How to Improve Wildlife and Pest Control in South East Asia
|
|
- Brittney Rice
- 3 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This fact sheet looks at how farmers, gardeners and land managers can modify their practices to provide more food and water sources and improve habitat quality for for these insects. It highlights how moving to more bee-friendly practices can deliver other benefits too for wildlife and for people. Credit: Stephanie Williamson, PAN UK Bee-friendly practices in farming The transformation of the farming landscape and practices over the last two generations has had profound impacts on wildlife and wild flowers. More intensive, specialised systems, aiming for high yield outputs through increased use of agrochemical, fossil fuel and other inputs, have contributed to the loss of many habitats and landscape features, natural resource degradation and decline of useful biodiversity across Europe1. The intensification trend has also reduced landscape elements (e.g. hedgerows, ponds) and enlarged farm and field sizes2. However, there are several practical measures that farmers of all types can take to help restore ecological balance, by providing more resources for pollinating insects and reducing harm from pesticides. The following aspects mainly concern conventional farmers as organic systems tend to be much better for pollinators, however some of the Bee Declines & Pesticides factsheet 7 Pesticide Action Network UK Opportunities to expand and improve pollinator habitats
2 actions like expanding habitat can enhance all types of farming systems. Expanding natural habitat on and around the farm: Leaving small uncultivated areas for wildlife can make a real difference to the abundance and the diversity of plants and animals on farmland. More farmers now leave grassy margins along field borders, rather than cultivating right up to the edge, while awkward field corners and unproductive areas on the farm can be left as a more natural habitat. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) experts recommend a minimum of 5% of farm surface (excluding forested areas) to be managed as an ecological infrastructure, without agrochemical inputs3. The aim is not only to enhance wild flowers and fauna but to also conserve valuable natural enemies (such as predator ladybirds, hoverflies, ground beetles and parasitic wasps) of insect pests, contributing free pest control services to the farmer. Bees need a varied landscape to maintain healthy colonies. Countryside where crops are interspersed with hedges and wooded zones, where wetlands and flower-rich grassland can still flourish, adds aesthetic value to the landscape as well as pollinator well-being4. Setting up ecological compensation areas in pasture can enhance pollinator diversity in grassland livestock farming too5. Numerous options exist for farmers under EU-supported agri-environment schemes to farm with wildlife in mind. In the UK, these are organised under the Entry Level (ELS) and Higher Level Stewardship schemes. Some of these management practices have been shown to boost abundance and diversity of Cred wild bees by providing more flowering and nesting resources6. Apart from the specific bee conservation option of sowing nectar flower mixes (see below), other options beneficial for pollinators include: sowing wild bird seed mix strips; low agrochemical input grassland; natural, uncropped field margins; and upland traditional hay meadow management. Expanding crop rotations and adding legumes: Searching for suitable food sources, honeybees travel a foraging radius of around 3 km from their hive, equating to a foraging area of 30 km2 7. Yet the range of suitably varied flowers in farmed landscapes has dropped enormously with the trend to larger field sizes and reduced variety of arable crops. Monoculture field patterns comprising mainly maize, wheat and a few other cereals are common across Europe and lead to reduced quality, quantity and diversity of the nectar and pollen diet available for bees8. The result is a few weeks of abundant pollinator food when the crop is in flower, followed by a
3 seasonlong dearth 9. Studies show that a nutritious and diverse diet from foraging different plant species is needed to keep bee pollinator populations healthy 10,11. Expanded rotations it: Stephanie Williamson, PAN UK can improve pollinator foraging opportunities, especially if more nutritious and beefavoured legume crops (peas, beans) are added. Legumes are generally very important for honey production, both in quantity and quality. Cover crops, such as clover and alfalfa, can also be included within the rotation for reliable sources of pollen and nectar. More diverse crop rotations assist in preventing and suppressing pest, disease and weed problems (see factsheet 6) and form the first general principle of Integrated Pest Management in the EU s Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive 12. The European Parliament has urged for more legume crops, mixed cropping within fields, cover cropping and ecological infrastructure areas to be at the heart of the EU Common Agricultural Policy reform due in Legume plants fix nitrogen from the air into the soil, increasing nutrients available for subsequent crops. Adding more legumes into farming systems can therefore help farmers bottom line by enhancing soil fertility and reducing use of Bees are reaching their tipping point because they are expected to perform in an increasingly inhospitable world Marla Spivak, University of Minnesota, & colleagues, USA costly synthetic fertiliser. Using less fertiliser will also reduce nitrate pollution of groundwater, a major problem in many intensively farmed river basins. More legume cultivation would help address one of the seriously unsustainable aspects of current European livestock production, highly dependent on imported protein crops. Europe imports 30 million tonnes of soyabean flour per year to feed its animals 14. These imports exert an unacceptable ecological footprint in South America, where most of the soya is grown. The industrial scale and practices of soya cultivation has destroyed millions of hectares of forest and grasslands and its intensive pesticide use poisons communities living nearby 15,16. Soya expansion by agri-business has pushed out thousands of family farmers in South America from their land 17. By growing more legumes here, European farmers could regain control of their feed ingredients, contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions (from reduced use of fertiliser) and help family farmers in South America to cultivate food crops again and protect their natural resources 18. Reducing herbicide use: Between 1990 and 2006, the herbicidetreated area in the UK increased by 38% 19. In 2010, over 22 million hectares of British farmland received applications. This growing reliance on herbicides has profound effects on farmland plant communities, with diversity of wild plants in agricultural fields and field margins declining, especially in infertile grassland and hedge bottoms. Some weed species are now threatened with extinction in
