Equipment. Lin muyan. Presented by: CocticaUwititonze Cell:+250 (0)

Transcription

1 Digital Medical Radiography Diagnostic (DR) system X-ray Equipment Presented by: CocticaUwititonze Cell:+250 (0) Lin muyan

2 1. Goals 2. Introduction 3. X-ray machine structure Content 4. Fundamental condition emerge x-ray 5. Digital radiography innovative 6. Installation and calibration 7. Troubleshooting procedure 8. Conclusion

3 The goals Goals: 1. To understand the Digital radiograph system 2. General structure of x-ray machine 3. Fundamental condition emerge x-ray 3. Installation and calibration process 4. Troubleshooting procedure

4 Introduction Medical imaging play a big role to study the human anatomy and physiology body X-ray based methods of medical imaging include conventional General X-ray radiography machine, computer tomography (CT), mammography and angiography Molecular imaging such as : leaner accelerator, gamma used in nuclear medicine and uses a variety of methods to visualize biological processes taking place in the cells of organisms. Small amounts of radioactive markers used

5 Introduction Other types of medical imaging are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound imaging. MRI and ultrasound operate without ionizing radiation. MRI uses strong magnetic fields, which produce no known irreversible biological effects in humans. ultrasound systems use the propagation of acoustic waves in attenuating media. high-frequency sound waves to produce images of soft tissue and internal body organs.

6 X-ray machine structure Quick questions 1. Major components of x-ray machine 2. which role of each part 3.What role of filament in the x-ray and which material 4. How the x-ray tube works 5. State three components of x-ray tube 6. What is CR 7. What is IP cassette

7 Answer X-Ray machine structure X-Ray Tube: X-Ray : to generate x-ray and shut High-Voltage Generator: Provide power to X-ray tube Controller: Control kv ma s The role of filament is to generate electrons Peripheral: Machinery and auxiliary device DR : computer Radiographer IP cassette: Image Plate store the image in form of energy.

8 ANALOGUE X-RAY machine structure

9 kvp Selector 3-5 or 12 volts volts 220/380 volts 80,000 to 125,000 volts filament

10 x-ray tube structure X-ray Tube Components 5 9 beryllium window

11 Thermionic Emission Release of electrons from hot filament when current flows after depressing exposure switch x-section hot filament of filament Space charge electrons The hotter the filament, the greater the quantity of electrons that are released, hence the higher the ma

12 X-ray Production 3

13 current flow Autotransformer Incoming 220 Volt line Volts per turn is the same across all turns V

14 Step-Up Transformer 220 volts current flow Primary Volts/turn in the primary Will always equal current flow Secondary Volts/turn in the secondary 65,000 to 90,000 volts

15 Step-Down Transformer 220 volts current flow Primary Volts/turn in the primary Will always equal 3-5 volts current flow Volts/turn in the secondary Secondary

16 Increasing kvp results in: Higher average energy of x-rays Greater maximum energy x-rays More x-rays

17 Quantity of X-rays ma (milliamperes) 10 ma 5 ma maximum energy (no change) average energy (no change) X-ray Energy (kev) 70

18 Quality penetrating ability Quantity number of x-rays

19 How to determine mas milliamperes (ma) x seconds (s) 50 cycles/impulses = 1 second 10 ma x.5 seconds = 5 mas 20 ma x.25 seconds = 5 mas 50 ma x.1 second = 5 mas

20 Increasing ma or Exposure Time results in: An increase in the quantity of x-rays produced No change in the quality of the x-ray beam

21 Automatic expose control Ion chamber Advantages Ionization chambers are used with digital imaging systems (DR or CR) as well as standard film systems. Ionization chambers are the sensors used in Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) systems for x-ray generators. AEC systems provide proper, reproducible film densities by automatically compensating for variables such as patient size, anatomy, pathology and positioning.

22 X-ray emission system

23 Digital Radiography innovative Although X-rays have been in existence since the early 1900s, digital radiography has only been around since However, since that time,. Popular imaging systems in use today include the CR and DR systems. CR, or computed radiography, uses an imaging cassette of phosphor to create digital images, and DR systems, or direct digital radiography, uses a collection plate for image capture. These two systems, along with related hardware and software units such as the DICOM digital format, PACS and RIS, have brought many medical facilities up to the modern age with state-of-the-art digital radiography capabilities.

24 Digital Radiography innovative In the 1990s, a shift in digital radiography was made. X-ray images, it was discovered, could be stored on phosphor screens, and this formed the basis of today's CR imaging systems. Complementary PACS systems had their debut in 1982, in the DICOM imaging format, similar to the common JPEG format, can be stored on a server for archival purposes,

25 What is DR(Digital Radiography)? Digital radiography is a form of X-ray imaging, where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film. Advantages include time efficiency through bypassing chemical processing and the ability to digitally transfer and enhance images. Also less radiation can be used to produce an image of similar contrast to conventional radiography

26 What is DR(Digital Radiography)? Instead of X-ray film, digital radiography uses a digital image capture device. Advantages 1. Immediate image preview and availability 2. Elimination of costly film processing steps 3. Ability to apply special image processing techniques that enhance overall display of the image.

