PREDICTION OF POSSIBLE CONGESTIONS IN SLA CREATION PROCESS
|
|
- Kristin Wright
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PREDICTIO OF POSSIBLE COGESTIOS I SLA CREATIO PROCESS Srećko Krile University of Dubrovnik Departent of Electrical Engineering and Coputing Cira Carica 4, Dubrovnik, Croatia Tel , Fax , e-ail sreckokrile@uniduhr Ivana Pezelj CARet - Croatian Acadeic and Research etwork J Marohnica bb, 0000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel , Fax , e-ail ivanapezelj@carnethr Abstract - In our paper we propose efficient tool to predict possible traffic congestions caused by contracting of a new SLA (Service Level Agreeent) It could be an iportant part of adission control process in SLA creation (DiffServ networks) aturally, it is off-line algorith and we can use it only through negotiation process (SLA creation), just to ensure better QoS end-to-end routing in the oent of service invocation The proble is seen as an expansion proble of link capacities in given liits for given traffic deands (SLAs) Such explicit traffic engineering technique provides the possibility to intelligently tailor the route such that different parts of the network reain equally loaded It helps to avoid the creation of bottleneck links on the path and aintains high network resource utilization efficiency Also, it is capable to consider the ipact of end-toend delay on network resource provisioning, in the oent of SLA creation Index Ters - adission control in DiffServ networks, SLA creation, end-to-end QoS routing, traffic routing of aggregate flows I ITRODUCTIO In DiffServ networks the classification of the aggregated flows is perfored according to the SLA (Service Level Agreeent) signed between a custoer and the network operator (ISP) Each SLA contract specifies how uch traffic ay be sent (service class, bandwidth, delay liit etc) and defines a tie period for utilization of that service We know that such period can be very long soeties (eg for VoIP) To obtain quantitative end-toend guarantees in DiffServ architecture, based on traffic handling echaniss with aggregate flows, soe kind of congestion control in the phase of the negotiation process (SLA creation) is necessary Such approach we need in MPLS-based networks, too Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) has gained popularity as a technology for anaging network resources and providing of perforance guarantees owadays, IP operators don't use any appropriate tool in that phase of adission control process They only use effective end-to-end routing technique in the oent of service invocation Such approach cannot help to prevent bottlenecks or ensure QoS In this paper we are looking for optial path provisioning in context of all existing traffic deands participating in the sae tie period (forer contracted SLAs); see fig and fig 2 The ain condition is: the sufficient network resources ust be available at any oent of that period In the worse case it ust be sufficient for the first service class (guaranteed QoS) So, in the process of SLA creation the proble of new SLA acceptance exists It eans that soe kind of congestion control ust be done, taking care of all existing flows in the sae tie If it is possible to find routing sequence without lack of capacity (shortage), the possibility of traffic congestion will be significantly reduced in the oent of service invocation The heuristic algorith we proposed in this paper is off-line algorith and we can use it only in the negotiation process of SLA creation, just to ensure better QoS end-to-end routing in the oent of service invocation The probles of new SLA creation and correlation with optial resource anageent are investigating in section II Explanation of the atheatical odel and heuristic approach for traffic routing technique is given in section III uerical exaples, testing results and algorith application are discussed in section IV II EW SLA CREATIO PROBLEM The network operator (eg ISP) wants to accept new SLA (traffic flow) that generates the traffic flow between s In DiffServ/MPLS architecture we call the
2 SLA_3 egress SLA_5 ingress ingress SLA_ ingress SLA_2 ingress 2 4 egress SLA_2 egress SLA_3 ingress SLA_4 egress s 6 d 3 core network 5 SLA_ egress SLA_4 ingress SLA_5 egress Figure An exaple of nuber of SLAs in context of new SLA creation In service specifications (service activation and duration) they share the sae period of tie; see fig 2 The optial routing sequence for new SLA need not to be the shortest path solution LER (Label Edge Router) Traffic deand on exit of LER represents the su of all ingress and egress flows Interior s in core network, capable to forward traffic in equivalent classes (FEC), are called LSR (Label Switching Routers) The network that is shown in figure can be a representation of such architecture Such aggregated flow is coing to LSR and has to be routed to destination Packets of the sae FEC are assigned the sae label and generally traverse trough the sae path across the MPLS network An FEC ay consist of packets that have coon ingress and egress nodes, or the sae service class and sae ingress/egress nodes or any other cobination In this case, the FEC of appropriate service class aggregates traffic deands (new SLA and forer contracted SLAs) of the sae QoS level A path traversed by an FEC is called a label switching path (LSP) In that sense network operator has to find optial path for the FEC but without any congestion in the network Possibility of congestion on soe link exists specially for definite period of tie; see fig 2 It should not be anaged anually so we need very effective tool to check such congestion possibility in the network We need congestion control algorith related on liited link resources and predicted traffic (caused with forer accepted SLAs) For each counication link in the network given traffic deands can be satisfied on different QoS levels (eg with different bandwidth) Fro exaples in fig and fig 2 we have three different QoS levels (service classes) Traffic can be satisfied on appropriate QoS level or higher, but not on lower QoS level Figure 2 An exaple of nuber of SLAs that participate in the sae period of tie Optial routing have to be done for that critical period (duration of new SLA)