4 Britain 20. In the US this trend has been exacerbated by the widespread cultivation of GM crops resistant to herbicides, as increased herbicide spraying takes a heavy toll on arable non-target flora 21. Herbicide reliance impacts pollinators indirectly by reducing the diversity and abundance of their floral food resources. For butterfly and moth pollinators whose caterpillars feed only on specific host plants, reduction in these species presence can threaten the insects survival in some areas. Herbicides themselves are generally considered harmless to bees although a few may cause sublethal effects on adult bees or disrupt brood development 22,23. There could also be synergistic interactions between herbicide residues found in hives, the effect of neonicotinoids and bee susceptibility to parasites and disease (see factsheet 3). Sowing nectar-rich flowers: Loss of the traditional farmland flowers found in less intensive farming systems has led to a 75% decline in butterflies and bumblebees in the UK. To improve environmental stewardship the UK Entry Level Stewardship (ELS) scheme subsidises farmers undertaking specific practices to increase flowering plants attractive to bees and butterflies: sowing borders of mixed nectar-rich wildflowers sowing wildflowers in field headlands creating pollen and nectar flower mixtures in horticultural cropping systems Research shows that farmers who plant nectar floral mixes at field edges, rather than grass Over the five years [of this study], farmers who had been trained created better quality wildlife habitat in terms of flower resources for bees and seeds for birds. This translated into local increases in target species of birds and bees James Bullock, NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, & RELU research colleagues, UK margins, can attract up to 14 times as many bumblebees 24. Several farming sector-led initiatives encourage more farmers to take up these options, yet less than 0.1% of total farm area under ELS agreements has these so far 25. Challenges include tailoring general prescriptions for flower mixture sowing to the situation of each farm, achieving good germination and flowering of the plants over several seasons and ensuring the best management to enhance pollinator foraging. Better uptake of these agri-environment schemes also requires more farmer training and effort to explain the concepts and motivate farmers 26. Other resources for pollinators: Bees need a lot of water for rearing their brood and maintaining a healthy hive. Worker bees will collect water from lakes, ponds and puddles; morning dew; and liquid droplets exuded from young plants. It is therefore crucial that pollinators have access to clean water on or around farms, which is free from pesticide contamination or other pollutants. Certain wild pollinators need undisturbed nesting and foraging habitat, making them very susceptible to habitat degradation and fragmentation 27. Wild bees may dig
5 nest holes in the ground, use cavities in trees, tunnel into plant stems, or collect mud, resin, foliage and plant fibres to construct their nests 28. Good hedgerow management and leaving natural vegetation and undisturbed spots around the farm contribute to improved nesting habitat for these species 29. Reducing reliance on pesticides in general: Phasing out hazardous pesticides and shifting to ecologically-informed Integrated Pest Management strategies is now endorsed by many global institutions and think-tanks 30,31. Using IPM methods rather than current excessive levels of pesticide applications will support pollination services and more sustainable pest management, by avoiding harm to the beneficial insects which help control pests 32. If biodiversity is to be restored in Europe and opportunities are to be created for crop production utilizing biodiversity-based ecosystem services such as biological pest control, there must be a Europe-wide shift towards farming with minimal use of pesticides over large areas Flavia Geiger, University of Wageningen, Netherlands & colleagues Parks & other open spaces Parks, rail and roadside verges, golf courses, football pitches and council playing fields, common land, urban paved areas, car parks, school yards, cemeteries and brownfield industrial sites are all open-air spaces in which pollinators may be present. As in farmland, managers of many of these open spaces may apply neonicotinoids and other pesticides for pest control in what is termed the amenity sector. They therefore offer opportunities for becoming more beefriendly by reducing pesticide use and by changes in management practices to improve pollinator habitat 33. Herbicides are often used to clear waste ground, industrial sites, railway lines and roadside embankments and this can negatively affect forage opportunities, by reducing flowering plant abundance. Several local authories have set pesticide reduction targets and gained IPM experience on methods to reduce reliance on pesticides 34,35. Bee-friendly wildflowers can be sown on roadside and other transport routes, adding visual appeal for people too. These plantings provide corridors for pollinator movement, a refuge from pesticide-contaminated cropland, help reduce soil erosion and deliver lower roadside management costs 36. Technical advice is needed for land managers as habitat guidelines will vary across regions and the type of open space and its uses. General advice is to include at least three different plant species that flower at different times of year and cluster single species into groups to increase pollinator foraging efficiency. The BBC TV programme Bees, Butterflies and Blooms (presented by gardener Sarah Raven) featured case studies of local councils efforts 37. Measures include changing planting designs in municipal parks to put in more flowers attractive
