EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS: SELECTION OF AN AGGREGATE PRODUCT IN A METACONTINGENCY 1
|
|
- Deborah Hopkins
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Behavior and Social Issues, 24, (2015). Isis Gomes Vasconcelos & João Claudio Todorov. Readers of this article may copy it without the copyright owner s permission, if the author and publisher are acknowledged in the copy and the copy is used for educational, not-for-profit purposes. doi: /bsi.v.24i EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS: SELECTION OF AN AGGREGATE PRODUCT IN A METACONTINGENCY 1 Isis Gomes Vasconcelos João Claudio Todorov Universidade de Brasília ABSTRACT: An experimental procedure was designed to analyze group behavior. This procedure was compatible with the basic definition of metacontingency: two persons behaving in a coordinated manner to produce an aggregate product. Positive consequences are produced based on the prescribed characteristics of the aggregate product. A chessboard-like table comprising 64 squares was projected on a computer screen, and knights (white and black) were positioned at opposite corners of the board. The players moved the knights one at a time. The goal was to end the trial with the knights positioned on adjacent cells of the table (aggregate product). In experiment 1 an ABCB design was used. In the A (baseline) conditions, no consequence followed the trials (extinction). In the B conditions, the words Congratulations. You win appeared when the knights met within the boundaries established as the aggregate product for that trial. In the C conditions, the words End of trial. Try again appeared in all trials. In experiment 2 an ABAB design was applied. The variability of the sites selected by the participant in successive trials was used to measure the effect of the selecting consequences. Congratulations. You win predicted narrow adherence to the criterion for the aggregate product, while signalized extinction ( End of trial, try again ) resulted in variability in the selected sites. KEYWORDS: metacontingency, aggregate product, selection by consequences, social behavior, humans Behavior analysis is a science of conditional relations developed both through experimental analyses of individual behavior and interpretation of behavior in natural environments based on the concept of contingency. Its foundations were established by a seminal work, The Behavior of Organisms (Skinner, 1938), a theoretical language made after a sequence of laboratory experiments. In Science and Human Behavior (Skinner, 1953) concepts advanced before were used to interpret human behavior in social situations involving cooperation, competition, sharing, etc., and even social movements at the cultural level. In its simplest form, social behavior involves two persons, the behavior of one being antecedent or consequent to the behavior of the other (Skinner, 1953, p. 297). Social behavior is part of a metacontingency when such interlocked behavioral contingencies result in an aggregate product selected by the cultural environment. (Glenn, 1986, 2010; Houmanfar & Rodrigues, 2006; Malott & Glenn, 2006). 1 This work is based on a Master s Dissertation presented by Isis Gomes Vasconcelos to the Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências do Comportamento, Departamento de Processos Psicológicos Básicos, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília. João Claudio Todorov is Professor Emeritus and Research Associate of the Universidade de Brasília and Bolsista de Produtividade Científica 1D (CNPq, Brazil). joaoclaudio.todorov@gmail.com 111
2 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Studies exploring this new concept have relied on adaptations of classical experiments, such as those performed by Wiggins (1969) and Hardy (1968/2009), procedures that make behavior analysis more similar to other behavior sciences, as the works of Baum, Richerson, Efferson, & Paciotti (2004) and Rachlin et al. (e.g., Yi & Rachlin, 2004) show. Such procedures also address the complaints made by critics that the theory of metacontingency lacked substance without previous experimental analyses (e.g., Branch, 2006; Marr, 2006). However, as Skinner (1950) pointed out in Are theories of learning necessary? theory building profits more when through induction we go from more simple to more complex arrangements. Experimental analysis of group behavioral processes should follow the guidelines established for the experimental analysis of individual behavior (e.g., Skinner, 1938; Ferster & Skinner, 1957; Sidman, 1960). The published literature has generally used complex procedures (e.g., Vichi, Andery & Glenn, 2009; Smith, Houmanfar & Louis, 2011; Costa, Nogueira & Abreu-Vasconcelos, 2012; Tadaiesky & Tourinho, 2012; Ortu, Becker, Woelz, & Glenn, 2012). It appears to be appropriate to call such works experiments on metacontingencies because the concept seems to be as inclusive as the operant (e.g., Catania, 1973; Todorov, 2002), but those procedures involve metacontingencies embedded in more complex arrangements. The aim of the present work was to find a dependent variable and an experimental environment more amenable to the examination of the effect of individually manipulated independent variables. The definition of metacontingency implies that discriminative stimuli and reinforcement for individual behavior should be provided reciprocally by the behavior of others, that such interlocked behavioral contingencies should result in an aggregate product and that the consequences should be contingent on the characteristics of (at least) the aggregate product (Glenn, 2010). Besides, the minimum number of persons working together should be two. Method Experiment 1 Participants. Ten students from the University of Brasília (three males and seven females) volunteered to participate in the experiment. Participants were recruited via invitations extended during introductory psychology classes and had no research experience. The Oversight Board of the University of Brasília previously approved the research project. Apparatus. In order to carry out the activity it was used a LG notebook with AMD processor, Duron, 857 MHz, 128 MB of RAM memory, and Microsoft Windows seven ultimate system equipped with the 2cavalos software developed by Todorov, Vasconcelos & Costa (Vasconcelos, 2014). The software generates a virtual chessboard and two pieces, the Knights of a chess game, and allows piece movements by touches or mouse clicks in the cell which will receive the piece. The software also generates an output with the registry of time duration of each trial, the number of movements per player and the player s position after each trial. Setting and procedure. Pairs of students participated in the experiment independent of other couples. The experimental setting was a room furnished with a large table and three chairs. The software s interface displayed a virtual chessboard and two chess pieces located in the upper right and lower left corners of the board as shown in Figure