3 In fact, we use different LSP for different service class But we don t want that physical network be divided into ultiple virtual networks, one per service class We strongly need the optial utilization of liited capacity The end effect is that we want to give to preiu traffic (fully satyisfied) ore resources, but exactly that is necessary, no less no ore The optial resource anageent proble can be seen as the link capacity expansion proble (CEP) fro the coon source with expansion values in allowed liits (link capacity); see [2] and [4] If the optial routing sequence has any link expansion with value that exceeds allowed liits, it eans that link capacity on the path is not sufficient for such traffic It eans that new SLA cannot be accepted or ust be redefined through negotiation process For exaple, the custoer can decide to take the adaptive QoS service class instead of fully satisfied (guaranteed) service class Soe iportant papers about that proble are [], [5] and [6] In the paper [7] we can see influence of delay to optial traffic engineering routing In the paper [3] such algorith is the part of service anageent architecture III THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL AD HEURISTIC APPROACH OF CEP Let G (A, E) denote a network topology, where A is the set of nodes and E the set of links The source and destination nodes (eg s in IP-doain) are denoted by s and d respectively Between the there are M interior s on the path; see fig 3 The nuber of QoS easures (eg bandwidth, delay) is denoted by z QoS easures can be roughly classified into additive (eg delay) and non-additive (eg available bandwidth) In case of an additive easure, the QoS value of the path is equal to the su of the corresponding weights of the link along that path For a non-additive easure, the QoS value of the path is the iniu (or axiu) link weight along the path In this atheatical odel it is assued that the network state inforation (eg traffic deands, link capacities, delay liits) are teporary static Consider a network G (A, E) where each link is characterized by z-diensional link weight vector, consisting of z nonnegative QoS weights {w n (s,d), i =,, z, (s,d) E, n =,, } as coponents We differentiate n service classes (QoS levels) For M interior s on the path we have: M links + 2 = M + links Given constraints for delay on the path for appropriate service class can be denoted by L,n Definition of the ulti-constrained (MCP) proble is to find a path P fro s to d such that: w i ( P ) = in wi, n ( s, d ) Li, n n= ( s, d ) P for i =,, z ; n =,, In this paper we dealt about one-diensional link weight vectors for M+ links, with delay constraints denoted with L,n The link weight (cost) is the function of used capacity and delay: lower used capacity (saller bandwidth and delay in acceptable liits) gives lower weight (cost) The ain condition is that given traffic deands ust be fully satisfied without shortages onlinear cost function is necessary if link weights are not positively correlated () O R, X, X,2 X,M I, =0, I,2,2 I,3 I,M,M I,M+ = 0 r, r,2 r,m QoS level I 2, =0 I, =0 y 2, 2, y 2, I 2,2 y 2,2 2,2 y 2,2 I,2,,2 I 2,3 r 2, y, r 2,2 y,2 r 2,M I,3 I 2,M I,M y 2,M 2,M y 2,M I,M+ = 0,M y,m I 2,M+ = 0 r, interior r,2 r,m link link 2 link M+ interior M Figure 3 A network flow representation of the CEP odel applied for congestion contol in SLA cration proces Service classses are differentiated but possible traffic conversion is possible only in direction toward higher QoS level
4 A Capacity Expansion Proble (CEP) The proble of the optial QoS routing for given traffic with different service classes can be seen as the iniu cost network flow proble in the ulticoodity single (coon) source ultiple destination network Such proble can be solved as the capacity expansion proble (CEP) without shortages Partially expansions for each link are ade fro coon source in given liits (existing link capacity) Transission link capacities on the path between s are capable to serve traffic deands for different QoS levels (service class) for i =,2,, Fig 3 gives an exaple of network flow representation for ultiple QoS levels () and M internal (core) s included in the path Link capacity that is capable to serve traffic deands of service class i we call facility It is used priarily to serve deands for QoS level but it can be used to satisfy traffic deands for QoS level j (j > i) Rerouting of traffic deands towards higher QoS level is the sae thing as facility conversion to lower QoS level In this odel conversion of traffic deand is peritted only in the direction toward higher QoS level It eans that alost satisfied service class (adaptive or best effort) can be treated as fully satisfied (guaranteed) service class, but not vice versa Explanation of diagra in fig 3: the -th row of nodes represents a possible link capacity state of each transission link between s for i-th QoS level Link capacity values are positive only and shortages are not allowed Horizontal links between the represent the traffic flow between s Coon node O is the source for used capacity (expansions), introducing the new traffic on the link Vertical links represent facility conversion that is equal to rerouting of traffic deands in opposite direction If the link expansion cost corresponds to weight of used capacity, the objective is to find optial routing policy that iniizes the total cost incurred over the whole path between s (M interior s and M + transission links) and to satisfy given traffic deands The flow theory enables separation of these extree flows, which can be a part of an optial expansion solution, fro those which cannot be With such heuristic approach we can obtain the optial result with significant coputational savings; see [4] In the atheatical odel of CEP the following notation is used: j and k = QoS level The levels are ranked fro i =,2,,, and quality level decreases with higher i = the order nuber of link on the path, connecting two successive LSR s Path consists of M + links ( =,, M+) connecting M interior s and s u,v = the order nuber of capacity points in the subproble, u,, v M+ r = traffic deand increent for additional capacity of facility i (appropriate QoS level) on link For convenience, the r are assued to be integer I = the relative aount of idle capacity of facility i on the link, related on the link before Initially there is no capacity shortage between and the interior outer, I i = 0, I M+ = 0 x = the aount of used capacity for facility i on the transission link y = the aount of capacity of facility i on the link, redirected to satisfy the traffic of lower level j CEP proble can be forulated as follows: in M + = i= c + ( ) + ( ) x h I + g y (2) D i x,u+ x,v x,u Guaranted (fully satisfied) I,u,u I,u+ I,u+2,u+,v I,v+ r,u r,u+ r,v+ QoS service classes y 2,u y 2,u+ y 2,v adaptive (alost satisfied) I 2,u 2,u I 2,u+ 2,u+ I 2,u+2 2,v I 2,v+ r 2,u y 3,u r 2,u+ y 3,u+ r 2,v+ y 3,v y 23,u y 23,u+ y 23,v best-effort I 3,u I 3,u+ 3,u 3,u+ I 3,u+2 3,v I 3,v+ r 3,u r 3,u+ r 3,v+ links Figure 4 A network flow representation of a sub-proble for =3
