Shanghai - A Model For the Economic Development Process

Transcription

1 World Bank Event, June 6th 2011 Changes and Challenges Higher Education Reform and Development in Shanghai & Minxuan ZHANG Shanghai Municipal Education Commission h

2 Sub Themes Snapshot of Shanghai Education and Society Quantity Expansion: Main theme Successful Innovations for the Change Quality Exaltation: Main theme Strategic plan & devices to the challenge 2

3 I. A Shanghai Snapshot Society Territory: 6340 sq. km. Population: million Education: 19.1% with higher education 25.8% with senior secondary ed. 51.6% with junior secondary ed. 3.5% with primary education Sub-area: 18 districts and counties GDP: RMB 2000 Billion GDP per Cap.: US$ 11,451 Ind. Structure: 1:48:51 Labor Structure: 5.9:37.7:56.4 Development Goal: 4 centers (trade, finance, ship & logistics & economy) & an international metropolis 3

4 I. A Shanghai Snapshot World Bank Event, Education Institution number Enrollment % Kindergarten private % Primary school private % Secondary school private % Vocational school private % Colleges & Univ. private Special ed. school % 4

5 II. Quantity Expansion: ) Enrollment Expansion: From Elite to Universal Higher Education In the year of 2000, the gross rate of HEd was just 14%, yet the same rate was over 65% in Shanghai in Full-time undergraduates jumped from 226,800 to 515,700 (F.1.), while high degree students raised form 30,614 to 111, F.1. Full-time Undergraduates Enrollment (,000) Y2000 Y2001 Y2002 Y2003 Y2004 Y2005 Y2006 Y2007 Y2008 Y2009 Y2010 5

6 II. Quantity Expansion: ) Increment of higher education institutions: From 37 to 66 3) Increment of college staff: From 60,800 staff to 74,200 staff, while from 20,500 teaching staff to 39,200 teaching staff. 图 年 上 海 普 通 高 校 专 任 教 师 情 况 F.2. Increment of College Staff (0,000) 年 2001 年 2002 年 2003 年 2004 年 2005 年 2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 2009 年 2010 年 0 Staff Teaching 教 职 工 数 Staff 专 任 教 师 数 increment 占 比 ratio 6

7 II. Quantity Expansion: ) Enlargement of College Campus: F.3. Campus Enlargement (,000 sm) In the year of 2000 there were totally 13,556,700, Y2010 square meters of college campus, now there are 32, ,847,500 square meters. It means the campus Y2005 increased 2.42 times in the last 10 years in 32,276.3 Shanghai. Y ,556.7 F.4. College Building Construction(,000sm) 图 年 2005 年 和 2010 年 上 海 普 通 高 校 校 舍 面 积 变 化 情 况 ( 单 位 : 万 平 方 米 ) 5) Construction of College Building: In the year of 2000 there were totally 9, square meters of college 1200 buildings for all the functions; Now there are 16,593,700 square meters of college 800 buildings. That shows 78.6% increment in the last 10 years 年 2005 年 2010 年 7

8 II. Quantity Expansion: ) Increment of Foreign Students: In the year of 2000, there were only over 6,100 foreign students who studied d in Shanghai h colleges and universities, iti yet the number is over 43, 图 年 上 海 留 学 生 情 况 ( 单 位 : 人 ) F.5. Increment of Foreign Students 年 2001 年 2002 年 2003 年 2004 年 2005 年 2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 2009 年 2010 年

9 II. Quantity Expansion: ) Manifold of research and knowledge production Staff and universities were encouraged to join academic research and marketoriented development directly for enterprises. Refereed papers increased rapidly, patterns went up from 524 to 7,640, and SCI papers jumped from 391 to 3,507, nearly 10 times. 图 10 上 海 17 所 本 科 院 校 发 表 论 文 和 申 请 专 利 数 变 化 情 况 ( 单 位 : 篇 ) F.7. Manifold of papers and patterns Y 年 Y 2009 年

10 III. Innovations for Expansion 1) Diversification of higher education institutions: Universities affiliated to central government: 8+1 Universities and colleges administrated by Municipal Ed. Commission: 17+4 Colleges affiliated to local departments & state enterprises: 3+12 Pi Private (non-governmental) institutions: 2+14 Colleges affiliated to university: 5 Joint-running i colleges and programs by Shanghai h and foreign higher education institutions:

11 III. Innovations for Expansion 2) Establishment of university parks To save the limited land in Shanghai and to share the resources, the government encouraged the universities and colleges to buy land for new campus in several special areas, and formulated into university parks. The well-known X Model : Two parks in South and North suburbs; Two parks in East and West suburbs; Two parks in Fengxian and Linggang Outskirts The Interlink development of 3 communities Model In 2005, some local governments noticed that university park should develop with other matters, especially residential community and high-tech industry park. Therefore, in 2007 the new concept and model of Interlink development of 3 communities was spread in Shanghai, and introduced to other cities and provinces.