6 to bees and creating flowering minimeadows in grassed areas. The public have been enthusiastic about the results and meadow creation can also cut down on lawn mowing, saving money for cashstrapped councils. A video clip shows the beautiful meadows sown around the London Olympic Games sites. Gardens Many pesticides for garden pest control contain neonicotinoids - something that gardeners may not be aware of. Our website lists UK pesticide products for ornamental and amateur uses which contain neonicotinoids ( pan-uk.org/home-garden/list-of-home-andgarden-pesticides-containing-neonicotinoids). Gardeners and homeowners can help reduce risk to pollinators by avoiding pesticide application around plants in flower or in areas where bees are nesting. The best course of action for gardeners, for whom pest damage is cosmetic rather than economic, is to stop using pesticides at all 38,39,40. Consumers can also demand that garden centres stop using neonicotinoids on pot plants in nurseries. More information and links to useful resources are given on our bees webpages. Landscape level collaboration Projects are underway across the UK to make urban areas more pollinatorfriendly. Pioneers such as Bee Guardians and the London Capital Bee project work with local communities and schools to encourage bee-friendly practices in private gardens and public spaces. They offer training on beekeeping and support to market high quality urban honey. Their efforts include the 250 wild bee species that also need looking after. The Urban Pollinators project surveys the diversity and abundance of bee species in four UK cities, collecting data from gardens, parks, road verges, allotments, churchyards and cemeteries 41. The aim is to find out which habitat types are best for pollinators and how these habitats can be expanded and improved. Urban habitats can be surprisingly important for pollinators, for example, 35% of the British hoverfly species were found to visit just a single garden in Leicester. In Edinburgh, the project is creating wildflower meadows in parks and schools, trialling different meadow types, comprising annual and perennial species 42. Aiming for countrywide impact, Buglife s B-Lines project is to improve habitat connectivity - sowing wide strips of permanent wildflower-rich grassland to join up fragments of habitat so that pollinators can disperse more easily across the countryside 43. The project attempts to redress the loss of 3 million hectares of flower-rich grassland in Britain since the 1940s due to agricultural intensification and urban and industrial development. The plan is to create over 150,000 hectares of pollinator habitat, working with farmers, There are not enough blooming flowers over the length of the growing season in our agricultural and urban landscapes to support bees other landowners and wildlife organisations, starting with a pilot phase in Yorkshire. Marla Spivak, University of Minnesota, & colleagues, USA
7 Key points Farmers can reduce harm to pollinators by avoiding the use of beetoxic pesticides and reducing use of herbicides which eliminate flowering plants in field margins. Expanding crop rotations, especially with legumes, leaving more uncultivated areas and sowing floral field strips increases habitat for pollinators and other wildlife. Avoiding use of pesticides in private gardens should be promoted, favouring organic gardening. Planting bee-favourite plants in gardens, parks and open spaces can expand pollinator foraging in urban landscapes. Shifting to more bee-friendly practices delivers other benefits, environmental and economic, to farmers, local authorities and society. References 1. EEB et al. (2011) The Truth behind the CAP: 13 reasons for green reform. European Environmental Bureau, Birdlife International, Butterfly Conservation Europe, Europarc Federation, European Forum on Nature Conservation & Pastoralism, Friends of the Earth Europe, Greenpeace, IFOAM EU group, PAN Europe and WWF. Via: 11&Agriculture=1 2. Geiger, F et al. (2010) Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland. Basic & Applied Ecology doi: /j.baae IOBC/WPRS (2012) Integrated Pest Management. Design and application of feasible and effective strategies. International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC). Available via PAN Europe: henriette@pan-europe.info 4. PAN Europe (2010a) Integrated Production and Bee-friendly Practices exhibition for PAN Europe Alternatives to Pesticides Week 2010, presented at the European Parliament. Via: pan-europe.info/resources/briefings/ssp_en.pdf 5. Albrecht, M, Duelli, P, Müller, C, Kleijn, D and Schmid, B. (2007) The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland. J Appl. Ecol 44 (4) Breeze, TD, Roberts, SPM and Potts, SG. (2012) The decline of England s bees. Policy review and recommendations. University of Reading, UK, and Friends of the Earth. Via: beesreport 7. PAN Europe, op.cit.4 8. EP (2011) Report on honeybee health and the challenges of the beekeeping sector (2011/2108 (INI)) Committee on Agriculture & Rural Development, European Parliament. Via: europa.eu/sides/getdoc.do?type=report&reference=a &language=EN 9. Spivak, M., Mader, E., Vaughan, M. and Eulis, N.H. (2011) The Plight of the Bees. Environmental Science & Technology Via: es101468w 10. Eischen F.A. and Graham R.H. (2008) Feeding overwintering honey bee colonies infected with Nosema ceranae. In: Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference, Amer. B. Jour Alaux, C., Brunet, J-L., and Dussaubat, C. (2010) Interactions between Nosema Microspores and a Neonicotinoid Weaken Honeybees (Apis Mellifera). Environmental Microbiology 12 (3) In this series If you would like to find out more about the relationship between pesticides and pollinator declines, all of these leaflets and other info are available via PAN UK s bee webpages at: Bee Declines and the Link with Pesticides. Summary leaflet. Fact sheets: 1. Different routes of pesticide exposure 2. Sub-lethal and chronic effects of neonicotinoids on bees and other pollinators 3. Serious shortcomings in assessing risks to pollinators 4. Different regulatory positions on neonicotinoids across Europe 5. Can restrictions on systemic insecticides help restore bee health? 6. What could farmers do to rely less on neonicotinoids? 7. Opportunities for improving and expanding pollinator habitats 8. Action on neonicotinoid and other beetoxic pesticides