3 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Figure 1. Software interface After being seated in front of the computer, the participants read and signed an agreement stating that they understood and were willing to perform the experimental task. They also completed a questionnaire for participants characterization. Next, they received the following instructions: Hello! You will now complete an activity together. Each player will have only one piece, the knight from the chess game. You will move the pieces across the chessboard using the touch pad. To move the piece, click twice above the cell that should receive the piece. The Knight moves in an L shape, two cells forward and one to the side in any direction. This is the only way of moving the piece. Each trial begins with each piece located at opposite corners of the chessboard. The player who owns the piece in the upper square always moves first. Players move their pieces one after another and are not allowed to skip a move. Each trial ends when the two pieces meet each other on the chessboard by being moved to adjacent cells in one of three configurations: a side-by-side meeting, a diagonal meeting or a top-bottom meeting. The initial trials allow you to practice. After the practice stage, you will receive a message at the end of each trial. This message will either be, CONGRATULATIONS! YOU WIN or END OF TRIAL. TRY AGAIN. You can talk during the game. Your goal is to win as often as possible. Any questions? 113
4 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Choose who is going to control each piece on the chessboard. Are you ready to start? These instructions were the only information delivered. Any questions asked before or during the session were answered by directing participants to the written instructions. The consequences of reaching the aggregate product varied across the experimental conditions: Baseline (A) Phase 1: When the knights met at any two adjacent squares, the trial ended and a new trial began. No message was shown. The baseline condition ended after 10 trials. Shaping 1 (B) Phase 2: (64 cells). For seven trials, when the knights met at any adjacent squares, the message You win! appeared and a new trial began. Phase 3: (36 cells). In this phase, the lateral cells on all four sides of the matrix were out-ofbounds. The inner 36 cells were in-bounds. If the knights met on any two adjacent cells, the message Congratulations! You win! appeared and a new trial began. Aggregate products that included at least one of the out-of-bounds cell resulted in the message End of trial. Try again. Trials continued until the knights met in any two of the 36 inner cells for seven consecutive trials. Phase 4: (16 cells). In this phase, two rows of lateral cells on all four sides of the matrix were out-of-bounds. The inner 16 cells were in-bounds. If the knights met on any two adjacent cells, the message Congratulations! You win! appeared and a new trial began. Aggregate products that included at least one of the out-of-bounds cells resulted in the message End of trial. Try again. Trials continued until the knights met in any two of the 16 inner cells for seven consecutive trials. Phase 5: (four cells). In this phase, only the central four cells were in-bounds. If the knights met on any two adjacent cells within bounds, the message Congratulations! You win! appeared and a new trial began. Aggregate products that included at least one of the 60 out-of-bounds cells resulted in the message End of trial. Try again. Trials continued until the knights met in any two of the four inner cells for seven consecutive trials. Signalized Extinction (C) Phase 6: In this condition, participants were given twenty trials in which the negative feedback message ( End of trial, try again ) appeared on the screen if the knights met in any two adjacent cells on the 64-cell board. Shaping 2 (B) Phases 1 to 4 of Condition Shaping 1 (B) were repeated (reshaping). After receiving seven consecutive positive feedback messages in Phase 10 of Condition Shaping 2 (B), the participants received the following message: That is all. Thanks for participating. No extra information was provided to the participants, that is, they were not aware of the out of bounds areas, its changing criteria or any other signal indicating contingencies shifting. The events and the time that elapsed during and between the events were recorded. A complete set of these records is available upon request. The major dependent variable in this study was a 114
5 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS measure of variability or dispersion. When the definition of aggregate product includes all 64 cells, every meeting of the two knights is followed by positive feedback. From what is known from operant experiments (e.g., Antonitis, 1951), repetition of reinforced trials might lead to diminishing variability in location of meetings, and extinction trials should result in increased variability of cell occupancy. By successively diminishing the area defining aggregate product for the metacontingency it was expected that at the end of trials the knights would repeatedly occupy the cells within that area, and that with the suspension of the conditional relation variability would increase again. In any phase of n trials, two knights may occupy 2n cells as meeting places. The dependent variable was the number of cells actually occupied in the last seven trials of each experimental condition [Baseline (A); Shaping 1, Phase 5 (B); Signalized Extinction (C); and Shaping 2, Phase 10 (B)] divided by the number of cells that could be used: 14 (2 knights x 7 trials). A ratio of 1.0 indicated that in 7 trials, 14 different cells were used; the minimum ratio was 2/14 = (if the knights always met at the same two cells of the 14 possible cells). Variables of interest. During analysis, three variables of interest were observed: the meeting location, defined here as the aggregated product; the trial duration and the number of movements. The last two were considered as possible measures of stereotypy, a byproduct of reinforcing operant behavior that might occur with aggregate products as results of interlocked behavior contingencies. Results Table 1 shows the number of trials undergone in each experimental condition by each of the five sets of participants. The number of trials required to advance to a new condition varied from 7 [Shaping Condition (B) with feedback] to 20 [Signalized Extinction condition (C)]. The minimum number of trials required to end the session was 7 (Phases 2 and 7, necessarily). The maximum number of trials was 186 (Phase 5, pair AB). Figure 2 shows the ratio of the number of cells actually used to achieve an aggregate product (adjacent cells where the knights met) to the maximum number of cells that could be used in seven trials [2 (knights) X 7 (trials) = 14]. Dispersion measures for the five sets of participants tended to be high in both the Baseline (A) and the Signalized Extinction (C) conditions (closer to 1.0 than to ). However, they tended to be low in both Shaping (B) conditions (closer to than to 1.0). The pattern of variability in the Baseline and Signalized Extinction conditions and the high concentration in the Shaping 1 and 2 conditions were similar across all five sets of participants. No statistically significant differences were found between the data from conditions A and C or the Shaping 1 and Shaping 2 (B) conditions (t = 0.584, p = and t = 1.632, p = 0.178, respectively). However, comparisons between the Baseline and Shaping 1 and between the Signalized Extinction and Shaping 2 conditions did show statistical significance (t = 3.935, p < and t = 6.971, p < 0.002, respectively). A partial eta squared comparison within the interventions yielded an effect size of 0.829, which indicates the strong effect of the training situation between conditions. 115
