Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana. Aulas Teóricas. Sessão 9: Logistica urbana

Transcription

1 MESTRADO INTEGRADO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL MESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO MESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE TRANSPORTES LICENCIATURA EM ENGENHARIA DO TERRITÓRIO Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Prof. Responsável: Rosário Macário Aulas Teóricas Sessão 9: Logistica urbana Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 1

2 Surfing Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 2

3 Surfing. Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 3

4 Belo Horizonte - Vagas de carga/descarga delimitadas nas vias Belo Horizonte (Br) (I) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 4

5 Cariacica, Brasil Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 5

6 Signalling in Great Britain Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 6

7 Night Delivery Barcelona Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 7

8 Santiago de Chile Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 8

9 Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 9

10 What have they in common? A city generates about: 0.1 delivery or pick-up per person per day 1 delivery or pick-up per job per week 300 to 400 truck trips per 1000 people per day, and 30 to 50 tons of goods per person per year. Urban freight represents 10 to 15% of vehicle equivalent miles travelled in city streets 2% to 5% of the employed urban workforce. 3% to 5% of urban land is devoted to freight transport and logistics. A city does not only receive goods, but is also a place of shipping: 20 to 25% of all truck-km in urban areas are outgoing freight, 40 to 50% is incoming freight and 25 to 40% is originated from and is delivered within the city Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 10

11 What can we expect? Growing urbanisation (European Union) 75 80% of population lives in urban regions. Urban regions will continue to embrace multiple functions: working living leisure shopping Need for sustainable development and preservation of quality of life. Major generators of freight flows Consumption of goods importation from other regions; Producer of goods exportation to other regions; Manly servicing industry (no relevant major industries); Generator of waste. Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 11

12 Which perceived changes? Changes in World Societies and Politics Globalisation, European Construction, MERCOSUL, NAFTA, etc Progressive reduction of barriers to: trade capital information people Major technological developments Television, Internet, Mobile phones, etc Changes in Societies culture and way of living Growing intertwine of cultures and fashion Speed-up of life and volatility of desires Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 12

13 Changes in World Economics Which perceived changes ahead? Displacement of factories to cheap-labour countries (Asia, Eastern Europe, Central and South America, North Africa, etc). Fragmentation of production Products are no longer manufactured in a single factory but produced in multiple factories in different locations Changes in the Logistics and Supply Change Increase of distance between production and consumption points Need to keep and improve quality of service (reliability, timing, flexibility, etc) Emergence of new concepts (Just in Time, Lean Production, etc) Need to ensure the return of (defected) products (reverse logistics) Decrease of load factor Increase of consumption of transport services (increase delivery to customer s door) Emerging of new trading schemes E-commerce (by pass of intermediaries, no need for shops) Social Networks (increasing power of buyers) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 13

14 What these cities must have in common? Innovation to solve complex problems Private initiative with collaborative solutions Low public intervention but public policies acting as facilitators for private entrepreneurship and innovation High technical standards (incl environmental and energy) Integrated approach to land use and urban living: first, last and transit mile Tailored path dependent approach (each city has its own evolutionary path) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 14

15 Concepts and Definitions (I) Definition of Logistics (Council of Logistics Management CLM) It is part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and controls the efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption Definition of Urban Logistics (OCDE, 2003): Distribution of consumer goods (not just retail, but also other sectors such as manufacturing) in cities and urban areas, including the reverse flow of products considered wasteful (reverse logistics) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 15

16 Concepts and Definitions (II) Definition of Urban Logistics Process of optimization of logistics activities undertaken by public or private entities in urban areas, considering factors such as traffic, congestion and energy consumption in the economic structure of the market (Taniguchi, 2001) Urban logistics is the planning, implementation and efficient control of the flow and storage of materials and related information, an urban scale, with all its specificities (Caiado, 2004) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 16