5 so that we have: I = I + x y ri, j= i+ + (3) I I 0 (4) = M + = for =, 2,, M; i =, 2,, ; j = i +,, In the objective function the total cost (weight) on the path fro to includes soe costs: the cost for capacity expansion c (x ), the idle capacity cost h (I + ) as penalty cost to force the usage of the iniu link capacity (prevention of unused/idle capacity) For the link expansion in allowed liits we can set the expansion cost to zero or we can introduce different cost to each service class Also we can introduce facility conversion cost g (y ) that can control non-effective usage of link capacity Costs are often represented by the fix-charge cost or with constant value We assue that all cost functions are concave and nondecreasing, reflecting econoies of scale, and they can change for appropriate link With different cost paraeters we can influence on the optiization process, looking for the ost appropriate routing solution Generalizing the concept of the capacity state for transission link in which the capacity state of each link is known within defined liits we define a capacity point - α In (5) α denotes the vector of capacities I for all QoS levels (facility types) on link, and we call it capacity point α = (I,, I 2,,, I, ) (5) α 0 = α M+ = (0, 0,, 0) (6) Let C be the nuber of capacity point values at position (link between core s), C = C M+ =, and the total nuber of capacity points is: M = + p C = C () In CEP we have to find any cost values d u,v (α u, α v+ ) that eanate two capacity points, fro each node (u, α u ) to node (v+, α v+ ) for v u The total nuber of all connections between capacity points is: = M d i M + Ci C j = j= i+ (2) The approach described in [4] requires solving repeatedly a certain single location expansion proble (SLEP) Many different expansions and rerouting solutions can be derived, depending on D i polarity Lot of the are not acceptable and are not part of the optial sequence, that is the key for the heuristic approach Most of the coputational effort is spent on coputing the subproble values Any of the, if it cannot be a part of the optial sequence, is set to infinity C Algorith coplexity Suppose that all links are known, the optial solution for CEP can be found by searching for the optial sequence of capacity points and their associated link state values of interior s The proble on that level can be forulated as a shortest path proble for an acyclic network in which the nodes represents all possible values of capacity points (states) Than Dijkstra s algorith or Each colun on the flow diagras (fro fig 3 and 4) represents a capacity point, consisting of capacity state values Forulation (6) iplies that idle capacities or capacity shortages are not allowed on the link between and interior B Sub-proble (CES) The expansion proble for facilities i =, 2,, on the path between s u, u +,, v is as follows (see fig 4): v in c ( x ) + hi, ( I + ) + g ( y ) (7) = u i= j= + Where I v+ = I u + Di ( u, v) Ri ( u, v) (8) v = u D i (u,v)= v R i u, v) = r i, = u ( (9) j = x i, y ; i j (0) for =, 2,, M+; i =, 2,, ; j = i +,, Associated value between two capacity points, that represents iniu cost d u,v (α u, α v+ ) we denoted as CES (Capacity Expansion Sub-proble) Figure 5 In this nuerical test-exaple link capacities are sufficient to satisfy traffic deands (SLAs)
6 can see that traffic deands can be fully satisfied and capacity surplus for all links are positive or zero There are no negative values; see lower diagra in fig 5 In exaple fro figure 6: we can notice the lack of capacity on the second link for second QoS level It eans that traffic deands cannot be fully satisfied although the surplus is obvious on third (lower) QoS level There is no free capacity on the first QoS level (for guaranteed service class) to be used instead In that case new SLA cannot be accepted or ust be redefined through negotiation process With such anageent tool we can predict possible congestion on the path very efficiently Figure 6 In this nuerical test-exaple the lack of capacity is obvious and new SLA cannot be accepted any siilar algorith can be applied It has to be noted that the optial routing sequence for traffic flow (new SLA) between s need not to be the shortest path solution On this level of algorith calculation it is very easy to introduce delay liits on the path The nuber of all possible d u,v values depends on the total nuber of capacity points It is very iportant to reduce that nuber (C p ) and that can be done through iposing of appropriate capacity bounds or by introduction of adding constraints The required effort for one sub-proble is O( 2 M) The nuber of all possible d u,v values depends on the total nuber of capacity points If there are no liitations on capacity state (WI ) and expansion aount (Wx ) the coplexity of such heuristic approach is pretty large and increases exponentially with Proble requires the coputation effort of O(M 3 4 R 2(-) i ) In real application we norally apply definite granularity of capacity values IV TESTIG RESULTS We tested our algorith on any nuerical testexaples, looking for optial routing sequence on the path Between s there are six LSR (core s) and they are connected with seven links Traffic deands (SLAs) are overlapping in tie The heuristic algorith in all test-exaples can achieve near-optial expansion sequence with inial total cost, with equal or very close value to that one we can get with algorith based on exact approach If the expansions of link capacities are in allowed liits and the capacity surplus is obvious, the traffic deands can be satisfied In exaple fro figure 5: we V COCLUSIOS In the process of new SLA creation in DiffServ networks possible congestion on the path can be checked with proposed heuristic algorith Algorith is based on atheatical odel for the capacity expansion proble (CEP) The first aspect of algorith is that load balancing leads to higher resource usage efficiency It can prevent critical network resources, not to be exhausted early and becoing a bottleneck for the network in the oent of service invocation The second unique aspect of this algorith is that it incorporates the ipact of end-to-end delay partitioning in network-level route selection decisions It eans that such heuristic approach can be successfully applied for