6 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Table 1. Total number of trials per phase for each pair from Experiment 1. Phases 1, 2, 6 and 7 had a fixed number of trials. All of the other phases ended after a sequence of 7 criteria-matched trials. Condition Phase AB CD EF GH IJ Baseline Shaping Extinction Reshaping Figures 3 and 4 also show that trial duration and number of movements per trial tended to be lower in shaping phases than in baseline and signaled extinction phases. This effect may be explained by a lesser control of the behavior of participants by the previous behavior of its partner after successive trials end in extinction. Extinction of individual behavior within the interlocked behavior contingency should generate variability, with more movements (and consequently larger trial duration) before the knights would meet. Four out of five pairs showed shorter trials during shaping phases when compared to baseline and signalized extinction phases. Except pair IJ, which showed the reduction trend in shaping 1 but not in shaping 2. During baseline and signalized extinction, the highest mean was 59ʺ for pair CD and the lowest was 10ʺ for pair AB. During baseline and signalized extinction, the pair IJ had the highest trial duration, 25ʺ and the pair AB had the lowest with 7.4ʺ in average. Pairs CD and EF showed a slight trend toward reduction in the number of movements during shaping phases in comparison to baseline and extinction phases. Pairs AB and GH showed a reduction trend comparing Extinction and Shaping 2 phases but not between Baseline and Shaping 1 phases. Pair IJ showed higher means during shaping phases contradicting the expected trend. The majority of the pairs ended each trial with four or five movements, the lowest number of movements observed. The highest number of movements was nine for pair CD during Shaping 1 phase. During Baseline and Signalized Extinction, the lowest number of movements per trial was four for pair AB and the highest number of movements were 10 for pair GH. 116
7 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Fig. 2. Number of occupied cells divided by the total number of cells that could have been occupied in Experiment 1 for each pair in phases 1, 5, 6 and 10, respectively. Discussion The results presented here show, for five sets of two participants, that the consequences programmed by the metacontingency affect the variability of the aggregate product location. Interlocked behavioral contingencies were responsible for the movements of the knights across the chessboard, resulting in an aggregate product: the meeting of the knights on adjacent cells of the board. With no special consequences programmed for that meeting or when signalized extinction was the consequence, the variability of the aggregate product location was high. When the consequence was positive feedback ( Congratulations! You win! ), the aggregate product location converged to the target defined by the metacontingency. The procedure confirmed the repeated occurrence of an empirical aggregate product produced by interlocked behavioral contingencies. Besides, it demonstrated that the condition B effects were due to the independent variable manipulated. Method Experiment 2 Participants. Ten students from the University of Brasília (four males and six females) volunteered to participate in the experiment. Participants were recruited via invitations extended during introductory psychology classes and had no research experience. 117
8 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Figure 3. Trial duration (seconds) mean of the last 7 trials in phases 1, 5, 6 and 10 for each pair. 118
9 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Figure 4. Number of movements per trial for the last 7 trials in phases 1, 5, 6 and
10 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Procedure. The procedure was identical to that used in Experiment 1, except that the C experimental condition was replaced by a repetition of the baseline (A) condition. The design for Experiment 2 was ABAB. The written instructions also remained the same, except that in the phrase The initial trials allow you to practice, the term the initial was replaced with some. Results Table 2 shows the number of trials undergone in each experimental condition by each of the five sets of participants in Experiment 2. The number of trials required to advance to a new condition varied from seven (Phases 2 and 7, necessarily) to 10 (Phases 1 and 6). The minimum number of trials required before the session was considered completed was seven (Phases 3, 8 and 9; pair KL), with a total duration of 1.57 min on average. The maximum number was 92 (Phase 9; pair QR). Figure 5 shows the ratio of the number of cells actually used to achieve the aggregate product over 14, the maximum number that could be reached. Dispersion measures for the five sets of participants tended to be high for both Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 (closer to 1.0 than to 0.142) and low in both Shaping (B) conditions (closer to than to 1.0). Table 2. Total number of trials per phase for each pair from Experiment 2. Phases 1, 2, 6 and 7 had a fixed number of trials. All of the other phases ended after a sequence of seven criteriamatched trials. Condition Phase KL MN OP QR ST Baseline Shaping Extinction Reshaping
11 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Figure 5. Number of occupied cells divided by the total number of cells that could have been occupied in Experiment 2 for each pair in phases 1, 5, 6 and 10. The pattern of variability in the Baseline conditions and the high concentration in the Shaping conditions were similar across all five sets of participants. No statistically significant differences were found between the data from the Baseline conditions or between the data from the Shaping conditions (t = 2.049, p = 0.13 and t = , p < 0.182, respectively). Comparisons between the Baseline 1 and Shaping 1 and between the Baseline 2 and Shaping 2 conditions, however, showed statistical significance (2 (t = , p < 0.01 and t = 5.176, p < 0.014, respectively). A partial eta squared comparison within interventions yielded an effect size of 0.943, indicating the strong effect of the training situation between conditions. All the pairs showed a trend to shorter trials during shaping phases in comparison to baseline phases (Figure 6). In the absence of feedbacks, the highest mean was 39ʺ for pair LK and the lowest was 12ʺ for pair QR. During shaping, the highest mean lasted 14ʺ for pair MN and the lowest had 4.8ʺ of duration for pair OP. All the pairs showed a systematic trend to less movement during shaping phases in comparison to baseline phases (Figure 7). Only four movements were made during each trial of shaping phases. The lowest number of movements during baseline phases were five (QR) and the highest were 22 (pair ST). 121
12 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV Figure 6. Trial duration (seconds) mean of the last seven trials in phases 1, 5, 6 and 10 for each pair. 122
13 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Figure 7. Number of movements per trial for the last seven trials in phases 1, 5, 6 and 10. Discussion Experiment 2 was a systematic replication of Experiment 1 (Sidman, 1960): it resulted in the repeated occurrence of an empirical aggregate product produced by interlocked behavioral contingencies and selected by its consequences (e.g., Glenn, 2010). The results also showed a reversal of the effect of such consequences on aggregate product location. For all five sets of 123