17 Agents in Urban Logistics Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 17

18 Agents in Urban Logistics (II) Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Producers Production of the goods Interested in having its goods in the urban region Wholesale Middle man btw producer and retail store (or final customer) Typically, wholesale buys bulks and sells retail It has warehouses for the temporary storage of goods producer wholesale retail Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 18

19 Agents in Urban Logistics (III) Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Transport and Logistic Operators Actual producers of transport services Multiple transport or logistic operations: Retailer Point-to-point transport; Distribution; Mail and freight integrators; Final link in the distribution chain Interaction with final customer, normally in tailored warehouse Multiple dimensions (from small shops to major shopping centres) and functions (supermarkets, fashion apparel, technologies, book shop, etc). Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 19

20 Agents in Urban Logistics (IV) Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Consumer: End-user of the goods; Typically, acquired the goods at the retails, but there is a Growth of e-commerce (goods delivered at home) Growing return of products (defect or simply because it not what they want) and production of waste reverse logistics Authorities: Scope: European, National and (mainly) Local; Limited scope for intervention as logistic activity is mainly a private sector; Key goal is lead companies to internalise the external costs (pollution, congestion, accidents damage, etc) Taxation, access restriction, technology standards, etc Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 20

21 Agents in Urban Logistics (V) Complex interaction between agents, often embracing hundreds of them Producer Producer Producer Wholesale Extra Urban Context Wholesale Producer Retail Urban Context Customer Customer Customer Carregador Operador Logístico Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 21

22 Physical Elements (I) Physical elements in urban context Platforms: Main functions: Temporary storage of goods Reception, handling and consolidation of goods; Support for distribution of goods (in urban regions); Transfer between modes of transport; Other services: labelling, picking, sorting, consulting, etc. Types: Urban distribution centres Freight villages Industrial or logistical parks Special logistical areas Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 22

23 Physical Elements (II) Physical elements in urban context Consumption centres: Traditional retail: Specialised shops Distributed in the city, along the streets (proximity and neighbourhood) Face to face on balcony selling Small and independent shops (family ownership) Modern retail Large shops and shopping centres Selling of multiple products (although, some are specialised) Products on the shelf (also includes face to face selling) Large corporations, franchising, etc. Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 23

24 Physical Elements (III) Physical elements in urban context Linear infrastructure: Connects the physical elements Means of transport Most used: roads Others include: rail and metro or river Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 24

25 Products Characteristics of a product Nature shape density value Physical Characteristics perishability vulnerability dangerousness Packing shape and material density standardisation Market Characteristics rotation demand (time of searching) profit margin validity life cycle Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 25

26 Agents interests business models Objective: Scope delimitation for business concepts in terms of models and schemes applied and/or expected to be applied. How we see a business model? There is no general definition of the term business model. A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value. (Source: Alexander Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, 2010) Examples of business models : Car pooling Car sharing Home deliveries Taxi freight Bycicle taxi Micro terminal Bus freight Tram freight Freight postal boxes etc Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 27

27 Business models canvas Voluntarily initiated cooperative agreement between two or more companies in order to create value for the customer Arrangement of activities and resources that are necessary in order to create value for the customer Overall view of a company s bundle of products and services that are of value to the customer Kind of link a company establishes between itself and the customer. Segment of customers a company wants to offer value to Ability to execute a repeatable pattern of actions Representation in money of all the means employed in the business model Measures that might increase their transport costs and might not increase their profits, but are necessary due to the city regulations Means of getting in touch with the customer Describes the way a company makes money through a variety of revenue flows. Macário in TURBLOG (adapted from Oosterwalder) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 28

28 Logistic profile Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 29

29 Definition and establishment of logistic profiles What is a logistic profile? Homogeneous group with similar logistics needs (Source: Macário et all, Logurb 2007) Three steps for the definition of logistic profiles Agents' needs Step 1: Define logistic needs by defining: Definition of logistics profile city area features, product characteristics, and agent needs City area features Step 2: Determine logistic profile according these variables Product characteristi cs Step 3: Determine the best solutions to each logistic profile defined Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 30

