Rupscience Project: Final Results (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/101299/2008). Hugo Gomes & Pierluigi Rosina
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1 Rupscience Project: Final Results (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/101299/2008). Hugo Gomes & Pierluigi Rosina
2 Collaborations with Ethiopia (ARCCH), Brazil (FUNDHAM) Rupscience Portugal, Spain, Colombia Ruptejo Portuguese Tagus Valley Abrigos com Arte Esquemática Pintada do Centro de Portugal EBO -Angola
3 Chemical-mineralogical characterization of Pigments and Raw Materials. Absolut Dating Main Objectives Production &Preparation Techniques Conservation
4 OCHRE The term Ochre is commonly used for any rust rock containing iron oxides or hydroxides. The hematite (α - Fe2O3) is a red colour iron oxide The goethite (α - FeOOH) is an yellowish iron hydroxide. The oldest (~ 75,000 years) and most unequivocal evidence of the use of ocher in human culture comes from the archaeological site of Blombos Cave (Africa), where two pieces of ocher engraved with abstract designs were found (Blake, 2008).
5 Analysed sites La Calderita - (Mérida, Spain) Friso del Terror - (Monfrague, Cáceres, Spain) Abrigo Puerto Roque (Valencia Alcântara, Spain) Pego da Rainha - (Mação, Portugal) Abrigo do Lapêdo 1 (Leiria, Portugal) Lapa dos Coelhos (Torres Novas, Portugal) Abrigo do Ribeiro das Casas (Almeida, Guarda, Portugal) Abrigo do Erges (Segura, Portugal) Perdigões (Montemor, Portugal) Gode Roriso Etiópia N Dalambiri Ebo, Angola Toca do Paraguaio Piaui, Brasil Boqueirão da Pedra Furada - Piaui, Brasil
6 Western Iberian Schematic rock art Pego da Rainha Lapêdo 1 Lapa dos Coelhos Friso del Terror La Calderita Puerto Roque Erges Almeida (Perdigões)
7 Pego da Rainha - Mação The selected areas holding rock art paintings in Iberian Peninsula can be found in the top of quartzite crests and are culturally attributed to the Neolithic/Calcolithic periods.
8 La Calderita - Spain
9 Friso del Terror (Monfrague National Park Caceres, Spain)
10 Puerto Roque rock-shelter - Valencia de Alcântara
11 Important rock-shelters to the characterization of schematic rock art in the limestone masif in Portugal Lapêdo 1 rock-shelter Lapa dos Coelhos
12 Important rock-shelters to the characterization of schematic rock art in the limestone masif in Portugal Lapêdo 1 rock-shelter Lapa dos Coelhos
13 Erges rock-shelter Segura Hesperian Massif -Granites
14 Panel 1 - Zoomorphic (vandalized) (2) Panel 2 - Anthropomorphe (1) Ribeiro das Casas rock-shelter Panel 3 Anthropomorphic (3) (4); oxides? (5) and granite substrate (6).
15 Perdigões (Chalcolithic /Bronze age Tombs 1 and 2) A.C. Valera - Era Arqueologia
16 Gode Roriso - Etiópia
17 N Dalambiri Ebo (EBO Project)
18 Brasil Pedra Furada - White sample BPF2. Pedra Furada - Grey sample BPF1 Pedra Furada - Red sample BPF3.
19 Toca do Paraguaio - Red sample Toca do Paraguaio - Red sample
20 Materials and Methods Protocol Panel Characterization Macro-flora e micro-flora (bio-colonization) Concretions Water flow Pigment deterioration (conservation/preservation) Superposition's and stylistic chronology) How to collect samples Ethic code: Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice. American Institute for Conservation (Wainwhite et al., 2000) Applied Methodology Objectives Pigments composition Raw-Materials Production /preparation and application techniques Chronology (Absolut dates)
21
22 Pigments Sampling Ocre Around 100 samples
23 Sample preparation
24 Pigment Concretion Substrate Natural Detachment Fragment
25 Archaeometric techniques Raman Spectroscopy X-microflourescence Micro-stratigraphy SEM - Scanning Eletron Microscope
26 X-microflourescence EDXRF spectrometer (intensity 40μÅ, 25 kv, aquisition time 50 sec, calibrated by Cu). Spetrum was read with Amptek Program.
27 Raman Spectroscopy Earth Sciences Department of University of Ferrara, Italy Raman spectra of the samples were obtained using an Olympus BXFM Microscope coupled with a LabRam HR800 spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon, France) fitted with an aircooled CCD detector ( pixels), set at -70 C. Raman spectra were recorded using a He-Ne laser as excitation source with a wavelength of nm. The removal of spikes of cosmic rays and baseline correction (for fluorescence background subtraction) were performed using LabSpec 5 software.
28 Raman Spectroscopy Raman Results Substance Colour Sites Hematite Red All sites Goethite Yellow/Oran ge La Calderita Carbon Black Ethiopia,EBO Calcite White EBO Beeswax White Ethiopia Cinnabar Red, Pink Perdigões Organics Not identified
29 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM Hematite Cinnabar
30 Micro-stratigraphic Analisis Optical microscope PCE - MM 200 Digital Microscope 60x and 210x. Acretions Pigment Concretion Substrato Resin
31 Pigment and Technique Raw Material Sites Technique Hematite All sites Natural or Burnt ochre Goethite La Calderita Natural or Burnt ochre Lepidocroci te Pego Rainha Natural ochre Calcite Ebo Smashing? Carbon Ebo, Ethiopia Charcoal Beeswax Ethiopia Encaustic process Cinnabar Perdigões Mixture & maceration
32 Absolut Chronology Bovines Stylistic Chronology The red geometric figures seem to be the oldest representations of Gode Roriso in Ethiopia. Absolut Dating (Beta Analytic.Inc) Sample Lab code Weight Date 13C/12C Conventional Calibrated age (2 Sigma) (mg) (BP) Ratio radiocarbon age (BP) Gode Roriso 2 Beta ± ±30 Cal AD 1020 to Gode Roriso 3 Beta ,9 1040± ±30 Cal AD 890 to 1020
33 Candelariella Sp. Lecanora muralis Rizocarpun geographicum Conservation Research on the interface between the lichens and substrates suggests that the weathering of minerals can be accelerated by the growth of some species of lichens. Aspicilia calcarea The identification and description of species of lichens in rock shelters with different lithologies associated to rock art in Portugal was carried out. The field work in rock-shelters with pre-historic paintings in Portugal and Spain, allowed the establishment of some correlations between the frequency, diversity, species distribution, climatic conditions, and forms of deterioration, slope and sun exposure of the rock art panels.
34 This study allowed to determine that the mostly representative lichens are crusty and pulverous species; The biggest representation of crusty species, with higher penetration into the substrate, resulting in a remarkable acceleration of the fragmentation of rock art panels and consequent destruction of paintings. This results help us to generate conservation policies and measures to apply in rock art sites.
35 Final Remarks The use of archeometry in rock art pigments fill an area of research where the results reach their purpose: Characterization of the components of the pigments, Raw-Material identification Details of the production processes (such as heating, crushing or mixing of substances) Application techniques Chronology (Absolut dates) Conservation measures
36 Obrigado Thanks CIAO Hugo Gomes & Pierluigi Rosina
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