14 VASCONCELOS & TODOROV participants, location variability increased or decreased according to the programmed consequences. In the present experiments, Signalized Extinction and Baseline return had similar effects upon response variability. It was expected, since both contexts lead to an elimination of the response-reward relationship. General Discussion The procedure followed the usual demonstration of shaping of an operant with low relative frequency of occurrence: initial determination of operant level followed by differential reinforcement of successive approximations to the target response (Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950). Groups do not behave. Group behavior is the result of individuals behaving in groups (Skinner, 1953). As Locey & Rachlin (2013) have noted, reinforcement of the fittest actions replaces survival of the fittest organisms as a selection process (p. 245). Therefore, selection of cultural practices defined by aggregate products may replace composition of the fittest groups at the cultural level (Skinner, 1981; Baum, 2005). As with biological and behavioral evolution (Locey & Rachlin, 2013, p. 245), variation and reproduction (repetition) in cultural evolution occur in the context of environmental antecedents and interlocked behavioral contingencies, with aggregate products selected by consequences provided by a cultural selecting environment (Glenn, 2004, 2010; Glenn & Malott, 2004; Malott & Glenn, 2006; Houmanfar, Rodriguez & Ward, 2010). References Baker, F., & Rachlin, H. (2002). Teaching and learning in a probabilistic prisoner's dilemma. Behavioural Processes, 57(2-3), , DOI: /S (02) Baum, W. M. (2005). Understanding behaviorism: Science, behavior, and culture. Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Baum, W. M., Richerson, P. J., Efferson, C. M., & Paciotti, B. M. (2004). Cultural evolution in laboratory microsocieties including traditions of rule giving and rule following. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25(5), , DOI: /j.evolhumbehav Branch, M. N. (2006). Reactions of a laboratory behavioral scientist to a think tank on metacontingencies and cultural analysis. Behavior and Social Issues, 15, Catania, A. C. (1973). The concept of the operant in the analysis of behavior. Behaviorism, 1(2), Costa, D., Nogueira, C. P. V. & Abreu-Vasconcelos, L. (2012). Effects of communication and cultural consequences on choices combinations in INPDG with four participants. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(1), Ferster & Skinner (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Glenn, S. (1986). Metacontingencies in Walden Two. Behavior Analysis and Social Action, 5, 2-8. Glenn, S. S. (2004). Individual behavior, culture, and social change. The Behavior Analyst, 27, PMCID: PMC Glenn (2010) Metacontingencies, selection and OBM: Comments on Emergence and metacontingency. Behavior and Social Issues, 19, Glenn, S. S., & Malott, M. E. (2004). Complexity and selection: Implications for organizational change. Behavior and Social Issues, 13, Hardin, G. (1968/2009). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162 (3859), Reprinted in Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 2009, 1(3), DOI: /science Houmanfar, R., & Rodrigues, N. J. (2006) The metacontingency and the behavioral contingency: Points of contact and departure. Behavior & Social Issues, 15, Houmanfar, R., Rodrigues, N. J., & Ward, T. A. (2010). Emergence and metacontingency: Points of contact and departure. Behavior and Social Issues, 19,
15 THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSONS IN GROUPS Locey, M.L., & Rachlin, H. (2013). Shaping behavioral patterns. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, , DOI: /jeab.22. Epub 2013 Feb 20. Malott. M. & Glenn, S.S. (2006). Targets of intervention in cultural and behavioral change. Behavior and Social Issues, 15, Marr, M. J. (2006). Behavior analysis and social dynamics: Some questions and concerns. Behavior and Social Issues, 15, Ortu, D., Becker, A. M., Woelz, T. A. R., & Glenn, S. S. (2012). An Iterated Four-Player Prisoner s Dilemma Game with an External Selecting Agent: A Metacontingency Experiment. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(1), Sidman (1960). Tactics of scientific research. New York: Basic Books. Skinner (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century. Skinner (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57(4), 193. Skinner (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan. Skinner (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, DOI: /science Smith, G. S., Houmanfar, R. & Louis, S. J. (2011). The participatory role of verbal behavior in an elaborated account of metacontingency: From conceptualization to investigation. Behavior and Social Issues, 20, Tadaiesky, L. T., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2012). Effects of support consequences and cultural consequences on the selection of interlocking behavioral contingencies. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(1), Todorov, J. C. (2002). A evolução do conceito de operante. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 18, Vasconcelos, I. G. (2014). Procedimento experimental de modelagem de respostas para seleção do produto agregado em metacontingências. Master s Dissertation presented to the University of Brasilia. Vichi, C., Andery, M. A. P. A., & Glenn, S. S. (2009). A metacontingency experiment: The effects of contingent consequences on patterns of interlocking contingencies of reinforcement. Behavior and Social Issues, 18(1), Wiggins, J. (1969). Status differentiation, external consequences, and alternative reward distributions. In R. Burgess & D. Bushell (Org.) Behavioral Sociology: The Experimental Analysis of Social Process (pp ). New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: / Yi, R., & Rachlin, H. (2004). Contingencies of reinforcement in a five-person Prisoner s Dilemma. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 82, DOI: /jeab
ALTERING THE NEAR-MISS EFFECT IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS MARK R. DIXON, BECKY L. NASTALLY, JAMES E. JACKSON, AND REZA HABIB
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2009, 42, 913 918 NUMBER 4(WINTER 2009) ALTERING THE NEAR-MISS EFFECT IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS MARK R. DIXON, BECKY L. NASTALLY, JAMES E. JACKSON, AND REZA HABIB SOUTHERN
More informationMetacontingencies, Experimentation and Nonhumans: Searching for Conceptual and Methodological Advances
Metacontingencies, Experimentation and Nonhumans Metacontingencies, Experimentation and Nonhumans: Searching for Conceptual and Methodological Advances Metacontingencias, experimentación y no-humanos:
More information1 2013 the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coverage of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board Fourth Edition List by Cooper, Heron, and Heward s Applied Behavior Analysis, Second Edition The BACB Fourth Edition List is organized in three major
More informationWildcat World: Simulation programs for teaching basic concepts in psychological science
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1999, 31 (1), 14-18 Wildcat World: Simulation programs for teaching basic concepts in psychological science MICHAEL F. BROWN Villanova University, Villanova,
More informationApplied Behavior Analysis Course (BCBA): Basic Principles and Characteristics of Behavior Brandman University Course 1 OBH1 3 semester hours-course 1