adission control in the SLA creation process, that is in fir correlation with resource reservation echaniss and adission control process REFERECES [] Giordano, S, Salsano, S, Ventre, G, Advanced QoS Provisioning in IP etworks : The European Preiu IP Projects, IEEE Counications Mag, (2003), Vol4 o, pp30-36 [2] Krile, S, ew SLA Creation and Optial Resource Manageent, Proc of 3rd Conf CSDSP (Counication Systes, etworks and Digital Signal Processing), ew Castle (UK), 2004, pp [3] Kagklis, D, Tsakiris, C, Liapotis,, Quality of Service: A Mechanis for explicit activation of IP Services Based on RSVP, Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol 54, o 90, Bratislava, 2003, pp [4] Krile, S, Kos, M, A Heuristic Approach for Path Provisioning in Diff-Serv etworks, Proc 7 th ISSSTA (Int Syp On Spread-Spectru Tech & Application) - IEEE, Prag, 2002, pp [5] Biswas, K, Ganguly, S and Izailov, R, Path provisioning for service level agreeents in differentiated services networks, ICC IEEE International Conference on Counications, vol 25, no, (2002), pp [6] Bouillet, E, Mitra, D, Raakrishnan, G K, The structure and anageent of service level agreeents in networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Counications, Vol 20, no 4, (2002), pp [7] Gopalan, K, Chiueh, Tzi-cker, Lin, Yow-Jian, Load Balancing Routing with Bandwidth-Delay Guarantees, IEEE Counicattion Mag, (2004), Vol42 o 6, pp08-3
The Application of Bandwidth Optimization Technique in SLA Negotiation Process
The Application of Bandwidth Optiization Technique in SLA egotiation Process Srecko Krile University of Dubrovnik Departent of Electrical Engineering and Coputing Cira Carica 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
More informationLoad Control for Overloaded MPLS/DiffServ Networks during SLA Negotiation
Int J Counications, Network and Syste Sciences, 29, 5, 422-432 doi:14236/ijcns292547 Published Online August 29 (http://wwwscirporg/journal/ijcns/) Load Control for Overloaded MPLS/DiffServ Networks during
More informationReliability Constrained Packet-sizing for Linear Multi-hop Wireless Networks
Reliability Constrained acket-sizing for inear Multi-hop Wireless Networks Ning Wen, and Randall A. Berry Departent of Electrical Engineering and Coputer Science Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
More informationResource Allocation in Wireless Networks with Multiple Relays
Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks with Multiple Relays Kağan Bakanoğlu, Stefano Toasin, Elza Erkip Departent of Electrical and Coputer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY, 0
More informationCooperative Caching for Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming in Content Delivery Networks
Cooperative Caching for Adaptive Bit Rate Streaing in Content Delivery Networs Phuong Luu Vo Departent of Coputer Science and Engineering, International University - VNUHCM, Vietna vtlphuong@hciu.edu.vn
More informationImplementation of Active Queue Management in a Combined Input and Output Queued Switch
pleentation of Active Queue Manageent in a obined nput and Output Queued Switch Bartek Wydrowski and Moshe Zukeran AR Special Research entre for Ultra-Broadband nforation Networks, EEE Departent, The University
More informationDynamic Placement for Clustered Web Applications
Dynaic laceent for Clustered Web Applications A. Karve, T. Kibrel, G. acifici, M. Spreitzer, M. Steinder, M. Sviridenko, and A. Tantawi IBM T.J. Watson Research Center {karve,kibrel,giovanni,spreitz,steinder,sviri,tantawi}@us.ib.co
More informationExtended-Horizon Analysis of Pressure Sensitivities for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks: Application to the Barcelona Network
2013 European Control Conference (ECC) July 17-19, 2013, Zürich, Switzerland. Extended-Horizon Analysis of Pressure Sensitivities for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks: Application to the Barcelona
More informationThis paper studies a rental firm that offers reusable products to price- and quality-of-service sensitive
MANUFACTURING & SERVICE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol., No. 3, Suer 28, pp. 429 447 issn 523-464 eissn 526-5498 8 3 429 infors doi.287/so.7.8 28 INFORMS INFORMS holds copyright to this article and distributed
More informationOnline Bagging and Boosting
Abstract Bagging and boosting are two of the ost well-known enseble learning ethods due to their theoretical perforance guarantees and strong experiental results. However, these algoriths have been used
More informationEvaluating Inventory Management Performance: a Preliminary Desk-Simulation Study Based on IOC Model
Evaluating Inventory Manageent Perforance: a Preliinary Desk-Siulation Study Based on IOC Model Flora Bernardel, Roberto Panizzolo, and Davide Martinazzo Abstract The focus of this study is on preliinary
More informationRECURSIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING: HEURISTIC RULES, BOUNDING AND STATE SPACE REDUCTION. Henrik Kure
RECURSIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING: HEURISTIC RULES, BOUNDING AND STATE SPACE REDUCTION Henrik Kure Dina, Danish Inforatics Network In the Agricultural Sciences Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
More informationImpact of Processing Costs on Service Chain Placement in Network Functions Virtualization
Ipact of Processing Costs on Service Chain Placeent in Network Functions Virtualization Marco Savi, Massio Tornatore, Giacoo Verticale Dipartiento di Elettronica, Inforazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico
More informationA framework for performance monitoring, load balancing, adaptive timeouts and quality of service in digital libraries
Int J Digit Libr (2000) 3: 9 35 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Digital Libraries Springer-Verlag 2000 A fraework for perforance onitoring, load balancing, adaptive tieouts and quality of service in digital libraries
More informationMarkov Models and Their Use for Calculations of Important Traffic Parameters of Contact Center
Markov Models and Their Use for Calculations of Iportant Traffic Paraeters of Contact Center ERIK CHROMY, JAN DIEZKA, MATEJ KAVACKY Institute of Telecounications Slovak University of Technology Bratislava
More informationA Scalable Application Placement Controller for Enterprise Data Centers
W WWW 7 / Track: Perforance and Scalability A Scalable Application Placeent Controller for Enterprise Data Centers Chunqiang Tang, Malgorzata Steinder, Michael Spreitzer, and Giovanni Pacifici IBM T.J.