12 III. Innovations for Expansion 3) Loans for land and buildings In the world history, England had university colleges in middle 19th century and USA had land-granted colleges for higher education expansion. The first ten years of the new Century witnessed the Chinese innovation started in Shanghai: Public universities and colleges borrowed money from banks to purchase lands for enlarging their campus and to build college houses and mansions for their teaching and researching activities. It was said that Chinese universities arreared the debt of over RMB billion for the expansion. Last year, the Shanghai Municipal Government already started to pay the debt of RMB 4 billion for public universities and colleges,. Is it an initiative to solve the dilemma of Hen first or eggs first? ---- Borrow a hen for eggs first, and pay back the hen with some eggs. 12

13 III. Innovations for Expansion 4) Establishment of mixed student financial aid policies Since mid 1990s Shanghai municipal government tried hard to set-up a cost-sharing higher education finance system with student financial support to assure the equal access. Shanghai establishes a mixed- approaches policy scheme composed by scholarship, grant, loan, tuition exemption, special subsidy, student-work, social security plan & health insurance. ugent subsidy 12; 1% F.8. Mixed approaches of support exemption 11; 1% In 2009, RMB 872 million was spent for student financial aid student work beside health insurance, and 55; 6% 637,000 students received, more state loan or less, financial aid. 222; 27% (RMB million; %) others 105; 12% state scholarship 113; 13% university shcolarship 130; 15% state & uni. grant 201; 25% 13

14 III. Innovations for Expansion 4) Establishment of mixed student financial aid policies The financial resources for student support come from 5 channels: municipal budget, central subsidy, university budget, guaranteed bank loan and social endowment. The aid objective is that No student would discontinue his/ her study only for financial difficulty of his/her family. F.9. Resouces for student financial aid (RMB million, %) Endowment central and work, subsidy, 137, 16% 65, 7% The scheme covers all the students who study in private colleges. Students in private institutions also enjoy all the aid approaches, social security and State loan, health care. 222, 25% 254, 30% university, Shanghai budget, 194, 22%

15 III. Innovations for Expansion 5) Open-door for higher education development Shanghai is known as a window for reform and open-door policies i in China. In teachers in municipal universities and colleges were sent abroad for their further study or high degrees; ees; Over 6,000 teachers went abroad for academic exchange; nearly 1,000 scholars went abroad for joint research projects and another 3,000 staff visited other countries. In 2009, 4,445 foreign scholars and teachers came to work in Shanghai, among them 1,201 worked for more than half a year. 4,189 college students went abroad as exchange students with the support of their universities and colleges, among them 1,260 are post graduate students for high degrees.

16 IV. New Challenges In the last ten years, the rapid expansion of universities and colleges met the quantitative HEd. demands of the Shanghai residents and of the manpower for economic and social development both at the local l and national levels. l However, the government and society at large meet new challenges focusing on quality: 1. Homogenization in curriculum, specialty, examination, student admission criteria, institution evaluation, management structure. Almost all the universities and colleges offer the programs, such as business, design, English, finance, ICT, law, logistics, management, 2. Private technical and vocational institutions offer low-cost programs, such as management, accounting, trade, language, etc, yet lack of high-tech & technical courses needed by manufactory industry. 16

17 IV. New Challenges Professors pay much attention to their research and publication, while neglect or despise their teaching responsibility. Many full professors do not give any lessens to their under-graduates. 4. Events, such as academic frauds for papers and student cheat in tests, were reported: Some very serious frauds happened in some well-known universities in Shanghai, also in other cities. 5. Complains to low quality of college education and to low capability of college graduates: employment of graduates becomes a serious problem to the government and society. 6. Universities contribution to knowledge and innovation could not meet the requirement and expectation of the enterprises and society, although they were encouraged to strengthen the ties and relationships among universities, enterprises, and society. 7. The cooperation between local universities and foreign ones still stayed at a low and limited level. 17

18 V. Plan and Devices for Future In the year of 2010, the Nation held its National Conference of Education, and the Central Government promulgated the National Guideline for Mid-long-term Education Reform and Development Shanghai, as a pilot province formulating its Guideline simultaneously with the central government, published Shanghai Guideline for Midlong-term Education Reform and Development last year. The core conception of the Shanghai Guideline is For the lifelong development of every student. In the part of higher education, the Guideline states that the central task in higher education should be to cultivate the spirit of innovation and capacity of practice in our students, and the Guideline puts improvement of teaching quality into the first priority. The formulation process of the Shanghai Guideline was quite interesting. 18