Applied Behavior Analysis Course (BCBA): Basic Principles and Characteristics of Behavior Brandman University Course 1 OBH1 3 semester hours-course 1 Instructor: Michael Weinberg, Ph.D., BCBA-D Required
More information7/17/2014. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy Overview. Applied Behavior Analysis Therapy. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Applied Behavior Analysis Therapy Continuum Autism Spectrum Alliance Presented: Tram Chum Newcomb B.A. ABA Program Coordinator and Junior Consultant www.autismspectrumalliance.com Applied Behavior Analysis
More informationFree Inductive/Logical Test Questions
Free Inductive/Logical Test Questions (With questions and answers) JobTestPrep invites you to a free practice session that represents only some of the materials offered in our online practice packs. Have
More informationProgrammed Learning Review
Programmed Learning Review L-HO1-121907 Take another sheet of paper and cover the answers located in the right hand column. Then read through the unit filling in the blanks as you go. After filling in
More informationNavigating Ethical Challenges in Behavior Analysis: Translating Code into Conduct. What today is about EHICAL CHALLENGES 8/3/14
Navigating Ethical Challenges in Behavior Analysis: Translating Code into Conduct Mary Jane Weiss, Ph.D., BCBA-D National Autism Conference Penn State August, 2014 What today is about Understanding guidelines
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EXAMS GUIDELINES MASTER S IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS GUIDELINES MASTER S IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS The following guidelines are for Applied Behavior Analysis Master s students who choose the comprehensive exams option. Students who
More informationIntroducing Social Psychology
Introducing Social Psychology Theories and Methods in Social Psychology 27 Feb 2012, Banu Cingöz Ulu What is social psychology? A field within psychology that strives to understand the social dynamics
More informationMANIPULATING SLOT MACHINE PREFERENCE IN PROBLEM GAMBLERS THROUGH CONTEXTUAL CONTROL BECKY L. NASTALLY, MARK R. DIXON, AND JAMES W.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2010, 43, 125 129 NUMBER 1(SPRING 2010) MANIPULATING SLOT MACHINE PREFERENCE IN PROBLEM GAMBLERS THROUGH CONTEXTUAL CONTROL BECKY L. NASTALLY, MARK R. DIXON, AND JAMES
More informationChapter Seven. Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS
Chapter Seven Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS Section : An introduction to multiple regression WHAT IS MULTIPLE REGRESSION? Multiple
More informationEmpirical Background for Skinner s Basic Arguments Regarding Selection by Consequences
Empirical Background for Skinner s Basic Arguments Regarding Selection by Consequences Iver Iversen University of North Florida, Jacksonville Presentation at NAFO, April 2016 Gol, Norway Skinner was Controvercial
More informationSample Paper for Research Methods. Daren H. Kaiser. Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne
Running head: RESEARCH METHODS PAPER 1 Sample Paper for Research Methods Daren H. Kaiser Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Running head: RESEARCH METHODS PAPER 2 Abstract First notice that
More informationMultivariate Analysis of Variance. The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine
2 - Manova 4.3.05 25 Multivariate Analysis of Variance What Multivariate Analysis of Variance is The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine whether multiple levels
More informationPSYC 3451: Learning Principles and Behavior Analysis Fall 2015
I. Course Information Schedule: Tuesdays/Fridays, 8-9:40 AM Location: Shillman Hall 420 PSYC 3451: Learning Principles and Behavior Analysis II. Instructor Information Instructor: Terri Bright, Ph. D.,
More informationContact Information. Rebecca.cain@state.sd.us Phone 773-3678
Contact Information Rebecca.cain@state.sd.us Phone 773-3678 Learning Behavior/Changing Behavior Students learn any behavior in the same way they learn to read through instruction/modeling, practice, feedback,
More informationInvestment Statistics: Definitions & Formulas
Investment Statistics: Definitions & Formulas The following are brief descriptions and formulas for the various statistics and calculations available within the ease Analytics system. Unless stated otherwise,
More informationABA. History of ABA. Interventions 8/24/2011. Late 1800 s and Early 1900 s. Mentalistic Approachs
ABA Is an extension of Experimental Analysis of Behavior to applied settings Is not the same as modification Uses cognition in its approach Focuses on clinically or socially relevant s Is used in many
More informationApplied Behavior Analysis Speech Practices for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Applied Behavior Analysis Speech Practices for Autism Spectrum Disorders November 16, 2007 Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center Renee Downing-Van Ness M.A., CCC- SLP Stacey Liebross M.S., CCC-SLP
More informationThe Effect of Flexible Learning Schedule on Online Learners Learning, Application, and Instructional Perception
1060 The Effect of Flexible Learning Schedule on Online Learners Learning, Application, and Instructional Perception Doo H. Lim University of Tennessee Learning style has been an important area of study
More information2015-2016 Program Guidebook. Ph.D. Applied Behavior Analysis (Post-Master s)
2015-2016 Program Guidebook Ph.D. Applied Behavior Analysis (Post-Master s) NOTE: 1) This guidebook is subject to change. If it does, students will be notified via email and will be provided with the revised
More informationChapter 7 Conditioning and Learning
Chapter 7 Conditioning and Learning Chapter Summary Definitions Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. A stimulus is anything that comes in through your senses.
More informationAdaptive information source selection during hypothesis testing
Adaptive information source selection during hypothesis testing Andrew T. Hendrickson (drew.hendrickson@adelaide.edu.au) Amy F. Perfors (amy.perfors@adelaide.edu.au) Daniel J. Navarro (daniel.navarro@adelaide.edu.au)
More informationProbability. Sample space: all the possible outcomes of a probability experiment, i.e., the population of outcomes
Probability Basic Concepts: Probability experiment: process that leads to welldefined results, called outcomes Outcome: result of a single trial of a probability experiment (a datum) Sample space: all
More informationRegistry Tuner. Software Manual
Registry Tuner Software Manual Table of Contents Introduction 1 System Requirements 2 Frequently Asked Questions 3 Using the Lavasoft Registry Tuner 5 Scan and Fix Registry Errors 7 Optimize Registry
More informationNew Trendlens Indicators & Functions
New Trendlens Indicators & Functions There are 83 new indicators and functions available in TrendLens. Formation Functions Highest Value The Highest Value formation function looks back bar count number
More informationBehavioral Principles. S-R Learning. Pavlov & Classical Conditioning 12/2/2009
Behavioral Principles S-R Learning Classical conditioning The most basic form of learning; one stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus (the response) Stimulus a physical
More information(Refer Slide Time: 2:03)
Control Engineering Prof. Madan Gopal Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Lecture - 11 Models of Industrial Control Devices and Systems (Contd.) Last time we were
More informationNetwork Latency in On-Line Gaming: An Engineering or a Psychological Problem?
