CIHM Microfiche ICIMH. Collection de microfiches (monographies) Series. ({Monographs)

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1 CHM Microfiche Series ({Monographs) CMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian natituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / nttitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa

2 . \ 1 1 i i Technical and Bibliographic Notes / The nstitute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available (or filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. Pi J ^ i - Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagê Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurê et/ou pellicuiê Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes gôgraphiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relid avep d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serrê peut causer de 'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ^ti filmês. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Notes techniques et bibliographiques L'nstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a k\h possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. Pages /[ Coloured pages / Pages de couleur Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurês et/ou pelliculês Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages d^colorês, tachetdes ou piquês Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es Showthrough / Transparence n Quality of print varies / Quality in^gale de 'impression ncludes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou parliellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont k\h filmês & nouveau de fa9on ^ obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmês deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. This itim t (ilmtd at tha rtductlon ratio chtektd balew / Ca doeumani att tilm4 au taux da r<duetlen ndlqu4 el-dat«ouf lox 14x Sx 22x 26x 30x 12x -6x 20x 24x 28x 32x 4

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5 MKaOCOW msowton TBT OMT (ANS end SO TEST CHART No 2) A ^:gpue twoe '6?i3 Eo»t Matn St'p^' S?'6) *a^ - 030C; Pt^on* (?'6) ibs »o. nc

6 APPLE SCAB ( Venturia inaequalis Aderh.) F. LSJ: RAYTON, B.S.A., Assistant Plant Pathologist. f WKcop. K\t\i\\' Scnb cm Kruit (>i.»>f c «'a(«;). OMNON EXPERMENTAL FARMS. J. H. QR8ALE, B.Agr., Oirtctor EXHBTON CRCUAB No. 46. ( ReviHeil January, 1916). H. T. QU8S0W, ominion Botanist.

7 i Besiaes the actual injury, which is caused by this common diseas* on the fruit and leaves of the apple, resulting in unsightly appearance of the fru t and reduced yields, we have the following important points to bear in mind : n the ominion nspection and Sale Act, Section X, referring to Fniit Mark? and Packages are certain references to Scab, viz. : 1. Fruit may only be graded as FANCY QUALTY, when it is free from scab. 2. Fruit may only be graded as No. 1 QUALTY when not less than 90 per cent of the apples are free from scab. Think then what this means. You can put your fruit into a higher grade, and get a better price for it, if free from scab. Surely then, it is worth while to know all about the causes of the disease, how it may be quickly recognized, and, most necessary of all. how it may be controlled or at any rate reduced to a minimum in your orchard in n perfectly practicable way. Apple scab has been generally considered to be the most injurious disease with whioh the apple grower has to contend. A loss of from 2.5 per cent to.50 per cent of an entire crop has been recorded in s-^me seasons, due to its ravages, and when we consider the value of the total apple crop of Canada, the toll paid to the miseroscoi)ic' phiiit causing this disease is enormous. APPEARANCE AN CAUSE. Every one who has ever seen an apple, much more grown it, must have noticed occasionally dark, more or less circular spots on its surface, deep olive green in colour, sometimes with a broken skin around an almost black centre, causing disfigurement and cracking in bad cases. (See frontispiece illustration.) This scabbiness, as it is called, is a diseased condition brought about by a minute microscopic plant a fungus which grows within the surface tissues of the apple. As a result the fruit is spoiled in appearance, and its keeping qualities are much impaired. The fungus also attacks the twigs and leaves, covering part of the surfaces of the latter with n thick velvety coat, varying in colour from dark olive green to black. n the early stages the disease appears as isolated spots circular in shape, but nter becoming irregular and running together. The leaves may also become curled and Tvrinkled. The disease on the leaves reduces the active leaf surface of the tree, and as ti'cy play such an important part in the manufacture of food materials for the growth and dcvclojinieiit of the plant, it results in a stopping of wood and twig formation nnd a premature falling of the fruit. CONTROL MKAST-RES. From a careful study of the disease we find that, during the summer, Apple Seal' is sprciul on tlie leaves, fruit and twigs by little pear-shaped spores, which arc produced on the olive green velvety coverings referred to previously. n this stage, the funcris an active jiarusite living in tiio growing fruit and leaf tissues. n the autumn, wiien the affected leaves fall to the ground, the fungus goes on growing on the dead leaves. but instead of producing the little pear-shajed spores, it forms wcu-protcctcd globular l-eceptiieles inside the dead le.if. n tins condition the fungus lives over the winter n the following spring the thick walls of the fruiting body burst, and another kind of spore becomes liberated. These are blown about by the wind, and arc eapame ot reproducing tlic scab attack on the young foliage and fruit. Wo have thus learned that the scab spots on the leaves and fruits bear spores wliiel spread the disease in summer (summer spores), and that the fungus lives over w intri on the dea'i leaves, producing winter spores. These observations lead to the adoi'tioi of the following means of control : Remove and destroy by l)urning, if at nil possible after ha'-ve-'', all diseii.sc, nmterinl, especially the dead leaves on the ground. Remember that in doing you ar taking the first 8te;is to prevent the trees from becoming infected throunh the dispei-; of winter spores in the following spring.