19 V. Plan and Devices for Future 1) A democratic approach for formulation of the Shanghai Guideline The Shanghai Guideline Thematic Research 35 thematic research projects in 11 areas were invited to public bidding, and 45 reports were given to the Work Force. A special prefiguring i research project handed to the Government Development Research Center. Two rounds of Public Solicit for suggestions. Integrating the 3 into 1 Parallel Formulation East China Normal University Shanghai Academy of Soc. Sciences Shanghai Edu.Commission & Leaders Inquiry Mayors came to schools, colleges and communities ii to investigate people s demands and problems. They held over 30 discussions directly with teachers, school head, businessmen and residents.

20 V. Plan and Devices for Future To realize the objectives, the government raises several reform and development projects. 1. Administration and guidance based on university and college classification with different objectives and strategies: 985 Project University (4): towards world-class university 211 Project university (5): towards world-well-known university; Old universities and colleges(12): towards world-well-known ones or national well-known ones; New universities and colleges(15): towards qualified teaching and professional colleges; Technical and vocational colleges (30): qualified private and public technical and vocational colleges and institute. 20

21 V. Plan and Devices for Future 2) Immanence Exaltation Project (085 Project): With government ear-marked financial support (RMB 15 billion in 5 years), universities are asked to formulate their own strategic plans with their demanded, special and strong disciplines and specialties. The government only gives a suggestion with 6 aspects: (1) Development map for priority disciplines; (2) Faculty professional development, and attracting outstanding scholars; (3) Curriculum and teaching reform for innovating new models of student and manpower cultivation; (4) Building new platforms for research and knowledge innovations; (5) Promoting Internationalization and international exchange and cooperation; (6) Public service facilities for teachers, students and communities. Expect: Every institution gains deserved d support, every institution improves its quality, and every institution forms its own feature ; For it, the policy is to support the demands, support the special identity, and support the strength. 21

22 V. Plan and Devices for Future 3) Improve education evaluation mechanism and approaches based on college classification Shanghai established Shanghai Institute for Educational Evaluation, which is a full member of APQN and INQAAHE, and it becomes the Secretary of APQN. SIEE redesigns 4 groups of criteria i respectively for 985 & 211 Project universities, old universities and colleges, new universities and colleges and technical and vocational colleges and institutes. For China-foreign joint-running institutions and programs, Shanghai Education Evaluation Association sets up an accreditation mechanism for protecting the interests of the students in the programs with government recognition and financial i support as model institutions. All the PhD dissertations have to be two-blind-way refereed by other 3 scholars outside of their own universities and colleges 22

23 V. Plan and Devices for Future 4) Reform (professional) programs in engineering, teacher education and medicine as a first step. Engineering programs in several universities began to join the accreditations in USA and Germany. One of the successful models was MU+SJU joint bachelor program for EE and ME students. Two tuition-fee-free teacher-training programs in East China Normal University and Shanghai Normal University started in 2009 for 50 and 100 students respectively. Extending study-duration from 5 years to 7 years for medical students with both master degree and practice license. Besides the extension of study years, practice-oriented teaching approaches and induction in hospitals are emphasized and well-designed. 23

24 V. Plan and Devices for Future 5) Attracting well-known scholars and FPD Central government set up a national program called The national program to attract 1000 well-known scholars to work in China. Among them over 40 overseas Chinese and foreign well-known scholars arrived and work in Shanghai Jiaotong University. A similar local program is carried on. It is called Orient Scholars to attract 1000 well-known scholars as Orient Scholars to teach and research in Shanghai universities and colleges in 5 years. In last two years, Shanghai already recruited over 60 scholars. The Municipal Education Commission encourages all universities and colleges to recruit more and more scholars coming back abroad. Universities and colleges realized recruitment of best scholars and teachers the most first priority in institutional development, while they start to carry out their FPD (faculty professional development). 24

25 V. Plan and Devices for Future 6) Enterprenous education in universities & colleges The first Shanghai Enterprenous Foundation for Graduates was set-up in 2008, and the Foundation received over RMB 500 million from government, business and society at large for helping students in their first two years for their new innovations or companies. Every university and college trained some teachers as professional tutors for student enterprenous affairs. Set-up over 10 enterprenous centers for students around universities and colleges, and the Foundation provides relevant service for promoting the capacity of practice and innovation of the students. Universities and colleges joined the Shanghai International Industry Exhibition as an initiative and innovation platform, and encourage students and faculty to show their initiatives, innovation, and works. 25

26 Thank you! 26