8 References continued 12. EU (2009) Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides. European Union. Via: do?uri=oj:l:2009:309:0071:0086:en:pdf 13. EP, op.cit PAN Europe, op.cit Souza, J. (2008) GM soya expansion fuels endosulfan use in Argentina. Pesticides News Via: pestnews/issue/pn80/pn807-9.pdf 16. Williamson, S. (2008) Rural communities in Paraguay endangered by soya pesticides. Pesticides News Via: org/pestnews/issue/pn81/pn81_p12-15.pdf 17. FoEE (2010) How the CAP is causing soy expansion and deforestation in South America. Briefing paper, Friends of the Earth Europe, Brussels. Via: cap_causing_soy_expansion_in_south_america1.pdf 18. Dutch Soy Coalition (2011) Soy: Big Business, Big Responsibility. Addressing the social- and environmental impact of the soy value chain. Dutch Soy Coalition, Netherlands. Via: commodityplatform.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/both-endssojaboek-eng-2011-medium-res.pdf 19. Fera (2009) Pesticide Usage Statistics: Tables Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), UK. Via: uk/index.cfm 20. Preston, C.D.,Telfer, M.G.,Arnold, H.R., Carey, RD., Cooper, J.M., Dines,T.D., Hill, M.O., Pearman, D.A., Roy, D.B. & Smart, S.M. (2002) The changing flora of the UK. DEFRA, London. 21. Johnson, RM., Ellis, MD, Mullin, CA and Frazier,M. (2010) Pesticides and Honey Bee Toxicity USA. Apidologie 41 (3) Papaefthimiou, C., Pavlidou, V., Gregorc, A. and Theophilidis, G. (2002) The action of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the isolated heart of insect and amphibia. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol Burlew, DA. (2010) The Effects of Pesticide-Contaminated Pollen on Larval Development of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. Thesis submitted for Master of Environmental Study, Evergreen State College, USA. 24. Natural England (2009) Farming for farm wildlife. Make the most of Environmental Stewardship and the Campaign for the Farmed Environment. Natural England. Via: Breeze et al., op.cit RELU (2012) Improving the success of agri-environment initiatives. RELU Policy & Practice Notes 37, Rural Economy & Land Use Programme, Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle. Via: UNEP (2010) Emerging Issues: Global Honey Bee Colony Disorder and Other Threats to Insect Pollinators. United Nations Environment Program, Geneva. Via: Portals/67/pdf/Global_Bee_Colony_Disorder_and_Threats_insect_ pollinators.pdf 28. Hopwood, J, Vaughan, M, Shepherd, M, Biddinger, D, Mader,E, Hoffman Black, S and Mazzacano, C. (2012) Are neonicotinoids killing bees? A review of research into the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on bees, with recommendations for action. Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, USA Buglife (2007) Gardening for bumblebees. Buglife. Via: IAASTD (2009) Agriculture at the Crossroads. International Assessment of Agriculture Knowledge, Science & Technology for Development. Via: FAO (2011) Save and Grow: Guide for policy makers. Food & Agriculture Organisation, Rome. Via: Geiger et al., op.cit BBCT (undated) Managing brownfield and industrial land for bumblebees. Land Management factsheet 9, Bumblebee Conservation Trust. Via: LBC (undated) Pesticide Reduction Policy. Parks Department, London Borough of Camden, UK. Via: t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0cfeqfjaa&u rl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.camden.gov.uk%2fccm%2fcms-service%2f download%2fasset%3fasset_id%3d738239&ei=gdunuowbi6xg0 QXTpeTXCg&usg=AFQjCNHStGprNT_wMFl9cejGvEUUMgMGlg 35. PAN Europe (2010b) NAP best practice. Sustainable Use of Pesticides: implementing a National Action Plan. PAN Europe, Brussels. Via: Spivak et al., op.cit BBC (2012) Bees, Butterflies and Blooms. BBC2 TV series presented by Sarah Raven. Via: b013pw23/episodes/guide 38. Spivak et al., op.cit Buglife, op.cit Bee Guardians (undated) Bee gardening. Bee Guardians. Via: beeguardianfoundation.org/how-you-can-help/become-bee-guardian/ bee-gardening/index.html 41. University of Bristol (2012) Urban Pollinators: ecology and conservation. University of Bristol. Via: biology/research/ecological/community/pollinators/ 42. ECC (2012) Wildlife conservation and biodiversity. Urban Pollinators Project. Edinburgh City Council. Via: edinburgh.gov.uk/info/94/wildlife_conservation/550/ wildlife_conservation_and_biodiversity/5 43. Buglife (2011) B-lines project. Buglife. Via: Habitats+Action/B-Lines PAN UK s vital work in the UK and in developing countries Pesticide Action Network UK is a registered charity dedicated to:- Eliminating the most hazardous pesticides, Reducing dependence on chemical pesticides, Promoting sustainable and equitable food systems and increasing the use of alternatives to chemical pest control in agriculture, urban areas, public health and homes and gardens In the UK, we campaign for tighter regulatory controls on pesticides and encourage retailers to tackle pesticide problems in their supply chains. We provide advice on alternative ways to control pests and work with local communities to reduce public exposure to pesticides. In the developing world, we raise awareness about pesticide hazards and train farmers in organic and low input agricultural techniques to help them to make a decent living without putting their own health, their families or their environment at risk. Populations of bees and other insect pollinators have fallen dramatically in recent years. The reasons for these declines are complex and wide ranging, but there is little doubt that pesticides are playing a key part. PAN UK has prepared these fact sheets to cut through the confusion and provide an up-to date and balanced explanation of the role of pesticides in pollinator declines. To find out more and what you can do, please visit Published by Pesticide Action Network UK. September 2012 PAN UK, Development House, Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT Tel: 44 (0) , admin@pan-uk.org,
Enhancing Biodiversity. Proactive management of biodiversity in intensive agriculture
Enhancing Biodiversity Proactive management of biodiversity in intensive agriculture Contents Introduction Increasing food security in a sustainable way 3 The importance of biodiversity The vitality and
More informationHow To Plan A Buffer Zone
Backyard Buffers Protecting Habitat and Water Quality What is a buffer? A buffer (also called a riparian buffer area or zone) is the strip of natural vegetation along the bank of a stream, lake or other
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Chapter 2 Integrated Pest Management In This Chapter Keywords After learning the information in this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). 2. List and describe the 5
More informationPromoting Pollination Farming for Native Bees
Promoting Pollination Farming for Native Bees Overview Pollination, the transfer of pollen grains to fertilize the ovules of flowers to produce seeds and fruits, is essential to agriculture and natural
More informationMadagascar: Makira REDD+
project focus Madagascar: Makira REDD+ Madagascar is considered to be one of the top five biodiversity hotspots in the world due to more than 75% of all animal and plant species being endemic while less
More informationSustainable agriculture in the UK
Sustainable agriculture in the UK Summary UK farmers are struggling to adapt to their markets and to become economically sustainable but there will probably never be a state where sustainability is achieved
More informationA cool CAP post-2013: What measures could help adapt Cyprus farming and biodiversity to the consequences of climate change?