Network Latency in On-Line Gaming: An Engineering or a Psychological Problem? Conor Linehan +, Bryan Roche +, Séamus McLoone º and Tomás Ward º + Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland
More informationAn experimental comparison of the effects of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement during skill acquisition
Northeastern University Applied Behavioral Analysis Master's Theses Bouvé College of Health Sciences January 01, 2011 An experimental comparison of the effects of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
More information6 Scalar, Stochastic, Discrete Dynamic Systems
47 6 Scalar, Stochastic, Discrete Dynamic Systems Consider modeling a population of sand-hill cranes in year n by the first-order, deterministic recurrence equation y(n + 1) = Ry(n) where R = 1 + r = 1
More informationAdditional sources Compilation of sources: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tseportal/datacollectionmethodologies/jin-tselink/tselink.htm
Mgt 540 Research Methods Data Analysis 1 Additional sources Compilation of sources: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tseportal/datacollectionmethodologies/jin-tselink/tselink.htm http://web.utk.edu/~dap/random/order/start.htm
More informationPLAYING GAMES: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF LEAN PRODUCTION STRATEGIES ON PROJECT COST AND SCHEDULE
Playing Games: Evaluating The Impact of Lean Production Strategies on Project Cost and Schedule PLAYING GAMES: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF LEAN PRODUCTION STRATEGIES ON PROJECT COST AND SCHEDULE Luis F. Alarcón
More informationOrigin and Evolution of Cultural Level Organization
Origin and Evolution of Cultural Level Organization AILUN Lecture 6 Adapted from Glenn, S. S. (2004). Individual Behavior, culture, and social change. The Behavior Analyst, 27, 133-151 Culture Defined:
More informationBehavior Impedes Learning
Behavior Impedes Learning ARSD 24:05:27:01.02. (1) In the case of a student whose behavior impedes his or her learning or that of others, consider the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports
More informationComparison of Research Designs Template
Comparison of Comparison of The following seven tables provide an annotated template to guide you through the comparison of research designs assignment in this course. These tables help you organize your
More informationCalculator Practice: Computation with Fractions
Calculator Practice: Computation with Fractions Objectives To provide practice adding fractions with unlike denominators and using a calculator to solve fraction problems. www.everydaymathonline.com epresentations
More informationMidterm Review Problems
Midterm Review Problems October 19, 2013 1. Consider the following research title: Cooperation among nursery school children under two types of instruction. In this study, what is the independent variable?
More informationSteps for Implementation: Discrete Trial Training
STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS Steps for Implementation: Discrete Trial Training Bogin, J., Sullivan, L., Rogers, S., & Stabel. A. (2010). Steps for implementation: Discrete trial training. Sacramento, CA:
More informationInequality, Mobility and Income Distribution Comparisons
Fiscal Studies (1997) vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 93 30 Inequality, Mobility and Income Distribution Comparisons JOHN CREEDY * Abstract his paper examines the relationship between the cross-sectional and lifetime
More informationSoftware Engineering. Introduction. Software Costs. Software is Expensive [Boehm] ... Columbus set sail for India. He ended up in the Bahamas...
Software Engineering Introduction... Columbus set sail for India. He ended up in the Bahamas... The economies of ALL developed nations are dependent on software More and more systems are software controlled
More informationGuido s Guide to PROC FREQ A Tutorial for Beginners Using the SAS System Joseph J. Guido, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
Guido s Guide to PROC FREQ A Tutorial for Beginners Using the SAS System Joseph J. Guido, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY ABSTRACT PROC FREQ is an essential procedure within BASE
More information7 Gaussian Elimination and LU Factorization
7 Gaussian Elimination and LU Factorization In this final section on matrix factorization methods for solving Ax = b we want to take a closer look at Gaussian elimination (probably the best known method
More informationBASIC RULES OF CHESS
BASIC RULES OF CHESS Introduction Chess is a game of strategy believed to have been invented more then 00 years ago in India. It is a game for two players, one with the light pieces and one with the dark
More informationEncyclopedia of School Psychology Conditioning: Classical And Operant
Encyclopedia of School Psychology Conditioning: Classical And Operant Contributors: Merilee McCurdy & Michelle Swanger Edited by: Steven W. Lee Book Title: Encyclopedia of School Psychology Chapter Title:
More informationBattleship. Big bands
Ball Fill in the grid so that every row, column (six smaller cells and three bigger circles or stars), outlined figures (eight smaller cells and a bigger circle), nine bigger circles and nine bigger stars
More informationBehavior Analysis and Strategy Application after Brain Injury: Addressing the long-term behavioral outcomes of brain injury
Behavior Analysis and Strategy Application after Brain Injury: Addressing the long-term behavioral outcomes of brain injury Chris M. Schaub, MS Ed., BCBA Christina M. Peters, MS Ed., CBIS Stephanie A.
More informationLearning from Experience. Definition of Learning. Psychological definition. Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Learning from Experience Overview Understanding Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Definition of Learning Permanent change Change in behavior or knowledge Learning
More informationBASKETBALL AND THE MATCHING LAW
Behavioral Technology Today, 3, 2-6 (2003). 2003 Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies BASKETBALL AND THE MATCHING LAW Jason Bourret Timothy R. Vollmer The University of Florida Much of what we do in
More informationAn approach of detecting structure emergence of regional complex network of entrepreneurs: simulation experiment of college student start-ups
An approach of detecting structure emergence of regional complex network of entrepreneurs: simulation experiment of college student start-ups Abstract Yan Shen 1, Bao Wu 2* 3 1 Hangzhou Normal University,
More informationMD5-26 Stacking Blocks Pages 115 116
MD5-26 Stacking Blocks Pages 115 116 STANDARDS 5.MD.C.4 Goals Students will find the number of cubes in a rectangular stack and develop the formula length width height for the number of cubes in a stack.
More informationAn Initial Survey of Fractional Graph and Table Area in Behavioral Journals
The Behavior Analyst 2008, 31, 61 66 No. 1 (Spring) An Initial Survey of Fractional Graph and Table Area in Behavioral Journals Richard M. Kubina, Jr., Douglas E. Kostewicz, and Shawn M. Datchuk The Pennsylvania
More informationBanking on a Bad Bet: Probability Matching in Risky Choice Is Linked to Expectation Generation
Research Report Banking on a Bad Bet: Probability Matching in Risky Choice Is Linked to Expectation Generation Psychological Science 22(6) 77 711 The Author(s) 11 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalspermissions.nav
More informationTHE BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS APPROACH TO READING: PHONICS DISCRIMINATIONS 1. Benjamin B. Lahey, Dennis R. Weller, William R. Brown 2.