30 Examples (I) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...) Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service: Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport: Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV pallets/year (80 x 120cm) aprox tons/year Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 31

31 Examples (II) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Short line Lieusaint Bercy 5 trains a week VFLI until t Bercy (75) Crossdoking over palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00 loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00 Combs & Lieusaint (77) loading up to 22 freight cars 08h00 / 18h00 Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores 06h30 / 12h30 Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 32

32 Examples (III) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 33

33 Examples (IV) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 34

34 Examples (V) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 35

35 Examples (VI) Concorde Square Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 36

36 Examples (VII) Concorde Square Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution No change in costs Improvement in quality of service video Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 37

37 Examples (VIII) La Petite Reine La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 38

38 Examples (IX) La Petite Reine Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service: No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion 50 new jobs Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 39

39 The good match Value proposition Profile needs And. Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 40

40 Dynamic mechanisms for business concepts implementation and transferability Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 41

41 Policy package(utrecht,netherlands) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 42

42 Examples The five Logistic Profiles defined are the following: Profile A: Cluster of shops specialized in one specific type of service/product Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighbourhood markets Profile C: Business Centre Profile D: Large commercial stores Profile E: Residential areas with local trade Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 43

43 Logistic profiles results: Profile A Profile A Main characteristic of these type of profile Gamarra, being the largest garment factory in Peru, fits into this profile, as illustrated in the figures below. Commercial density Homogeneity Logistic acessibility Measures considering logistic needs Level of Congestion Restriction applied City Area Features High High Reasonable/Bad Some measures considering logistic needs High/Reasonable Yes/no CLUSTER OF SHOPS SPECIALISED IN ONE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SERVICE/PRODUCT Product Characteristics Easiness of handling Easy/Reasonable/Difficult Special conditions No special needs/special needs Urgency of deliveries Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent Frequency of deliveries Medium/High Amounts to be delivered Many Planned deliveries No defined routine/defined routine Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 44

44 Logistic profiles results: Profile B Profile B HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, SMALL GROCERY STORES, SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD MARKETS City Area Features Commercial density Low/Medium/High Homogeneity Low/Medium/High Logistic acessibility Bad/Reasonable/Good Restriction applied Yes/No Product Characteristics Easiness of handling Special conditions Easy/Reasonable/Difficult Special needs Main characteristic of these type of profile Fragility Fragile Perishability Perishable Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile Urgency of deliveries Frequency of deliveries Urgent High Amounts to be delivered Several Planned deliveries Defined routine Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 45

45 Logistic profiles results: Profile C BUSINESS CENTRE Main characteristic of these type of profile Commercial density Homogeneity Logistic acessibility Restriction applied Profile C City Area Features High Low Reasonable/Bad Yes Product Characteristics Easiness of handling Special conditions Easy No special needs Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile Urgency of deliveries Frequency of deliveries Relevant/Urgent High Amounts to be delivered Few/Several Planned deliveries No defined routine/defined routine Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 46

46 Logistic profiles results: Profile D LARGE COMMERCIAL STORES (RETAIL, SHOPPING CENTERS, DISTRIBUTION Profile D City Area Features Commercial density High WAREHOUSES) Homogeneity Logistic acessibility Restriction applied Low Good No Product Characteristics Easiness of handling Special conditions Easy/reasonable/Difficult Might have special needs Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile Urgency of deliveries Relevant Main characteristic of these type of profile Frequency of deliveries Medium/High Amounts to be delivered Many Planned deliveries Defined routine Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 47

47 RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH LOCAL TRADE Main characteristic of these type of profile Logistic profiles results: Profile E Commercial density Homogeneity Logistic acessibility Restriction applied Profile E City Area Features Low / Medium Low / Medium Reasonable/Bad Yes Product Characteristics Easiness of handling Special conditions Easy/reasonable/Difficult Might have special needs Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile Urgency of deliveries Frequency of deliveries Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent Low/Medium Amounts to be delivered Few/Several/Many Planned deliveries No defined routine Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 48

