Decision models of Multi Periods Closed Loop Supply Chain with Remanufacturing under Centralized and Decentralized Decision Making

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1 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 ( htt://dx.doi.og/0.57/ijuesst eisio models of Multi Peiods Closed Loo Suly Chai ith Remaufatuig ude Cetalized ad eetalized eisio Makig JiagJu Yua eatmet of Shagmao Zhejiag Tehial Istitute of Eoomis Hagzhou Zhejiag 3008 Chia Welleb@qq.om bstat The losed-loo suly hais fo e oduts ad emaufatued oduts ude uetai demad ae studied. Cosideig the diffeees i osumes illigess to ay (WTP fo e oduts ad emaufatued oduts the deisio models of multi-eiod losed-u suly hai ith emaufatuig ude etalized ad deetalized deisio makig ae established esetively ad otimal deisio of eah membe of the suly hai is obtaied. Though omaiso betee diffeees i the osumes WTP fo the to tyes of oduts thee losed-loo suly hais ae established ude the oditio of the govemet s ead ad uishmet mehaism. The game model ad umeial exeimet domiated by vaious maufatues ae elaboately aalyzed the iteest oodiatio mehaism is ofimed ith Shaley Value Method ad the model is solved ad disseted though umeial simulatio. The eseah esults sho thee is beefit loss ude deetalized deisio makig ad a edutio of middleme a effetively imove beefits of the suly hai. The beefits of losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig a be distibuted ith Shaley Value i a atioal ad effetive mae. Keyods: Closed-loo suly hai WTP iffeetiatio Closed-loo suly hai Remaufatuig Read ad uishmet mehaism. Itodutio Cuetly as the otaditio betee global esoues ad eviomet ieasigly itesified outies i the old ut moe emhasis o sustaiable develomet ad iula eoomy ad have assed las suessively to ehae ad exted the aaeess ad esosibility fo eylig aste oduts []. The oeatio mode of losed-loo suly hai iooatig taditioal foad suly hai ad evese suly hai has beome the eseah hotsot i busiess iles ad aademi iles. eisio oblems of the taditioal suly hai belog to the deetalized deisio makig. Eah eteise makes the best deisios give the available ifomatio ithout ahievig Paeto otimal state. Mutual ooeatio amog eteises is eeded to ealize ofit maximizatio of the etie losed-loo suly hai system ad a easoable ad effetive iteest oodiatio mehaism ill exet diet ifluee o the oeatio effiiey of losed-loo suly hai ude etalized deisio-makig. Savaska oduted a game aalysis o oblem of the otimal hael stutue []. Wag Yuya studied the losed-loo suly hai omised of a sigle maufatue ad a exlusive etaile ad eseted a ofit shae mehaism distibuted by ootio of the system gai []. Late o Wag Yuya eseahed the oodiatio of losed-loo suly hai aimed at eylig mode of the thid aty eylable aste olleto hih shoed that a geate ooeatio amog isides of the losed-loo suly hai a big moe ofits though the hael [3]. Sheg Fagzheg disussed the atioal beefit alloatio ISSN: IJUNESST Coyight 05 SERSC