200 Journal of Reading Behavior 1972-73 * Vol. 5, No. 3, Summer THE BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS APPROACH TO READING: PHONICS DISCRIMINATIONS 1 Benjamin B. Lahey, Dennis R. Weller, William R. Brown 2 Abstract Several
More informationHow To Find Out How Fast A Car Is Going
JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR 13, 585-589 (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory ~ ELIZABETH F. LOFTUS AND JOHN C. PALMER
More informationSYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND MATRICES WITH THE TI-89. by Joseph Collison
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND MATRICES WITH THE TI-89 by Joseph Collison Copyright 2000 by Joseph Collison All rights reserved Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections
More informationVOLATILITY AND DEVIATION OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR
VOLATILITY AND DEVIATION OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR Andrew Goldstein Yale University 68 High Street New Haven, CT 06511 andrew.goldstein@yale.edu Alexander Thornton Shawn Kerrigan Locus Energy 657 Mission St.
More informationResearch Basis for Catchup Math
Research Basis for Catchup Math Robert S. Ryan, Ph. D. Associate Professor of Cognitive Psychology Kutztown University Preface Kutztown University is a 4 year undergraduate university that is one of 14
More informationPh.D. Applied Behavior Analysis Program Guidebook 2014-2015
Ph.D. Applied Behavior Analysis Program Guidebook 2014-2015 NOTE: 1) This guidebook is subject to change. If it does, students will be notified via email and will be provided with the revised version.
More informationLocalization System for Roulette and other Table Games
Localization System for Roulette and other Table Games Christoph Ruland 1 1 University of Siegen, Hoelderlinstrasse 3, D-57076 Siegen/Germany; E-Mail: christoph.ruland@uni-siegen.de Tel.: +49-271-740-2522;
More informationAN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHART PATTERNS
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHART PATTERNS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHART PATTERNS www.dukascopy.com CONTENTS TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND CHART PATTERNS CHARACTERISTICS OF PATTERNS PATTERNS Channels Rising Wedge Falling
More informationAlgebra 2 Chapter 1 Vocabulary. identity - A statement that equates two equivalent expressions.
Chapter 1 Vocabulary identity - A statement that equates two equivalent expressions. verbal model- A word equation that represents a real-life problem. algebraic expression - An expression with variables.
More informationAcademic Achievement of Groups Formed Based on Creativity and Intelligence
Academic Achievement of Groups Formed Based on Creativity and Intelligence Ananda Kumar Palaniappan, Ph. D Faculty of Education, University of Malaya Email: ananda4989@yahoo.com, anandak@um.edu.my Abstract
More informationSample Paper for Learning Research Proposal. Daren H. Kaiser. Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1 Sample Paper for Learning Research Proposal Daren H. Kaiser Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2 Abstract Notice that you do not indent
More informationIntroduction Solvability Rules Computer Solution Implementation. Connect Four. March 9, 2010. Connect Four
March 9, 2010 is a tic-tac-toe like game in which two players drop discs into a 7x6 board. The first player to get four in a row (either vertically, horizontally, or diagonally) wins. The game was first
More informationMULTIPLE-OBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUE Analytical Hierarchy Process
MULTIPLE-OBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUE Analytical Hierarchy Process Business Intelligence and Decision Making Professor Jason Chen The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a systematic procedure
More informationUsing Rounds to Enhance Teacher Interaction and Self Reflection: The Marzano Observational Protocol
Using Rounds to Enhance Teacher Interaction and Self Reflection: The Marzano Observational Protocol Marzano Research Laboratory 9000 E. Nichols Ave. Ste. 210 Englewood, CO 80112 October 2009 Robert J.
More informationAnalyzing Research Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers 1. Sam Mathews, Ph.D. Department of Psychology The University of West Florida
Analyzing Research Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers 1 Sam Mathews, Ph.D. Department of Psychology The University of West Florida The critical reader of a research report expects the writer to
More informationClassical vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (R S RF ) A voluntary response (R) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus (S RF ) The voluntary response is more likely to be emitted by the organism.
More informationTRANSPORTATION MODELLING IN CALGARY
TRANSPORTATION MODELLING IN CALGARY Why Do We Use Transportation Models? There are three approaches that can be used for proceeding to develop a transportation system for Calgary s future. One approach
More informationChapter 4: Probability and Counting Rules
Chapter 4: Probability and Counting Rules Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of Chapter 4, you will be able to: Determine sample spaces and find the probability of an event using classical
More informationABSORBENCY OF PAPER TOWELS
ABSORBENCY OF PAPER TOWELS 15. Brief Version of the Case Study 15.1 Problem Formulation 15.2 Selection of Factors 15.3 Obtaining Random Samples of Paper Towels 15.4 How will the Absorbency be measured?