A cool CAP post-2013: What measures could help adapt Cyprus farming and biodiversity to the consequences of climate change? 26 September 2012: IFOAM EU Conference Future farming in times of climate change
More informationLiving & Working Managing Natural Resources and Waste
Living & Working Managing Natural Resources and Waste 5.13 Managing Natural Resources and Waste Background 5.13.1 This chapter focuses on how we manage resources within the AONB. It includes renewable
More informationBiodiversity Concepts
Biodiversity Concepts WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. For any kind of animal or plant each individual is not exactly the same as any other; nor are species or ecosystems.
More informationStatus of the World s Soil Resources
5 December 2015 Status of the World s Soil Resources The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS), the main scientific advisory body to the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) hosted by the Food and
More informationResearch to improve the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity for smallholder farmers
Research to improve the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity for smallholder farmers Agricultural biodiversity the variability of crops and their wild relatives, trees, animals, arthropods,
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management Andrea Veres Junior Technical Officer FAO REU andrea.veres@fao.org Yerevan, Armenia 2013 Why develop IPM? Agriculture was: not sustainable optimized inputs for maximum profit
More informationPEST MANAGEMENT (CSP Enhancements) January 2006 Enhancement Activity Task Sheet
Reduced risks to ground and surface water quality Lower costs by limiting chemical applications to only when necessary To learn more about Integrated Pest Management go to the following website: http://extension.usu.edu/files/gardpubs/ipm01.pdf
More informationSustainability in Agricultural Marketing:
International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM) Special Issue On National Level Conference Business Growth and Social Development Pages 19-24 2014 Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418
More informationTackling Europe s bee decline The role veterinarians can play. Federation of Veterinarians of Europe
Tackling Europe s bee decline The role veterinarians can play Federation of Veterinarians of Europe Bees : minute animals, massive importance Bees have a lot of responsibility on their tiny striped backs.
More informationEcosystem services in grasslands: evidence, trade-offs and restoration. James Bullock NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology jmbul@ceh.ac.
Ecosystem services in grasslands: evidence, trade-offs and restoration James Bullock NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology jmbul@ceh.ac.uk Ecosystem services definitions and types Grasslands 13% of Earth
More informationDESIGNING A SCHOOL GARDEN. Sandy McGroarty, An Taisce Green-Schools
DESIGNING A SCHOOL GARDEN Sandy McGroarty, An Taisce Green-Schools Designing the Garden Why do you want a garden? Ornamental Edible Forest Garden Outdoor Classroom Biodiversity Maintenance over the Summer
More informationUpscaling of locally proven IPM technologies for control of pest of economic importance i
Technology Fact Sheet for Adaptation Upscaling of locally proven IPM technologies for control of pest of economic importance i Technology: Upscaling of locally proven IPM technologies for control of pest
More informationFarming. In the Standard Grade Geography exam there are three types of farming you need to know about arable, livestock and mixed.
Types of Farming In the Standard Grade Geography exam there are three types of farming you need to know about arable, livestock and mixed. Arable farms are ones where the main way of making money is by
More information3. Which relationship can correctly be inferred from the data presented in the graphs below?
1. Recent evidence indicates that lakes in large areas of New York State are being affected by acid rain. The major effect of acid rain in the lakes is (1) an increase in game fish population levels (3)
More informationAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 The active ingredients in many pesticides are chemical compounds that kill organisms such as insects, molds, and weeds. Proponents claim that
More informationINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY KENNESAW, GEORGIA PREPARED JANUARY 1997 REVISED NOVEMBER 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Principles of Integrated Pest Management
More informationPOLICY REGARDING PEST MANAGEMENT ON CITY PROPERTY
POLICY REGARDING PEST MANAGEMENT ON CITY PROPERTY 1. The purpose of this policy is to eliminate or reduce pesticide use to the greatest possible extent. The City of Madison agrees with the US EPA that
More informationENERGY IN FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USE
Farm Energy IQ Conserving Energy in Nutrient Use and Pest Control INTRODUCTION Fertilizers and pesticides are the most widely used sources of nutrients and pest control, respectively. Fertilizer and pesticides
More informationCrop rotation and legumes cultivation: Effective measures to increase the environmental performance and long-term viability of European agriculture.
Crop rotation and legumes cultivation: Effective measures to increase the environmental performance and long-term viability of European agriculture. Christine Watson (SAC), Donal Murphy-Bokern (DMB), Fred
More informationOutline. What is IPM Principles of IPM Methods of Pest Management Economic Principles The Place of Pesticides in IPM
Improving Control Systems in Thailand for Plant and Plants Products Intended for Export to the European Union co-funded by the European Union and Thai Department of Agriculture Preharvest Use of Pesticides
More information2) Relevance for environmental policy... 2. 4) Data sources and reporting... 4 5) References at the international level... 4
F- 4: Pesticide consumption 1) General description... 2 1.1) Brief definition... 2 1.2) Units of measurement... 2 1.3) Context...2 2) Relevance for environmental policy... 2 2.1) Purpose... 2 2.2) Issue...