More informationResearch Article Performance Evaluation of Human Resource Outsourcing in Food Processing Enterprises
Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 9(2): 964-969, 205 ISSN: 2042-4868; e-issn: 2042-4876 205 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp. Subitted: August 0, 205 Accepted: Septeber 3, 205 Published:
More informationMethod of supply chain optimization in E-commerce
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Method of supply chain optiization in E-coerce Petr Suchánek and Robert Bucki Silesian University - School of Business Adinistration, The College of Inforatics and Manageent
More information2. FINDING A SOLUTION
The 7 th Balan Conference on Operational Research BACOR 5 Constanta, May 5, Roania OPTIMAL TIME AND SPACE COMPLEXITY ALGORITHM FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ALL BINARY TREES FROM PRE-ORDER AND POST-ORDER TRAVERSALS
More informationON SELF-ROUTING IN CLOS CONNECTION NETWORKS. BARRY G. DOUGLASS Electrical Engineering Department Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3128
ON SELF-ROUTING IN CLOS CONNECTION NETWORKS BARRY G. DOUGLASS Electrical Engineering Departent Texas A&M University College Station, TX 778-8 A. YAVUZ ORUÇ Electrical Engineering Departent and Institute
More informationAn Approach to Combating Free-riding in Peer-to-Peer Networks
An Approach to Cobating Free-riding in Peer-to-Peer Networks Victor Ponce, Jie Wu, and Xiuqi Li Departent of Coputer Science and Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL 33431 April 7, 2008
More informationSOME APPLICATIONS OF FORECASTING Prof. Thomas B. Fomby Department of Economics Southern Methodist University May 2008
SOME APPLCATONS OF FORECASTNG Prof. Thoas B. Foby Departent of Econoics Southern Methodist University May 8 To deonstrate the usefulness of forecasting ethods this note discusses four applications of forecasting
More information- 265 - Part C. Property and Casualty Insurance Companies
Part C. Property and Casualty Insurance Copanies This Part discusses proposals to curtail favorable tax rules for property and casualty ("P&C") insurance copanies. The syste of reserves for unpaid losses
More informationCLOSED-LOOP SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK OPTIMIZATION FOR HONG KONG CARTRIDGE RECYCLING INDUSTRY
CLOSED-LOOP SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK OPTIMIZATION FOR HONG KONG CARTRIDGE RECYCLING INDUSTRY Y. T. Chen Departent of Industrial and Systes Engineering Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong yongtong.chen@connect.polyu.hk
More informationarxiv:0805.1434v1 [math.pr] 9 May 2008
Degree-distribution stability of scale-free networs Zhenting Hou, Xiangxing Kong, Dinghua Shi,2, and Guanrong Chen 3 School of Matheatics, Central South University, Changsha 40083, China 2 Departent of
More informationASIC Design Project Management Supported by Multi Agent Simulation
ASIC Design Project Manageent Supported by Multi Agent Siulation Jana Blaschke, Christian Sebeke, Wolfgang Rosenstiel Abstract The coplexity of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) is continuously
More informationCRM FACTORS ASSESSMENT USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
641 CRM FACTORS ASSESSMENT USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS Marketa Zajarosova 1* *Ph.D. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, THE CZECH REPUBLIC arketa.zajarosova@vsb.cz Abstract Custoer relationship
More informationPresentation Safety Legislation and Standards
levels in different discrete levels corresponding for each one to a probability of dangerous failure per hour: > > The table below gives the relationship between the perforance level (PL) and the Safety
More informationPERFORMANCE METRICS FOR THE IT SERVICES PORTFOLIO
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series I: Engineering Sciences Vol. 4 (53) No. - 0 PERFORMANCE METRICS FOR THE IT SERVICES PORTFOLIO V. CAZACU I. SZÉKELY F. SANDU 3 T. BĂLAN Abstract:
More informationSearching strategy for multi-target discovery in wireless networks
Searching strategy for ulti-target discovery in wireless networks Zhao Cheng, Wendi B. Heinzelan Departent of Electrical and Coputer Engineering University of Rochester Rochester, NY 467 (585) 75-{878,
More informationEnergy Proportionality for Disk Storage Using Replication
Energy Proportionality for Disk Storage Using Replication Jinoh Ki and Doron Rote Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 {jinohki,d rote}@lbl.gov Abstract Energy
More informationFuzzy Sets in HR Management
Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Vol. 8, No. 3, 2011 Fuzzy Sets in HR Manageent Blanka Zeková AXIOM SW, s.r.o., 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic blanka.zekova@sezna.cz Jana Talašová Faculty of Science, Palacký Univerzity,
More informationDesign of Model Reference Self Tuning Mechanism for PID like Fuzzy Controller
Research Article International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology EISSN 77 46, PISSN 347 56 4 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.co/category/ijcet Design of Model Reference
More informationHow To Provide Qos Based Routing In The Internet
CHAPTER 2 QoS ROUTING AND ITS ROLE IN QOS PARADIGM 22 QoS ROUTING AND ITS ROLE IN QOS PARADIGM 2.1 INTRODUCTION As the main emphasis of the present research work is on achieving QoS in routing, hence this
More informationAn Innovate Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm Based on Task
An Innovate Dynaic Load Balancing Algorith Based on Task Classification Hong-bin Wang,,a, Zhi-yi Fang, b, Guan-nan Qu,*,c, Xiao-dan Ren,d College of Coputer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun
More informationHow To Get A Loan From A Bank For Free
Finance 111 Finance We have to work with oney every day. While balancing your checkbook or calculating your onthly expenditures on espresso requires only arithetic, when we start saving, planning for retireent,
More informationImage restoration for a rectangular poor-pixels detector