More informationReliability. 26.1 Reliability Models. Chapter 26 Page 1
Chapter 26 Page 1 Reliability Although the technological achievements of the last 50 years can hardly be disputed, there is one weakness in all mankind's devices. That is the possibility of failure. What
More informationNonlinear Iterative Partial Least Squares Method
Numerical Methods for Determining Principal Component Analysis Abstract Factors Béchu, S., Richard-Plouet, M., Fernandez, V., Walton, J., and Fairley, N. (2016) Developments in numerical treatments for
More information2. Incidence, prevalence and duration of breastfeeding
2. Incidence, prevalence and duration of breastfeeding Key Findings Mothers in the UK are breastfeeding their babies for longer with one in three mothers still breastfeeding at six months in 2010 compared
More informationElliott Wave Theory. Quick Start Guide. Traders Day Trading.com
Elliott Wave Theory Learning about the Stock Market for Beginners & How to Start Day Trading - Successfully! Page 2 Preface This ebook is an original publication from TradersDayTrading.com A trader s guide
More informationConvolution. The Delta Function and Impulse Response
CHAPTER 6 Convolution Convolution is a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a third signal. It is the single most important technique in Digital Signal Processing. Using the strategy of impulse
More informationCONSTRUCTING SINGLE-SUBJECT REVERSAL DESIGN GRAPHS USING MICROSOFT WORD : A COMPREHENSIVE TUTORIAL
CONSTRUCTING SINGLE-SUBJECT REVERSAL DESIGN GRAPHS USING MICROSOFT WORD : A COMPREHENSIVE TUTORIAL PATRICK GREHAN ADELPHI UNIVERSITY DANIEL J. MORAN MIDAMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL INSTITUTE This document is
More informationUse of Human Big Data to Help Improve Productivity in Service Businesses
Hitachi Review Vol. 6 (216), No. 2 847 Featured Articles Use of Human Big Data to Help Improve Productivity in Service Businesses Satomi Tsuji Hisanaga Omori Kenji Samejima Kazuo Yano, Dr. Eng. OVERVIEW:
More informationFractions as Numbers INTENSIVE INTERVENTION. National Center on. at American Institutes for Research
National Center on INTENSIVE INTERVENTION at American Institutes for Research Fractions as Numbers 000 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW Washington, DC 0007 E-mail: NCII@air.org While permission to reprint this
More informationResearch Methods & Experimental Design
Research Methods & Experimental Design 16.422 Human Supervisory Control April 2004 Research Methods Qualitative vs. quantitative Understanding the relationship between objectives (research question) and
More informationChapter 7. Behavioral Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning
Chapter 7 Behavioral Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning Overview Operant Conditioning Educational Applications of Operant Conditioning Principles Using Computer-Based Instruction in Your Classroom Copyright
More informationA Better Statistical Method for A/B Testing in Marketing Campaigns
A Better Statistical Method for A/B Testing in Marketing Campaigns Scott Burk Marketers are always looking for an advantage, a way to win customers, improve market share, profitability and demonstrate
More informationIowa Volleyball Coaches Clinic Warm Up Games and Drill Ideas Diane Lichtenberg- Bettendorf High School
Iowa Volleyball Coaches Clinic Warm Up Games and Drill Ideas Diane Lichtenberg- Bettendorf High School Besides preparing the players bodies for the physical demands the game of volleyball requires, there
More informationMultiple Optimization Using the JMP Statistical Software Kodak Research Conference May 9, 2005
Multiple Optimization Using the JMP Statistical Software Kodak Research Conference May 9, 2005 Philip J. Ramsey, Ph.D., Mia L. Stephens, MS, Marie Gaudard, Ph.D. North Haven Group, http://www.northhavengroup.com/
More informationINTRODUCTION TO COACHING TEACHING SKILLS TEACHING/LEARNING. September 2007 Page 1
TEACHING SKILLS September 2007 Page 1 TEACHING SKILLS Being a teacher is one of the main roles a coach fulfils for their players. The ability to teach effectively, especially the technical skills of ice
More informationInfant Behavior and Development
Infant Behavior & Development 32 (2009) 286 290 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infant Behavior and Development A method for eliciting scale errors in preschool classrooms Karl S. Rosengren a,,
More informationThe Effect of Questionnaire Cover Design in Mail Surveys
The Effect of Questionnaire Cover Design in Mail Surveys Philip Gendall It has been suggested that the response rate for a self administered questionnaire will be enhanced if the cover of the questionnaire
More informationKnowledge Management in Software Companies An Appraisal
Knowledge Management in Software Companies An Appraisal B. Gopalkrishna, Lewlyn L. R. Rodrigues, P. K. Poornima, and Shivanshu Manchanda Abstract The present study involved evaluation of state of knowledge
More informationDomain 2 -Values and Ethics: Apply social work ethical principles and values to guide professional practice.
Case study 'Joanne', evidence 5: Action plan Domain 1, Professionalism Social workers are members of an internationally recognised profession, a title protected in UK law. Social workers demonstrate professional
More informationStandards Alignment Minnesota Science Standards Alignment Matrix www.brainu.org/resources/mnstds
Lesson Summary: Neurons transfer information by releasing neurotransmitters across the synapse or space between neurons. Students model the chemical communication between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic
More informationRANKING REFACTORING PATTERNS USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS
RANKING REFACTORING PATTERNS USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS Eduardo Piveta 1, Ana Morra 2, Maelo Penta 1 João Araújo 2, Pedro Guerrro 3, R. Tom Price 1 1 Instituto de Informática, Universidade
More informationASSIGNMENT 4 PREDICTIVE MODELING AND GAINS CHARTS
DATABASE MARKETING Fall 2015, max 24 credits Dead line 15.10. ASSIGNMENT 4 PREDICTIVE MODELING AND GAINS CHARTS PART A Gains chart with excel Prepare a gains chart from the data in \\work\courses\e\27\e20100\ass4b.xls.
More informationA Behavioral Perspective of Childhood Trauma and Attachment Issues: Toward Alternative Treatment Approaches for Children with a History of Abuse
A Behavioral Perspective of Childhood Trauma and Attachment Issues: Toward Alternative Treatment Approaches for Children with a History of Abuse By: Walter Prather and Jeannie A. Golden ABSTRACT This article
More informationChapter 2. Sociological Investigation
Chapter 2 Sociological Investigation I. The Basics of Sociological Investigation. A. Sociological investigation begins with two key requirements: 1. Apply the sociological perspective. 2. Be curious and
More informationDimensions of ABA. Applied Behavior Analysis for Educational Settings. Underlying Assumptions of ABA
Applied Behavior Analysis for Educational Settings Christopher Ewing Behavior Intervention Consultant Arkansas Department of Education Underlying Assumptions of ABA Determinism The universe is a lawful
More informationEngaging the Disengaged www.entertaininganelephant.com
Bill McBride Educational Consultant Author of Entertaining an Elephant Now in its 20 th Printing! Engaging the Disengaged www.entertaininganelephant.com Anticipation Guide 1. 1 in 5 students drop out of
More informationSOFTWARE EasyComm (Code 775 044) USER S MANUAL (Code M 981 357/00 - A) 1997-2000 CIRCUTOR, S.A. All rights reserved
SOFTWARE EasyComm (Code 775 044) USER S MANUAL (Code M 981 357/00 - A) 1997-2000 CIRCUTOR, S.A. All rights reserved EasyComm INDEX 1. Introduction... Page 2 2. EasyComm contents... Page 2 3. Main features...
More information