More informationU.S. SOYBEAN SUSTAINABILITY ASSURANCE PROTOCOL
US SOYBEAN SUSTAINABILITY ASSURANCE PROTOCOL A Sustainability System That Delivers MARCH 2013 Since 1980, US farmers increased soy production by 96% while using 8% less energy US SOYBEAN SUSTAINABILITY
More informationARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15
Coordination of the Agricultural Research In the Mediterranean Area Call i text ARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15 SUBMISSION Pre-proposal by December 1 st, 2014 Full Proposal by May 11 th 2015 on http://arimnet-call.eu/
More informationAs stewards of the land, farmers must protect the quality of our environment and conserve the natural resources that sustain it by implementing
N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E C O N S E R V A T I O N As stewards of the land, farmers must protect the quality of our environment and conserve the natural resources that sustain it by implementing conservation
More informationLesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity
Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral
More informationPLAN BEE LIVING WITHOUT PESTICIDES MOVING TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL FARMING
PLAN BEE LIVING WITHOUT PESTICIDES May 2014 Moving towards ecological farming Executive Summary 3 1: Introduction 9 2: Factors causing bee declines implications for agriculture 15 3: Ecological farming
More informationLiquid Biofuels for Transport
page 1/11 Scientific Facts on Liquid Biofuels for Transport Prospects, risks and opportunities Source document: FAO (2008) Summary & Details: GreenFacts Context - Serious questions are being raised about
More information19 Great Crested Newt species action plan
Adult Great Crested Newts spend the majority of the year on land and immature newts remain on the land until they reach sexual maturity at between two and four years. They will then find a breeding pond,
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching
Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard Lesson 1: Managing and Controlling Pests of Fruit and Nut Crops Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving
More informationSection 5.1 Food chains and food webs
Section 5.1 Food chains and food webs The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem comes from sunlight This energy is converted to an organic form using photosynthesis which is then passed between organisms
More informationFood Security in a Volatile World
Issues in Brief Food Security in a Volatile World Developments in agriculture over the last fifty years have increased yields sufficiently to provide on average more than enough food for every person on
More informationWater Quality and Water Usage Surveys
Appendix 1 Water Quality and Water Usage Surveys This appendix contains copies of the Water Quality Survey and the Lake Usage Survey that we used to complete the watershedbased community assessments. We
More informationIPM Plan for Campus Landscape
Created June 2014 IPM Plan for Campus Landscape Statement of Purpose The purpose of this integrated pest management (IPM) plan is to guide the use of environmentally sensitive pest management strategies
More informationThe Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) A quick guide for Foresters and Woodland Owners
The Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) A quick guide for Foresters and Woodland Owners The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in rural areas. www.rdpenortheast.co.uk
More informationBottom-up: Responding to climate change through livestock in integrated agriculture
Bottom-up: Responding to climate change through livestock in integrated agriculture Katrien van t Hooft, ETC Adviesgroep, Netherlands Personal introduction Veterinary medicine in Utrecht, NL MSc Management
More informationChapter 1: Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Chapter 1: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Introduction Pests are an inevitable problem faced by nursery growers. For the purposes of this document, the term pest refers to insects, diseases, weeds, slugs,
More informationIntroduction to the concepts of IPM
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES Principles of Integrated Pest Management Deanna Chin and Brian Thistleton, Entomology, Diagnostic Services What is a pest? Principles of IPM Introduction to
More informationDiscover Entomology. Discover Entomology. A Science, a Career, a Lifetime. A Science, a Career, a Lifetime
Discover Entomology A Science, a Career, a Lifetime Discover Entomology A Science, a Career, a Lifetime What is Entomology? Entomology is the study of insects. Entomologists study bees, ants, beetles,
More informationLandscape diversity and ecosystem services in agricultural ecosystems: implications for farmer s income
Landscape diversity and ecosystem services in agricultural ecosystems: implications for farmer s income Xiangzheng Deng Chinese Academy of Sciences Sub-global Assessment Network Annual Meeting 26 th -29
More informationOne planet. Six commitments.
One planet. Six commitments. We can t go on like this Humanity is facing its toughest challenge Every day, our planet wakes with 200,000 more mouths to feed. 1 Every night, more than 870 million people
More informationSoCo: European Overview on soil degradation processes related to agriculture
SoCo Policy Seminar, Brussels, 28 May 2009 1 SoCo: European Overview on soil degradation processes related to agriculture by E. Rusco, L. Montanarella, B. Marechal JRC IES Land management and Natural Hazards
More informationCRP Mid-Contract Management Option: Integrated Wildlife Management (645)
CRP Mid-Contract Management Option: Integrated Wildlife Management (645) Conservation Practice Job Sheet ID - CRP, JS-20 Revised August 2013 The purpose of mid-contract management activities is to enhance
More informationPest Toolkit. Pest proofing your land for a sustainable community. Help is at hand. Main topics: Pest Animal control. pest plant control
Pest Toolkit Pg1 Main topics: RPMP Pest proofing your land for a sustainable community Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pest Animal control pest plant control weed control in retirement areas Pests are unwanted plants (invasive
More informationProposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies
1 Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies Base line data collection will be collected for the Post-Monsoon season 2016 (September to November 2016) in study area and 10 kms radius from project site.
More informationAttachment I. Santa Barbara County Integrated Pest Management Strategy
Attachment I Santa Barbara County Integrated Pest Management Strategy Mission Statement It is the mission of the County of Santa Barbara to promote environmentally sensitive pest management while preserving
More informationBirmingham City University / Students Union Aspects and Impacts Register. Waste. Impacts description
Birmingham City University / Students Union and Impacts Register Waste Production of non - hazardous waste Production of hazardous waste Storage of non - hazardous waste Potential for waste to be disposed
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 1: A Pest by Any Other Name
Focus Areas: Pest Control: Biological; Environmental Science, Language Arts Focus Skills: critical thinking, conducting research, observing, graphing, interpreting data Objectives To explore human attitudes
More informationObservatory monitoring framework indicator data sheet
Observatory monitoring framework indicator data sheet Environmental impact: Water Indicator DA3: Nitrate and phosphate levels in rivers The EU Water Framework Directive has resulted in the need to change
More informationStatement of Qualifications
Biological Soil & Land Management Specialists Statement of Qualifications Sustainable Growth Texas PO Box 35 Thrall, Tx 76578 Company Profile Sustainable Growth Texas (SGTX) composed of Sustainable Growth
More informationA Sustainable Agriculture for Europe? From Evidence to Policy Reform
A Sustainable Agriculture for Europe? From Evidence to Policy Reform David Baldock Gulbenkian Foundation 5 November 2012 Agriculture and the environment Agriculture is the largest user of land in Europe
More informationWhat is a pest? How Insects Become Pests. How do insects become pests? Problems with Pesticides. What is most commonly used to control insect pests?