2 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 method of to-ehelo suly hai iludig a sulie ad seveal etailes []. Wag Li ostuted the multi-dietioal ad iial-subodiate mode thee-ehelo suly hai ad quatitatively aalyzed the dosteam ooeatio ofit alloatio mehaism [5]. Zhag Yu built the ofit alloatio model betee the geeal otato ad the subotato i vie of eveue shaig theoy ad Stakelbeg Game [6]. The above-metioed doumets have deely eseahed the iteest oodiatio of losed-loo suly hai but ithout takig aout of emaufatuig. Theefoe some sholas disussed the iteest oodiatio mehaism of losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig. ao Xiaoyig oosed the to-at taiff otat to oodiate iig stategies ad ealized the oodiatio of losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig [7]. Zhou balaed the suly ad demad of losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig by usig the dyami iig stategy [8]. Wei Jie studied the iig ad oodiatio oblems of losed-loo suly hai ith maufatuig/ emaufatuig i the vague ad uetai otext [9]. The emaufatued oduts ad e oduts above ae togethe sold to the osumes failig to take the diffeees betee these to tyes of oduts ito osideatio. Hoeve study fom Guide VR idiated that thee existed sigifiat diffeee i the osumes illigess to ay fo e oduts ad emaufatued oduts hih ould eate a emakable ile of ifluee o the maufatues deisio-makig ad stikigly affet eah deisio make of the losed-loo suly hai.. Model ssumtio To moe lealy illustate the model the assumtio belo is made: (. Coside oly a sigle maufatue a sigle distibuto ad a exlusive etaile ho ae all isk eutal ad of efet ifomatio. The maufatue is the Stakelbeg leade ad the distibuto is a folloe elative to the maufatue hile a leade elative to the etaile. (. Suose vaiable ost e uit of the e oduts ad emaufatued oduts ae ad esetively ad hih eflets ost savig beefits of the emaufatued oduts. (3. odig to the olusios of doumet thee exist diffeees i the osumes WTP fo e oduts ad emaufatued oduts. Povided osumes WTP fo these to tyes of oduts ae ad setively ad the liet utility is uifomly distibuted i the la of substitutio the demad futio fits is : Wheei efes to the osumes WIP fo e oduts ae highe tha that fo emaufatued oduts. eause oly the e oduts ae odued i the fist eiod ad the e oduts ad emaufatued oduts ae togethe odued i the seod eiod the demad futio belo is eated: 0 q q q ( q q ; 0 q q ( q q ( Suose eylig ate fo EOL oduts is ( all the eyled oduts ae iteded fo emaufatuig ith o loss. Fixed ivestmet fom maufatues fo EOL oduts is I( [] ith the sale aamete. (5 Thee beig o osideatio of the govemet subsidiaies et. i this ae suose that is to say the eylig ost fom maufatues fo EOL oduts is loe tha the emaufatuig ofit hih bigs them a ietive to eyle the EOL oduts. (6 Suose the eyled EOL oduts a meet the maufatues equiemets fo Coyight 05 SERSC

3 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 oduig emaufatuig oduts. 3. Model esig 3.. eisio-makig alysis ude eetalized eisio Makig Give the assumtios above usuit fo ofit maximizatio is set as the deisio goal fo membes of the suly hai ad the maufatue the distibute ad the etaile ostitute a thee-stage Stakelbeg Game. Fist of all the etaile ofims the otimal etail ie of e oduts ad emaufatued oduts ae ad i the light of the distibuto s holesale ie ad. The the distibuto detemies the holesale ie deedig o ode quatity of the etaile ad ex-fatoy ie of the maufatue. Fially the maufatue makes the best ex-fatoy ie ad aodig to ost of odutio ad ode quatity. O aout that the etaile meely makets the e oduts ad emaufatuig S S oduts the otimal deisio oblem of goss ofit eiods is: max R ( q ( q ( q R Plug the demad futio i assumtio 3 ito the above equatio: max R ( ( S fo the etaile ithi to ( ( ( ( ( Evaluate the fist-ode atial deivatives of ad i equatio ( make them equal to zeo ad get esose futio of the etaile about the holesale ie ad : Late o the distibuto sets the best holesale ie of oduts i lie ith the etaile s deisio-makig ad the goss ofit a be idiated by: max ( S q ( s q ( S q ( Substitute the demad futio ad the etaile s esose futio i assumtio 3 ito equatio ( evaluate the fist-ode atial deivatives of ad make them equal to zeo ad get the esose futio of distibuto about the ex-fatoy ie ad : S S S t last the maufatue eyles ad emaufatues the e oduts ad EOL oduts o the basis of the distibuto s deisio-makig ad the goss ofits a be idiated by: max M S S S ( S ( S q q q ( S q M (3 Similaly lug the demad futio ad the distibuto s esose futio i assumtio 3 ito equatio (3 evaluate the fist-ode atial deivatives of S S ad make them equal to zeo the: S Coyight 05 SERSC 7

