by the frequency of alternating current in the power grid, and may cause physiological issues (headaches, migraines). Strobing is caused by the interference of the flickering of independent lighting systems and may lead to dangerous situations as it alters the perception of the movement of rotating or repetitive movements of machinery. The lighting must be designed in a way preventing this from occuring. Page 6/10

7 3. Workplace Illuminance It is governed by Government Regulation No 361/2007 Coll., Art. 45 par. 1 workplace and interconnecting walkways lighting by artificial lighting, daylight or integrated lighting must correspond to the demands of the performed work on visual performance and health protection in accordance with the values and requirements of applicable standards. Lighting must not cause glares. 3.1 Illuminance Levels The maximum levels of illuminance are not defined and may only reach values that would not cause exceeding the maximum allowable glare in the visual field of employees created by reflections from surfaces in the visual task area. The optimum (maintained) illuminance must be defined by the general project solution in accordance with the quantitative requirements for critical detail resolution, limiting the possible reflection glare as much as possible. Large spatial illuminance changes in the visual task surround cause excessive visual stress (visual discomfort). The illuminance of the immediate surround and the task background must be proportionally related to a specific maintained illuminance, and should provide balanced brightness distribution in the visual fields and must not drop below the defined values. The task background illuminance must reach at least ⅓ of the immediate task surround illuminance value. The value of illuminance may be specified, if the visual conditions differ from normal assumptions. Increase - in the absence of daylight (daylight coefficient not achieved or at integrated lighting), frequent errors in the process, increased quality requirements, poor sight of an employee. Decrease - the critical detail is unusually large or has high contrast, the task is performed for a short period). The maintained illumination levels are increased or decreased by one degree of the recommended illuminance scale which provides perceivable differences (in luces) Ceiling and Local Lighting It must be solved by the project so that it does not glare employees, create flickering or strobing or undesirable shadows, and allows correct colour rendition. The luminaires must comply with the glare index and colour rendition index as per ČSN EN , must not be placed in the line of sight of employees and must be suitably screened (grids translucent screens). The illuminance of the visual task area and surround must be even and suitably directed. Only luminaires of identical colour hue my be present in the working area. For integrated lighting, when appropriate mixing of the daylight and artificial component is achieved, light sources whose spectral composition is close to daylight are to be selected (the spectrum should be continuous, or have a major continuous component). Yellow sodium discharge lamps or warm white fluorescent tubes must not be used at the same time with daylight, however luminaires with mixed yellow and white light may be used. Ceiling (hall) lighting must have sufficient luminosity, so that it at E m 2000 Lx provided at least 30% of the maintained illuminance at workplaces, and at E m 2000 Lx it was at least 10%. At the beginning of the maintenance interval, the illuminance must be higher than maintained illuminance (initial E m = E m / maintenance coefficient). Page 7/10

8 4 Required Maintained Illuminance Levels These are the minimum admissible values. The upper level is given by the physiology of the eye, it is a point behind which the illuminance causes glare, or the critical detail resolution does not increase any more. 4.1 General Levels Depending on the Distance From the Visual Task Area 4.2 Outdoor areas Area Visual task area illuminance E m immediate task surround illuminance task background illuminance min ⅓ of surround E m GR L U 0 accesses to buildings and parking places, walkways pedestrian crosses internal roads up to 40 kmph, parking areas for finished cars, employee car park, generally all CCTV monitored areas areas for loading finished cars onto trucks or trains and for storing pallets and crates during the performance of work tasks a/ only with vehicle operation - in short time periods - max 1 hour - with permanent employee presence, more than 4 hours b/ with both vehicles and pedestrian operators present - in short time periods - max 1 hour - with permanent employee presence, more than 4 hours loading platform and logistic shelters at buildings, material marking identification Administrative premises Area E m UGR L U 0 corridors, entrance halls, elevators staircases doctor surgery waiting rooms, changing rooms, restrooms, reception desks document filing, copying, reception desks computer rooms, language classrooms writing, typing, reading, data processing, CAD workplaces, conference rooms and boardrooms, lecture halls, training workshops, practical training rooms and labs, doctor surgeries technical drawing Page 8/10

9 4.4 Control workplace Area interoperation control of parts using etalons and calipers, visual control of part integrity with critical details size above 0.1 mm control using micrometer gauges and exact surface assessment, work operations with critical detail size 0.1 mm and less. E m UGR L U audits, quality control, designer workplaces (minimum admissible value) Production areas Area orientation lighting of subterranean corridors, cellars, shafts, internal spaces where production has been discontinued passage areas and walkway corridors, warehouses with no permanent operator presence, staircases, elevators, walkable grate platforms during use passages for handling and transportation of large loads automated production lines (welding, coating) with occasional manual control areas with permanent presence of operators - loading, handling, and storage spaces, machinery rooms, metal melting shops, sand preparation spaces, casts cleaning shops E m UGR L U day rooms, rest areas, changing rooms, cafeterias, shower rooms, bathrooms, restrooms machinery control stations with monitor screen watching work operation with critical detail size above 1 mm, automated machinery operation - feeding and removing parts, preparatory operations done next to production lines cleaning bodywork surfaces electric vehicle charging station, dispatching, packing shops work operation with critical detail size mm, workplaces on fixed-cycle production lines, assembly and finishing lines, cement and adhesive spreading manual spot welding, welding, bodywork matching and overhauling, welded bodywork surfaces sanding model and dummy making first aid rooms, control rooms coating, coating and sanding boxes Page 9/10

10 5. Light Sources Specific luminaires and lighting systems must always be designed in project documentation according to the current assignment in order to be environment friendly and complied with the Green Factory (GF) requirements for new projects and the Brown Factory (BF) requirements for reconstructions of existing objects. With respect to low energy consumption, we recommend using LED luminaires. 5.1 Examples of Application Place of application Green factory (GF) Brown factory (BF) Outdoor lighting system LED Replacing HQL with LED Multi-storey car parks Spot lighting, signs and logos Corridors and restrooms, safety lighting Offices, halls Lighting of tall halls Lighting of sheds LED is standard LED is standard LED is standard LED only for model projects or "showcase" projects - T5 is standard selecting T5 or LED based on economical assessment LED only for model projects or "showcase" projects - T8 or T5 is standard Page 10/10