What is a pest? How Insects Become Pests How do insects become pests? Introduction outside of native range Becomes disease vector Plant or animal (inclu. human) disease vector Host shift in native insect
More informationWhat is Integrated Pest Management?
SLIDE 1: This is Steve Johnson, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, bringing you information on Integrated Pest Management. It is possible to receive a Maine Board of Pesticides Control recertification
More informationFrom known to unknown
Risks associated with Chemical and Non-Chemical Pest Control From known to unknown Paul Leonard Nov 2009 Agenda 1. EU non-chemical pest control legislation? 2. What do we know about risks associated with
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES. April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1 ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 GOALS AND POLICIES 4.2.A General Goals and Policies 1 4.2.B
More informationIntegration of Forestry & Wildlife Management
Integration of Forestry & Wildlife Management By Ken Negray Regional Certification Manager, NewPage Corp & member of the KY SIC Committee Abstract: Kentucky SIC (Sustainable Forestry Initiative Implementation
More informationCreating a Better Future Together. Product Stewardship and Sustainability in Crop Protection
Creating a Better Future Together Product Stewardship and Sustainability in Crop Protection Our growing world Product Stewardship our contribution to sustainable agriculture We care As a leading crop protection
More informationEAST MIDLANDS IN BLOOM! Best School Garden Special Award and supplementary awards for schools:
2015 EAST MIDLANDS IN BLOOM Best School Garden Special Award and supplementary awards for schools: Best Fruit and Vegetable Gardening Best Gardening for Wildlife Best Ornamental Gardening Information pack
More informationIntroduction to Integrated Pest Management. John C. Wise, Ph.D. Michigan State University MSU Trevor Nichols Research Complex
Introduction to Integrated Pest Management John C. Wise, Ph.D. Michigan State University MSU Trevor Nichols Research Complex What is Integrated Pest Management? Integrated Pest Management (IPM) New concept;
More informationNational Environment Awareness Campaign(NEAC) 2014-2015. Theme
National Environment Awareness Campaign(NEAC) 2014-2015. Theme COMBATING DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION AND DROUGHT Background Note Desertification is about land degradation: the loss of the land s
More informationWhat s wrong with GM?
CIIR environmental action leaflet What s wrong with GM? Why genetically modified crops are bad for people and bad for the environment Why should we care? Genetic engineering of crops is a complex and controversial
More informationIntroduction to protection goals, ecosystem services and roles of risk management and risk assessment. Lorraine Maltby
Introduction to protection goals, ecosystem services and roles of risk management and risk assessment. Lorraine Maltby Problem formulation Risk assessment Risk management Robust and efficient environmental
More informationAmerican Forest Foundation (AFF) 2010-2015 Standards of Sustainability for Forest Certification
American Forest Foundation (AFF) 2010-2015 Standards of Sustainability for Forest Certification Standards Prologue The American Forest Foundation s (AFF) 2010-2015 Standards of Sustainability for Forest
More informationPaul van Rijn Maus Sabelis
Paul van Rijn Maus Sabelis Population Biology Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) University of Amsterdam Landscape ecology > Biodiversity conservation» Dominant view: to reduce the
More informationUse: Cooperative farming as a habitat management tool to enhance and restore refuge grasslands
Compatibility Determination Use: Cooperative farming as a habitat management tool to enhance and restore refuge grasslands District Name: Minnesota Valley Wetland Management District Establishing and Acquisition
More informationGuide to agrichemical use in Resource Management Plans Northland Region as at October 2011
Guide to agrichemical use in Resource Management Plans Northland Region as at October 2011 Northland Regional Air Quality Plan Note: This guide is intended to assist users and applicators understanding
More informationLooking to the Future: 4 Danish scenarios for future farming
Looking to the Future: 4 Danish scenarios for future farming Christian Ege, Danish Ecological Council Tommy Dalgaard, Aarhus University Alex Dubgaard, University of Copenhagen 1 A Danish project: Future
More informationImportance of Wildlife
Importance of Wildlife The wildlife comprises all living organism (plants, animals, microorganisms) in their natural habitats which are neither cultivated or domesticated nor tamed. But in its strictest
More informationGarden and plant health
The idea of a healthy garden, rather than simply pest and disease free plants, is at the heart of organic growing. The first part of this section, Keeping the garden healthy, looks at ways of maintaining
More informationIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) Policy
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Policy What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that utilizes regular monitoring and record keeping to
More information3.1. Succession, Recovery, and Renewal in Natural Communities. A35 Starting Point. What Happens to a Vacant Lot?