Iage restoration for a rectangular poor-pixels detector Pengcheng Wen 1, Xiangjun Wang 1, Hong Wei 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruents, Tianjin University, China 2
More informationMedia Adaptation Framework in Biofeedback System for Stroke Patient Rehabilitation
Media Adaptation Fraework in Biofeedback Syste for Stroke Patient Rehabilitation Yinpeng Chen, Weiwei Xu, Hari Sundara, Thanassis Rikakis, Sheng-Min Liu Arts, Media and Engineering Progra Arizona State
More informationMarkovian inventory policy with application to the paper industry
Coputers and Cheical Engineering 26 (2002) 1399 1413 www.elsevier.co/locate/copcheeng Markovian inventory policy with application to the paper industry K. Karen Yin a, *, Hu Liu a,1, Neil E. Johnson b,2
More informationApplying Multiple Neural Networks on Large Scale Data
0 International Conference on Inforation and Electronics Engineering IPCSIT vol6 (0) (0) IACSIT Press, Singapore Applying Multiple Neural Networks on Large Scale Data Kritsanatt Boonkiatpong and Sukree
More informationUse of extrapolation to forecast the working capital in the mechanical engineering companies
ECONTECHMOD. AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2014. Vol. 1. No. 1. 23 28 Use of extrapolation to forecast the working capital in the echanical engineering copanies A. Cherep, Y. Shvets Departent of finance
More informationOptimal Resource-Constraint Project Scheduling with Overlapping Modes
Optial Resource-Constraint Proect Scheduling with Overlapping Modes François Berthaut Lucas Grèze Robert Pellerin Nathalie Perrier Adnène Hai February 20 CIRRELT-20-09 Bureaux de Montréal : Bureaux de
More informationReal Time Target Tracking with Binary Sensor Networks and Parallel Computing
Real Tie Target Tracking with Binary Sensor Networks and Parallel Coputing Hong Lin, John Rushing, Sara J. Graves, Steve Tanner, and Evans Criswell Abstract A parallel real tie data fusion and target tracking
More informationAirline Yield Management with Overbooking, Cancellations, and No-Shows JANAKIRAM SUBRAMANIAN
Airline Yield Manageent with Overbooking, Cancellations, and No-Shows JANAKIRAM SUBRAMANIAN Integral Developent Corporation, 301 University Avenue, Suite 200, Palo Alto, California 94301 SHALER STIDHAM
More informationEnergy Efficient VM Scheduling for Cloud Data Centers: Exact allocation and migration algorithms
Energy Efficient VM Scheduling for Cloud Data Centers: Exact allocation and igration algoriths Chaia Ghribi, Makhlouf Hadji and Djaal Zeghlache Institut Mines-Téléco, Téléco SudParis UMR CNRS 5157 9, Rue
More informationAn Integrated Approach for Monitoring Service Level Parameters of Software-Defined Networking
International Journal of Future Generation Counication and Networking Vol. 8, No. 6 (15), pp. 197-4 http://d.doi.org/1.1457/ijfgcn.15.8.6.19 An Integrated Approach for Monitoring Service Level Paraeters
More informationMachine Learning Applications in Grid Computing
Machine Learning Applications in Grid Coputing George Cybenko, Guofei Jiang and Daniel Bilar Thayer School of Engineering Dartouth College Hanover, NH 03755, USA gvc@dartouth.edu, guofei.jiang@dartouth.edu
More informationEndogenous Market Structure and the Cooperative Firm
Endogenous Market Structure and the Cooperative Fir Brent Hueth and GianCarlo Moschini Working Paper 14-WP 547 May 2014 Center for Agricultural and Rural Developent Iowa State University Aes, Iowa 50011-1070
More informationPreference-based Search and Multi-criteria Optimization
Fro: AAAI-02 Proceedings. Copyright 2002, AAAI (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. Preference-based Search and Multi-criteria Optiization Ulrich Junker ILOG 1681, route des Dolines F-06560 Valbonne ujunker@ilog.fr
More informationAnalyzing Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Education Network Traffic with Flexible Multiscale Entropy
Vol. 9, No. 5 (2016), pp.303-312 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2016.9.5.26 Analyzing Spatioteporal Characteristics of Education Network Traffic with Flexible Multiscale Entropy Chen Yang, Renjie Zhou
More informationMENTER Overview. Prepared by Mark Shayman UMIACS Contract Review Laboratory for Telecommunications Science May 31, 2001
MENTER Overview Prepared by Mark Shayman UMIACS Contract Review Laboratory for Telecommunications Science May 31, 2001 MENTER Goal MPLS Event Notification Traffic Engineering and Restoration Develop an
More informationInternational Journal of Management & Information Systems First Quarter 2012 Volume 16, Number 1
International Journal of Manageent & Inforation Systes First Quarter 2012 Volue 16, Nuber 1 Proposal And Effectiveness Of A Highly Copelling Direct Mail Method - Establishent And Deployent Of PMOS-DM Hisatoshi
More informationA CHAOS MODEL OF SUBHARMONIC OSCILLATIONS IN CURRENT MODE PWM BOOST CONVERTERS
A CHAOS MODEL OF SUBHARMONIC OSCILLATIONS IN CURRENT MODE PWM BOOST CONVERTERS Isaac Zafrany and Sa BenYaakov Departent of Electrical and Coputer Engineering BenGurion University of the Negev P. O. Box
More informationAn Optimal Task Allocation Model for System Cost Analysis in Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Systems: A Heuristic Approach
An Optial Tas Allocation Model for Syste Cost Analysis in Heterogeneous Distributed Coputing Systes: A Heuristic Approach P. K. Yadav Central Building Research Institute, Rooree- 247667, Uttarahand (INDIA)
More informationHalloween Costume Ideas for the Wii Game
Algorithica 2001) 30: 101 139 DOI: 101007/s00453-001-0003-0 Algorithica 2001 Springer-Verlag New York Inc Optial Search and One-Way Trading Online Algoriths R El-Yaniv, 1 A Fiat, 2 R M Karp, 3 and G Turpin
More informationAn Improved Decision-making Model of Human Resource Outsourcing Based on Internet Collaboration
International Journal of Hybrid Inforation Technology, pp. 339-350 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/hit.2016.9.4.28 An Iproved Decision-aking Model of Huan Resource Outsourcing Based on Internet Collaboration
More informationAdaptive Modulation and Coding for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Radio Channel