48 Complexity of the Urban Logistic Activity Location of logistic platforms Demand for road infrastructure (incl congestion) Handling operations Land use Lack of cooperation or non-cooperative behaviours Inadequate enforcement Technological limitations Vehicle operation (Sub-optimal operation + old vehicles) Interaction with pedestrians Contribution to decrease value of urban assets (through congestion) Jeopardizing urban environment Sources of Conflicts in Urban Logistics Activity Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 49

49 Examples (I) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...) Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service: Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport: Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV pallets/year (80 x 120cm) aprox tons/year Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 50

50 Examples (II) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Short line Lieusaint Bercy 5 trains a week VFLI until t Bercy (75) Crossdoking over palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00 loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00 Combs & Lieusaint (77) loading up to 22 freight cars 08h00 / 18h00 Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores 06h30 / 12h30 Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 51

51 Examples (III) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 52

52 Examples (IV) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 53

53 Examples (V) Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 54

54 Examples (VI) Concorde Square Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 55

55 Examples (VII) Concorde Square Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution No change in costs Improvement in quality of service video Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 56

56 Examples (VIII) La Petite Reine La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 57

57 Examples (IX) La Petite Reine Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service: No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion 50 new jobs Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 58

58 Examples (X) City of Utrecht Restriction of loss emission vehicles to the inner part of city Euro 4 and Euro 5 (and Euro 3 in special conditions) Impacts Increase in cost Private operators: acquisition of new vehicles Municipality: enforcement, technology, etc Lower traffic Lower pollution Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 59

59 Lisbon Municipal Regulation for freight activities Regulamento de cargas e descargas e das bolsas de estacionamento para actividades comerciais In force on 13 July 2004, abandoned on Trial zone in Lisbon (Avenidas Novas). Regulates: Types of vehicles; Parking places; Timings and scheduling; Pricing; Enforcement. Free handling time up 20 minutes (payment after that). Need for a special license. Enforcement through EMEL and telematic solution, based on Via Verde. After 2.5 years, technology did not work and trial case never ran. Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 60

60 Only few cities introduce changes in urban logistics. Why is that? Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 61

61 Keeping the status quo Defensive positions Authorities don t want to take the risk of any responsibility in urban logistics Operators don t want interference from authorities, only facilitation Consensus that relative positions should be kept Need for a driver Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 62

62 Role of innovation Innovation takes cognition on the complexity of the logistic process and facilitates interaction between agents by way of creating the innovation system a network of firms and other economic agents who, together with the institutions and policies that influence their innovative behaviour and performance, bring new products, new processes, and new forms of organization into economic use (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B.,) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 63

63 Pillars of innovation system Institutional base setting for innovation, Human capital to build and sustain a technical foundation Rules Interactive processes Evolutionary process of innovative design and development of solutions Path dependence track Monitoring and learning structures and processes Assess short term outcomes and long term impacts (monitor change) The speed of economic change is a function of the rate of learning, but the direction of that change is a function of the expected payoffs to acquiring different kinds of knowledge (North, 1996) Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 64

64 Innovation Policy Policy Tool to induce Examples behaviours in UL Direct financial leverage Grants, subsidies, loans, provision of support equipment or services, loan guarantees Indirect financial support Schemes encouraging investment in innovation, venture capital Information Information networks, advisor centres, consultancy services, specialist libraries, databases, liaison services Scientific and technical infrastructure Educational infrastructure Public research laboratories, research association, learned societies, research grants General education system, universities and polytechnics, technical education system, apprenticeship schemes, retraining system Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 65

65 Innovation Policy Policy Tool to induce behaviours in UL Taxation Examples Company, tax allowances Regulation Patents, regulations (e.g., in environmental control) Public enterprise Innovation by public-owned industries, use of these as pioneering facilities, establishment of new industries Political Planning, regional policies, honours and awards for innovation in UL, encouragement of mergers or joint ventures Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana Logistica Urbana 66