4 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 8 Coyight 05 SERSC S S S 6 ( 6 ( 8 Substitute the above equatio ito the distibuto s esose futio the: ( ( 8 Similaly lug the above equatio ito the etaile s esose equatio the: ( ( 8 3 Pofits of the maufatue the distibuto the etaile ad the etie losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig system a be futhe obtaied: ( ( ( 6 ( 6 6 ( ( 8 ( 3 ( 3 ( 6 M ( ( ( 6 ( 6 ( 6 7( 7( 6 ( 6 R T ( 8 ( ; ( 6 ( 3.. eisio-makig ude Cetalized eisio Makig Ude deetalized deisio makig membes of the suly hai solely make a effot to maximize thei ofits i hih ase the hole suly hai may ot ahieve the ofit maximizatio. Ude etalized deisio makig (model C the maufatue the distibuto ad the etaile ill make deisios as a hole to fulfill the deisio goal of maximizig total ofits of the emaufatuig losed-loo suly hai. Ude this iumstae the deisio oblem a be idiated by: C T q q q q ( ( ( max (5 Plug the demad futio i assumtio 3 ito equatio (5 evaluate the fist-ode atial deivatives of ad ad make them equal to zeo the: C C C C ( ( * * * * Substitute the equatio above ito equatio (5 ad aquie ofits of the etie losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig: ( ( ( ( C T (6

5 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 ( Iteest Coodiatio Mehaism Ude etalized deisio makig a easoable ad effetive iteest oodiatio mehaism is equied to lease eah membe of the suly hai. eause Shaley Value Method must be of the uique solutio ad is easy to be quatitatively alulated it is most idely used i game theoy eoomis ad othe soial studies. Pofits of the losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig ill be alloated atioally ith Shaley Value Method i this ae. Suose the ooeative game ( N v heei efes to a set of atiiats ad is a itege efeig to umbe of atiiats. S is the subset of N ad efes to the alliae of atiiats i.e.. v is a eigefutio eah alliae S i N ats to oesod; v (S efes to the obtaiable utility he the membes i alliae S ok togethe; efes to the gettable utility he the membe i is emoved ude the ooeatio S. Shaley Values fo obtaiable utility of eah atiiat ude the ooeatio N ae: ( v i 3 SN is v( S / i ( s( v( S v( S / i i ( s (( s!( s!/! M M M R M R M R (v i S N N Wheei efes to the gettable utility of membe i ude the ooeatio N. i the game model i this ae. The alliaes the maufatues atiiate i ae ; the alliaes the distibutos atiiate i ae ; the alliaes the etailes atiiate i ae. O aout that maufatue M aot fom a alliae ith etaile R ae the total ofits of maufatue M ad etaile R ude deetalized deisio-makig. Cetalized ad deetalized deisio-makig have bee disussed above ad o it omes to the aalysis o deisio-makig he the maufatue ad the distibuto ally ad the distibuto ad the etaile ally. R R M R v( M R 3.3. lliae of the Maufatue ad the istibuto: I this ase the etaile deides otimum etail ie ad ode quatity of the e oduts ad the emaufatued oduts ad the the maufatue ad distibuto asetai best holesale ie of the oduts ith etalized deisio-makig. Resetive ofits of the etaile ad the alliae M ae: max R ( S q ( S q ( S q max M S S S ( S ( S q q q ( S q (7 (8 Similaly by the deivatio otimum ofits of the etaile ad the alliae M a be: ( ( ( R 6 ( 6 ( 8 ( ( ( M 8 ( 8 8 ( lliae of the istibuto ad the Retaile: I this ase the distibuto ad etaile detemie the otimal ode quatity ith etalized deisio-makig ad the the maufatue fix the best ex-fatoy ie aodig to the deisio-makig fom alliae of the distibuto ad the etaile. Resetive ofits of the maufatue ad the alliae R ae: Coyight 05 SERSC 9