3.1 Succession, Recovery, and Renewal in Natural Communities Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Ecosystems change in predictable ways known as succession. Ecosystems can establish
More informationDSM Position on Sustainable Biomass
Corporate Public Affairs Het Overloon 1, 6411 TE Heerlen, the Netherlands www.dsm.com April 2012 DSM Position on Sustainable Biomass Key messages DSM is a leading Life Sciences and Materials Sciences company
More informationGlobal Environment Facility GEF OPERATIONAL PROGRAM #13 ON CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURE
Global Environment Facility GEF OPERATIONAL PROGRAM #13 ON CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURE CONTENTS Introduction..1 Convention Guidance... 2 Agricultural
More informationAmherst County Public Schools. AP Environmental Science Curriculum Pacing Guide. College Board AP Environmental Science Site
Amherst County Public Schools AP Environmental Science Curriculum Pacing Guide College Board AP Environmental Science Site REV: 8/12 1 st 9 weeks AP Objectives Energy Resources and Consumption A. Energy
More informationBackyard Buffers that Work for People and Nature by Restoring Ecological Function
Backyard Buffers that Work for People and Nature by Restoring Ecological Function What is a Wetland Buffer? A wetland buffer is a simple land management practice that is employed by municipalities to protect
More informationEntomology 101 Integrated Pest Management IPM. Terminology Related to Pests. Types of damage. Strategies of Pest Control or Management
Entomology 101 Integrated Pest Management IPM David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The BugDoc The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH November, 2009, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved The evolution
More informationORGANIC. PEST MANAGEMENT POLICY for. Turf and Landscape
WAYNE 0. ATTRIDGE, D TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD Board of Health 7 WIDGER ROAD CARL D. GOODMAN, Esq., Ch MARBLEHEAD, MA 01945 DAVID B. BECKER, D.M.D., (781-631-0212) HELAINE R. HA ORGANIC PEST MANAGEMENT POLICY
More information1. Biodiversity: Basic Commodity or Luxury Item?... 2 2. Conclusions and Recommendations... 5 3. Key References... 6
Page 2 of 6 CONTENTS 1. Biodiversity: Basic Commodity or Luxury Item?... 2 2. Conclusions and Recommendations... 5 3. Key References... 6 1. BIODIVERSITY: BASIC COMMODITY OR LUXURY ITEM? How is biodiversity
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management Ecology and Human Impact R. Bruce Chapman Insect Science Ltd Pest organisms When do organisms become pests? When an organism s population exceeds a threshold level, and control
More informationBENEFITS OF USING IPM
Edward J. Bechinski and William H. Bohl Potato growers who use IPM consider all available pest control tools. Alternatives to conventional pesticides are the foundation of every IPM plan. Pesticides play
More informationSource control targeting measures for arable tillage in the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment, Norfolk
Source control targeting measures for arable tillage in the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment, Norfolk Kevin Hiscock & Andrew Lovett School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (E-mail
More informationThe subjects are addressed in the order in which they appear in the Directive.
Dutch action plan on sustainable plant protection This national action plan has been drawn up pursuant to Directive 2009/128/EC on sustainable pesticide use and fleshes out how the Netherlands will set
More informationOrganic farming. A guide on support opportunities for organic producers in Europe. Agriculture and Rural Development
Organic farming A guide on support opportunities for organic producers in Europe Agriculture and Rural Development This publication is an informative document intended for organic farmers, processors and
More informationFarming with future, a network approach in The Netherlands. Frank Wijnands Wageningen University and Research Centre
Farming with future, a network approach in The Netherlands Frank Wijnands Wageningen University and Research Centre Road map Sustainable agriculture, ICP, IP NAP, SUP Dutch research: farming systems and
More informationRESTORATION & REVITALIZATION
RESTORATION & REVITALIZATION Legal preservation has not proved to be sufficient to preserve natural communities. Restoration activities are diverse and includes revitalization of natural communities which
More informationFARMING FOR THE FUTURE How mineral fertilizers can feed the world and maintain its resources in an Integrated Farming System
How mineral fertilizers can feed the world and maintain its resources in an Integrated Farming System european fertilizer manufacturers association Global trends in population growth (Population 1000 million),
More informationSONG THRUSH Turdus philomelos
SONG THRUSH Turdus philomelos 1. INTRODUCTION The song thrush is one of our better known song birds, occurring in woodlands, hedgerows with abundant trees, parks and gardens throughout the sub-region.
More informationJOB ANNOUNCEMENT. Nursery Manager DEGREE AND CURRICULUM:
Horticulture Nursery Manager Associate degree in Horticulture or related degree. Will consider all qualified agriculture degrees. Manages nursery to grow horticultural plants, such as trees, shrubs, flowers,
More informationFUTURE CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING HIGH-QUALITY WATER - Vol. II - Environmental Impact of Food Production and Consumption - Palaniappa Krishnan
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Palaniappa Krishnan Bioresources Engineering Department, University of Delaware, USA Keywords: Soil organisms, soil fertility, water quality, solar
More informationIntegrated Pest Management At Boise State University
Integrated Pest Management At Boise State University Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of Boise State University Landscape Service department s philosophy regarding plant health
More informationChemical versus Biological Control of Sugarcane. By Abid Hussain Matiari Sugar Mills Ltd.
Chemical versus Biological Control of Sugarcane By Abid Hussain Matiari Sugar Mills Ltd. Sugarcane It is an important cash crop, Pakistan is the fifth largest cane producing country. However, its yield
More informationWhat is Conservation Agriculture?
What is Conservation Agriculture? CA is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently
More informationIntegrated Pest Management Policy for City-Owned Facilities
Page 1 of 6 ARTICLE XII Integrated Pest Management Policy for City-Owned Facilities Section 1 Background The City s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit from the California Regional
More informationDelivering multiple benefits through effective river restoration UK & EU
Martin Janes Managing Director The River Restoration Centre Delivering multiple benefits through effective river restoration UK & EU CIEEM Annual Conference Southampton 2013 rrc@therrc.co.uk 01234 752979
More informationPRESENTATION 2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
UNEP GLOBAL JUDGES PROGRAMME APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS PRESENTATION 2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION A) Major environmental issues B) Responses
More information