Recent Advances in Counications Adaptive odulation and Coding for Unanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Radio Channel Airhossein Fereidountabar,Gian Carlo Cardarilli, Rocco Fazzolari,Luca Di Nunzio Abstract In
More informationNew QOS Routing Algorithm for MPLS Networks Using Delay and Bandwidth Constraints
New QOS Routing Algorithm for MPLS Networks Using Delay and Bandwidth Constraints Santosh Kulkarni 1, Reema Sharma 2,Ishani Mishra 3 1 Department of ECE, KSSEM Bangalore,MIEEE, MIETE & ISTE 2 Department
More informationSoftware Quality Characteristics Tested For Mobile Application Development
Thesis no: MGSE-2015-02 Software Quality Characteristics Tested For Mobile Application Developent Literature Review and Epirical Survey WALEED ANWAR Faculty of Coputing Blekinge Institute of Technology
More informationEquivalent Tapped Delay Line Channel Responses with Reduced Taps
Equivalent Tapped Delay Line Channel Responses with Reduced Taps Shweta Sagari, Wade Trappe, Larry Greenstein {shsagari, trappe, ljg}@winlab.rutgers.edu WINLAB, Rutgers University, North Brunswick, NJ
More informationDynamic right-sizing for power-proportional data centers Extended version
1 Dynaic right-sizing for power-proportional data centers Extended version Minghong Lin, Ada Wieran, Lachlan L. H. Andrew and Eno Thereska Abstract Power consuption iposes a significant cost for data centers
More informationINTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR STORING AND HANDLING INFORMATION IN TASKS OF INDUCTIVE MODELLING FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
Artificial Intelligence Methods and Techniques for Business and Engineering Applications 210 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR STORING AND HANDLING INFORMATION IN TASKS OF INDUCTIVE MODELLING FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
More informationADJUSTING FOR QUALITY CHANGE
ADJUSTING FOR QUALITY CHANGE 7 Introduction 7.1 The easureent of changes in the level of consuer prices is coplicated by the appearance and disappearance of new and old goods and services, as well as changes
More informationModeling Nurse Scheduling Problem Using 0-1 Goal Programming: A Case Study Of Tafo Government Hospital, Kumasi-Ghana
Modeling Nurse Scheduling Proble Using 0-1 Goal Prograing: A Case Study Of Tafo Governent Hospital, Kuasi-Ghana Wallace Agyei, Willia Obeng-Denteh, Eanuel A. Andaa Abstract: The proble of scheduling nurses
More informationLocal Area Network Management
Technology Guidelines for School Coputer-based Technologies Local Area Network Manageent Local Area Network Manageent Introduction This docuent discusses the tasks associated with anageent of Local Area
More informationRecovery Modeling in MPLS Networks
Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Computer and Communication Engineering, ICCCE 06 Vol. I, 9-11 May 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Recovery Modeling in MPLS Networks Wajdi Al-Khateeb 1, Sufyan Al-Irhayim
More informationApproximately-Perfect Hashing: Improving Network Throughput through Efficient Off-chip Routing Table Lookup
Approxiately-Perfect ing: Iproving Network Throughput through Efficient Off-chip Routing Table Lookup Zhuo Huang, Jih-Kwon Peir, Shigang Chen Departent of Coputer & Inforation Science & Engineering, University
More informationEvaluating the Effectiveness of Task Overlapping as a Risk Response Strategy in Engineering Projects
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Task Overlapping as a Risk Response Strategy in Engineering Projects Lucas Grèze Robert Pellerin Nathalie Perrier Patrice Leclaire February 2011 CIRRELT-2011-11 Bureaux
More informationESTIMATING LIQUIDITY PREMIA IN THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT SECURITIES MARKET
ESTIMATING LIQUIDITY PREMIA IN THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT SECURITIES MARKET Francisco Alonso, Roberto Blanco, Ana del Río and Alicia Sanchis Banco de España Banco de España Servicio de Estudios Docuento de
More informationExploiting Hardware Heterogeneity within the Same Instance Type of Amazon EC2
Exploiting Hardware Heterogeneity within the Sae Instance Type of Aazon EC2 Zhonghong Ou, Hao Zhuang, Jukka K. Nurinen, Antti Ylä-Jääski, Pan Hui Aalto University, Finland; Deutsch Teleko Laboratories,
More informationThe AGA Evaluating Model of Customer Loyalty Based on E-commerce Environment
6 JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 4, NO. 3, MAY 009 The AGA Evaluating Model of Custoer Loyalty Based on E-coerce Environent Shaoei Yang Econoics and Manageent Departent, North China Electric Power University,
More informationHow To Balance Over Redundant Wireless Sensor Networks Based On Diffluent
Load balancing over redundant wireless sensor networks based on diffluent Abstract Xikui Gao Yan ai Yun Ju School of Control and Coputer Engineering North China Electric ower University 02206 China Received
More informationGenerating Certification Authority Authenticated Public Keys in Ad Hoc Networks
SECURITY AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.co). Generating Certification Authority Authenticated Public Keys in Ad Hoc Networks G. Kounga 1, C. J.
More informationA Study on the Chain Restaurants Dynamic Negotiation Games of the Optimization of Joint Procurement of Food Materials
International Journal of Coputer Science & Inforation Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 6, No 1, February 2014 A Study on the Chain estaurants Dynaic Negotiation aes of the Optiization of Joint Procureent of Food
More informationLecture L9 - Linear Impulse and Momentum. Collisions
J. Peraire, S. Widnall 16.07 Dynaics Fall 009 Version.0 Lecture L9 - Linear Ipulse and Moentu. Collisions In this lecture, we will consider the equations that result fro integrating Newton s second law,
More informationThe individual neurons are complicated. They have a myriad of parts, subsystems and control mechanisms. They convey information via a host of
CHAPTER 4 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 4. INTRODUCTION Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are relatively crude electronic odels based on the neural structure of the brain. The brain learns fro experience.