8 .e : u.,cr.» ' very prevalent, at a <lensity of,,)^,^ ' '" -^^-' -'' *^^ ^::'t:^z::^^^(;^ --- ^^ ^'-^ ^ --. -i-êh wisd o; " To prepare this lime-sulphnr wash, the fnllowi.jr P- portions arc uso.l :_ Lime on 'k Powdered sulphur.... ir iv' ly. 15 lb. ""^ To moke up 40 gal. Lt :-''-'^'"''' water «j"! '"'\-''" s is e "ar = tên add only so nu,ch fo'r'en^v st.rnng.. thorouahlveoorer'tr^r,], ',! and boil for at least an hour. When and npplv hot ^ if, o«sible "''''"^"' "''^ """^''' "^'"'- * '«'"^'' "'^ *«-"^ gallons.... in W^^rrL^st'lf.:^t^^ ;r *'^^ nt* -^"' «"-*-" *" t»>^ destruction...1,,.,pr.o the tieo tlioroukhlv i,t various porioiis during the season's erowth 3t sulpûwa:^ *'"" "' ""^="'"- '» - ^""-'1^ re-on,men,led to use pnisoued! neapplieatio^'"" is added to give to the fun.ioide n iuseeticidal action al<o at the one For tlus purpose add fron, 2 to :) pounds of Arser.ntc of lead to evcrv 40 irillon. of ^pray. Ahvavs add the arsenate of lead to the li,e-sulphur soluticu' after ;^ n, made jt up to the strength reauired for the parti.mdar aiplieation " Si' f :ir:^,wcu2j!: ^"""""''' ''"""" " "'"^''' ^"->- *>- -'"--tio of which has.m with water. n order to do t i, ^ U b M t u 7 V" ""'"""'" ^^ '''^'""'^..o\,^::j.;; :;;;;^'-i -.;;;;;;::::;;:i... sol,,,.,,,,,v the s..ale rea.i,,;: f the in«tr n,cnt, standi,,^ at,t levc f tl n 1 Below,s g.vcn a list of the various strengths of ' the slti s.nc.al to p.,, d<. PPl d t'tli i.,a, tl.,. rrc,.t dilution, c.rcfullv note the readi^.l^ of 1». h, "leter. For example, the dormant sprav registers, sav a density require of 1 0. ^ a dilution registering "'"^ '"" only a density of 1000 Tn.LT*,... add. d.vidc thel.irnalsôf ^.^ ^^î^t^^r^;'^^;^^^''''''^' TT...p.ired weaker solution (here.m',) ; "" this will give yorûf-^lje^yttu^ d<,ul,lc the quantitv,.f water alrcadv u-ed To n > n tl^t "' "^ *"'"'' m gallonc of water, and found the ind x to e.ul 1 l" H ^TJ""* T"''...iMia:'::;::;:;;;':!;;^;'':;:;;;;^';::*^'''''-'' '" "*'-^ - strengths of the wa., to,. m #1 ""'' H,e hydrou,cn. will """'"" register l.o;,",:;'^ '' -""- ûg,^; almed*^ 'ilr i's- hltlstlt.!::;?.;;-;;.- "-i^ (c),\^ ' soon as the l.loosonis fall..,'''".. '' ><) Am,! at iut.tvals of i.vi'o.lays after tbi.; i '.,.,b i'

9 The dormant spray (" Niagara Brand '*) will generally register a density of about To make the eprays required, calculate as follows: Quantity of Quantity of water. Original ecimal. Required ecimal. Calculation. concentrate. to add. strength. strenctb. GaL Qal l^oso H -030 = ** r--010= ^ SO-H-009=: The dilution may, of course, be obtained by taking a small quantity of concentrate (dormant) spray, and gradually pouring into it water, until the hydrometer registers the required strength. Keep the dormant spray in one barrel. When preparing dilutions pour one or two gullons into another barrel and then add the required quantity of water. Publiihed by authority of Hon. MARTN BURRELL, Miniattr of Agrieultura, Ottawa, OnU

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