6 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 max R ( S q ( S q ( S q max M S S S ( S ( S q q q ( S q (0 ( Similaly otimum ofits of the maufatue ad the alliae R a be evaluated: ( ( ( R 6 ( 6 ( 8 ( ( ( M 8 ( 8 8 I aodae ith the esults above eigevalue of the alliae S is: v( 0 v( M M v( v( R R v( M M v( M R M R C v( R v( M R R T ( Thus Shaley Values of the maufatue the distibuto ad the etaile a be alulated ith Shaley Value Fomula hih ae also the alloated ofits fo membes of the suly hai ude the iteest oodiatio mehaism.. Simulated alysis o Exeimet The aametes i this model ae fistly assiged i this ae ad the otimal solutio fo model is obtaied ith the otimized exessio. The the hage ules of otimum values ae otastively aalyzed ith the same deisio vaiables i diffeet models. Fially hage ules fom vaiatio of the diffeee fato of WTP ad the ead ad uishmet fatos of govemet ae esolved. The blo is umeial aalysis ith examles o the model oosed above ad the solutio algoithm. bove all the otimal solutio of model is aquied ith umeial simulatio. The the hage ules ith thei deisio vaiable of ofits of the maufatue the distibuto ad the osume ae disseted. Eah aamete is assiged as follos:. y alulatio the deisio esults of membes of the suly hai ude diffeet iumstaes a be gaied. S S S R T M Figue. No lliae eetalized eisio Makig S S S R M T Figue. lliae of the Maufatue ad the istibuto 50 Coyight 05 SERSC

7 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 S S S M R T Pofit of the maufatue Figue 3. lliae of the istibuto ad the Retaile Vaiatio age of WTP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Pofit of the etaile Vaiatio age of WTP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Figue. Ifluee fom the WTP Vaiatio o Pofits of the Maufatue ad the Retaile 700 Pofit of totla Vaiatio age of WTP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Figue. Ifluee fom the WTP Vaiatio o Total Pofit 500 Reylig ate Vaiatio age of g Mode M Mode R Mode TP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Pofit of the maufatue Vaiatio age of g Mode M Mode R Mode TP Mode M Mode R Mode TP Figue 3. Ifluee fom the g Vaiatio o Reylig Rate ad Pofit of the Maufatue 5. Colusios ased o diffeees of osumes WIP fo the e oduts ad the emaufatued oduts the otimal deisio-makig of membes of the suly hai ae esetively eseahed ude etalized ad deetalized deisio makig ith multi-eiod losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig as the objet of study. The beefits of etie losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig ae alloated ude etalized deisio-makig ith Shaley Value Method. The study esults idiate that etalized deisio-makig ude hih Paeto otimal state is ahieved is moe effiiet tha deetalized deisio-makig the edutio of middleme a effetively aise the ofits of membes of the suly hai ad the iteest oodiatio mehaism i vie of Shaley Value Method is aessible to eah membe of the losed-loo suly hai ith emaufatuig. ll i all the ead ad uishmet mehaism of govemet Coyight 05 SERSC 5