More informationProtecting Small Keys in Authentication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
Protecting Sall Keys in Authentication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Kalvinder Singh Australia Developent Laboratory, IBM and School of Inforation and Counication Technology, Griffith University
More informationThe Research of Measuring Approach and Energy Efficiency for Hadoop Periodic Jobs
Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthascience.ae 206 The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal, 2015, 8, 206-210 Open Access The Research of Measuring Approach and Energy Efficiency for Hadoop Periodic
More informationAN ALGORITHM FOR REDUCING THE DIMENSION AND SIZE OF A SAMPLE FOR DATA EXPLORATION PROCEDURES
Int. J. Appl. Math. Coput. Sci., 2014, Vol. 24, No. 1, 133 149 DOI: 10.2478/acs-2014-0011 AN ALGORITHM FOR REDUCING THE DIMENSION AND SIZE OF A SAMPLE FOR DATA EXPLORATION PROCEDURES PIOTR KULCZYCKI,,
More informationSUPPORTING YOUR HIPAA COMPLIANCE EFFORTS
WHITE PAPER SUPPORTING YOUR HIPAA COMPLIANCE EFFORTS Quanti Solutions. Advancing HIM through Innovation HEALTHCARE SUPPORTING YOUR HIPAA COMPLIANCE EFFORTS Quanti Solutions. Advancing HIM through Innovation
More informationEfficient Key Management for Secure Group Communications with Bursty Behavior
Efficient Key Manageent for Secure Group Counications with Bursty Behavior Xukai Zou, Byrav Raaurthy Departent of Coputer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE68588, USA Eail:
More informationIntroduction to the Microsoft Sync Framework. Michael Clark Development Manager Microsoft
Introduction to the Michael Clark Developent Manager Microsoft Agenda Why Is Sync both Interesting and Hard Sync Fraework Overview Using the Sync Fraework Future Directions Suary Why Is Sync Iportant Coputing
More informationInsurance Spirals and the Lloyd s Market
Insurance Spirals and the Lloyd s Market Andrew Bain University of Glasgow Abstract This paper presents a odel of reinsurance arket spirals, and applies it to the situation that existed in the Lloyd s
More informationInvestigation and Comparison of MPLS QoS Solution and Differentiated Services QoS Solutions
Investigation and Comparison of MPLS QoS Solution and Differentiated Services QoS Solutions Steve Gennaoui, Jianhua Yin, Samuel Swinton, and * Vasil Hnatyshin Department of Computer Science Rowan University
More informationGeometrico-static Analysis of Under-constrained Cable-driven Parallel Robots
Geoetrico-static Analysis of Under-constrained Cable-driven Parallel Robots M. Carricato and J.-P. Merlet 1 DIEM - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy, e-ail: arco.carricato@ail.ing.unibo.it
More informationMulti Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a core networking technology that
MPLS and MPLS VPNs: Basics for Beginners Christopher Brandon Johnson Abstract Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a core networking technology that operates essentially in between Layers 2 and 3 of
More informationFuzzy Evaluation on Network Security Based on the New Algorithm of Membership Degree Transformation M(1,2,3)
324 JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 4, NO. 5, JULY 29 Fuzzy Evaluation on Networ Security Based on the New Algorith of Mebership Degree Transforation M(,2,3) Hua Jiang School of Econoics and Manageent, Hebei
More informationData Set Generation for Rectangular Placement Problems
Data Set Generation for Rectangular Placeent Probles Christine L. Valenzuela (Muford) Pearl Y. Wang School of Coputer Science & Inforatics Departent of Coputer Science MS 4A5 Cardiff University George
More informationInformation Processing Letters
Inforation Processing Letters 111 2011) 178 183 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Inforation Processing Letters www.elsevier.co/locate/ipl Offline file assignents for online load balancing Paul
More informationA Soft Real-time Scheduling Server on the Windows NT
A Soft Real-tie Scheduling Server on the Windows NT Chih-han Lin, Hao-hua Chu, Klara Nahrstedt Departent of Coputer Science University of Illinois at Urbana Chapaign clin2, h-chu3, klara@cs.uiuc.edu Abstract
More informationData Streaming Algorithms for Estimating Entropy of Network Traffic
Data Streaing Algoriths for Estiating Entropy of Network Traffic Ashwin Lall University of Rochester Vyas Sekar Carnegie Mellon University Mitsunori Ogihara University of Rochester Jun (Ji) Xu Georgia
More informationREQUIREMENTS FOR A COMPUTER SCIENCE CURRICULUM EMPHASIZING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT AREA: CURRICULUM ISSUES
REQUIREMENTS FOR A COMPUTER SCIENCE CURRICULUM EMPHASIZING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT AREA: CURRICULUM ISSUES Charles Reynolds Christopher Fox reynolds @cs.ju.edu fox@cs.ju.edu Departent of Coputer
More informationAnalysis of traffic engineering parameters while using multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and traditional IP networks
Analysis of traffic engineering parameters while using multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and traditional IP networks Faiz Ahmed Electronic Engineering Institute of Communication Technologies, PTCL
More informationPartitioning Data on Features or Samples in Communication-Efficient Distributed Optimization?
Partitioning Data on Features or Saples in Counication-Efficient Distributed Optiization? Chenxin Ma Industrial and Systes Engineering Lehigh University, USA ch54@lehigh.edu Martin Taáč Industrial and
More informationPartitioned Elias-Fano Indexes
Partitioned Elias-ano Indexes Giuseppe Ottaviano ISTI-CNR, Pisa giuseppe.ottaviano@isti.cnr.it Rossano Venturini Dept. of Coputer Science, University of Pisa rossano@di.unipi.it ABSTRACT The Elias-ano
More informationMathematical Model for Glucose-Insulin Regulatory System of Diabetes Mellitus
Advances in Applied Matheatical Biosciences. ISSN 8-998 Volue, Nuber (0), pp. 9- International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.co Matheatical Model for Glucose-Insulin Regulatory Syste of
More informationThe Fundamentals of Modal Testing
The Fundaentals of Modal Testing Application Note 243-3 Η(ω) = Σ n r=1 φ φ i j / 2 2 2 2 ( ω n - ω ) + (2ξωωn) Preface Modal analysis is defined as the study of the dynaic characteristics of a echanical
More information( C) CLASS 10. TEMPERATURE AND ATOMS
CLASS 10. EMPERAURE AND AOMS 10.1. INRODUCION Boyle s understanding of the pressure-volue relationship for gases occurred in the late 1600 s. he relationships between volue and teperature, and between
More informationManaging Complex Network Operation with Predictive Analytics
Managing Coplex Network Operation with Predictive Analytics Zhenyu Huang, Pak Chung Wong, Patrick Mackey, Yousu Chen, Jian Ma, Kevin Schneider, and Frank L. Greitzer Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
More informationPosition Auctions and Non-uniform Conversion Rates
Position Auctions and Non-unifor Conversion Rates Liad Blurosen Microsoft Research Mountain View, CA 944 liadbl@icrosoft.co Jason D. Hartline Shuzhen Nong Electrical Engineering and Microsoft AdCenter
More information