8 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 build o eylig ate is sueio to that based uo eylig amout. The above olusios a futio as a theoetial efeee fo deisio makes. The futue eseah ill futhe oe about membes i diffeet levels of the losed-loo suly hai the ifluee ules of ead ad uishmet mehaism of the govemet o suly hai ad the otimal deisio-makig of the etaile-domiated losed-loo suly hai. Refeees [] L. K. Saul K. Q. Weibege J. H. Ham F. Sha ad.. Lee Setal methods fo dimesioality edutio. Semi-suevised Leaig MIT Pess: Cambidge M (0. [] V.. Silva ad. J. Teebaum Global vesus loal methods i oliea dimesioality edutio I dvaes i Neual Ifomatio Poessig Systems MIT Pess vol. 5 ( [3] Y. Koe ad L. Camel Robust liea dimesioality edutio IEEE Tasatios o Visualizatio ad Comute Gahis vol. 0 o. ( [] I. T. Jolliffe Piial Comoet alysis Sige seod editio (0. [5]. F. Maly Multivaiate statistial methods: a ime Chama & Hall Ltd. Lodo UK (986. [6] W. S. Togeso Theoy ad methods of salig Wiley (958. [7] E. W. ijksta ote o to oblems i oatio ith gahs Numeishe Mathematik vol. o. 5 ( [8] T. Yag J. Liu L. Mmilla ad W. Wag fast aoximatio to multi-dimesioal salig by. I Poeedigs of the ECCV Woksho o Comutatio Itesive Methods fo Comute Visio (CIMCV ( [9] I. Koutis G. L. Mille ad R. Peg oahig otimality fo solvig sdd liea systems I Poeedigs of the 00 IEEE 5st ual Symosium o Foudatios of Comute Siee FOCS 0 Washigto C US ( [0] W. Hädle ad L. Sima lied multivaiate statistial aalysis Sige d editio (007. [] T. Cox ad M. Cox Multi-dimesioal Salig Chama & Hall Lodo (99. []. Shölkof. J. Smola ad K. R. Mülle "Noliea omoet aalysis as a keel eige value oblem Neual Comutatio vol. 0 o. 5 ( [3] J. H. Fiedma J. L. etley ad R.. Fikel algoithm fo fidig best mathes i logaithmi exeted time CM Tasatios o Mathematial Softae vol. 3 o. 3 ( [] S. Igam T. Muze ad M. Olao Glimme: multilevel mds o the gu IEEE Tasatios o Visualizatio ad Comute Gahis vol. 5 o. ( [5]. Keasley R. Taia ad M. Tosset The solutio of the meti stess ad stess oblems i multidimesioal salig usig eto s method Comutatioal Statistis vol. 3 o. 3 ( [6] J. Kuskal Multi-dimesioal salig by otimizig goodess of fit to a o-meti hyothesis Psyhometika (96. [7] M. Zhag Z. Lv X. Zhag G. Che ad K. Zhag "Reseah ad liatio of the 3 Vitual Commuity ased o WEVR ad RI" Comute ad Ifomatio Siee vol. o. ( [8] T. Su Z. Lv S. Gao X. Li ad H. Lv 3 seabed: 3 modelig ad visualizatio latfom fo the seabed I Multimedia ad Exo Wokshos (ICMEW 0 IEEE Iteatioal Cofeee o IEEE ( [9]. Jiag Z. Xu P. Zhag ad T. Zhu tasfom domai-based aomaly detetio aoah to etok-ide taffi Joual of Netok ad Comute liatios vol. 0 ( [0] tio ad ogaizatio Comute Gahis Foum vol. 30 o. 3 ( [] Y. Geg J. Che ad K. Pahlava Motio detetio usig RF sigals fo the fist esode i emegey oeatios: PHSER ojet IEEE d Iteatioal Symosium o Pesoal Idoo ad Mobile Radio Commuiatios (PIMRC Lodo itai (03 Setembe. [] Y. Geg J. He ad K. Pahlava Modelig the Effet of Huma ody o TO ased Idoo Huma Takig Iteatioal Joual of Wieless Ifomatio Netoks vol. 0 o. ( [3] J. W. Sammo oliea maig fo data stutue aalysis IEEE Tasatios o Comute vol. 8 o. 5 ( [] E. Tejada R. Mighim ad L. G. Noato O imoved ojetio tehiques to suot visual exloatio of multidimesioal data sets Ifomatio Visualizatio vol. o. ( [5] J.. Teebaum V. Silva ad J. C. Lagfod " global geometi fameok fo oliea dimesioality edutio Siee vol. 90 o ( Coyight 05 SERSC

9 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 utho JiagJu Yua male he as bo i 979 i Zhejiag ovie. No he is assoiate ofesso. His Mai eseah aea is Eletoi Commee Coyight 05 SERSC 53

10 Iteatioal Joual of u- ad e- Sevie Siee ad Tehology Vol.8 No. 0 (05 5 Coyight 05 SERSC