27 self stand RD with flat panel detector

28 Differents DR design (U arm ) Depend on the user request the manufacture are able to customize the stand goes along with detector and tube

29 Top mounting DR

30 Type of Digital Radiograph In X-ray radiography There are two different way to obtaining the Digital Image 1. Computer Radiography : (CR) by using IP cassette and reader 2. Digital Radiograph :(DR) by using Image detector and processed by CPU and review immediately NOTE: So far the DR has two different types Direct image detector : plat panel detector Indirect detector :by using Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)

31 What is CCD A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. CCDs move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins The CCD is a major piece of technology in digital imaging sensor to achieve a high pixel the apply Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Capacitor CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data is required

32 CR PROCESSOR ( IP -READER) The manage is captured on the Imaging Plate (IP) cassette and being processed by IP reader which is connected to the CPU with monitor in order to review the image and share with group of people (PACS ) Condition having DICOM protocol is required

33 CR (Computed Radiography) Semiconductor laser A/D converter CRT controller The Host computer Stimulable phosphor detetor Schematic showing formation of the latent image on the CR imaging plate (1) the plate being scanned by the laser beam (2) light photons being converted to electrical signal (3) and electrical signals being converted to digital signals, which form a CR image

34 IP Cassette processing BaFX Crystals Support X-ray Eeposure X-ray photons Unused Imaging Plate Recording the X-ray Imaging Reading Laser-Beam Scanning Light The Laser Beams Extracts the X-ray Image from the plate by Converting to Light Photo, which from a Light Image Erasing The Small Amount of Residual Image on the Plate is Thoroughly Erased by Flooding the Plate with Light The Erase Plate Can Be Used Again

35 Mobile X-ray machine with DR/ CR Today s technology mobile x-ray comes with DR option : wireless cassette, and CR, IP cassette option with screen which allow you review edit and send the image to the server! ISSN X = University without borders for the open society Volume: 4

36 CCD detector FLAT PANEL DETECTOR Different type of x- ray detector Different type of x-ray director ISSN X = University without borders for the open society Volume: 4

37 Different type of detectors Flat panel detector CCD detector

38 Indirect CCD detector * X-Ray CSI (a fluorescent substance) visible radiation focusing lens CCD Camera DATA (2) Expense is cheaper than FPD method but image processing speed is slow (3) Image quality is low than FPD method and require high dose (4) Geometric false occurs after change light during focusing process

39 * Indirect measuring method (CSI-FPD) CSI changes X-ray to light. a-si: H changes strength of light to electronic signal and send TFT array. It is sensitive to light. (1) X-Ray CSI (a fluorescent substance) visible radiation P h o t o d i o d e electronic signal TFT DATA

40 1. Hardware structure Detector Technology (Indirect / Direct)

41 * Direct measuring method (a-se-fpd) a-se absorbs X-ray photon and high voltage is approved to make ionized Selenium collector electrode collects ionized Selenium and sends TFT array. (1) X-Ray A-Se electronic signal TFT DATA(no light transforming procedure) (2) Comparing indirect DR method, X-ray image is good because it h a s no diffusion of light (3) It needs high voltage approval because of Selenium physical feature. (4) Image reproducibility is not good by ghost effect (5) A manufacturing process is s i m p l e and than indirect DR method but need high ISSN irradiation X = University condition. without

42

43 2. CR and DR comparison to get X-ray image 3) Strength and Weakness Strength(DR) - Availability of various diagnosis - Obtain same image quality - Improve work efficiency - low radiation dosage - Easy data base - Easy application to PACS Weakness (CR) - Need clinical study - Smaller image than real size - Heavy error possibility by wrong set up - Increase clinical expense - low examination efficiency by radiologist work load increase - Slow speed than conventional system

44 Film(Analog Radiography) Digital Radiography Information Capacity Detector Storage 10^2.5(=300; 8 bit) ~ 10^3.5(=3000; 12bit) Limited information capacity depending on brightness of view box. 1500cd/m^2 viewbox brightness: 10^2.8=630 (9 bit) at least 3000cd/m^2 viewbox brightness(mamo): max. 10^3.1=1260(10bit) * The eyes of human can be reading up to 6 bit, therefore after covering up reading area for adjusting the eyes, then reading a image. storage film wareroom Large area requires easy to lose contaminate easily by moisture. 14bit(16384) ~ 16bit(65536) Current maximum monitor brightness: 700cd/m^2 = possibly reading 10^2.5=316(8bit) Brightness/Contrast adjustment requires for reading remain information. Digital storage through hard disk or CD-ROM Copy 30% lose of information for 1 copy. Unlimited Maintenance film cost + developing cost + waste water treatment cost+ developing room rental cost/film wareroom rental/maintain cost + film management (storage/find) cost basic storage device + backup cost (CD-ROM/labor cost) + storage device extension cost Retaking rate abnormality of exposure condition+ film + abnormality of film development contamination and lost Retaking rate is very low. System price USD10,000~USD50,000 USD100,000~USD500,000

45 X-ray hard ware system CCD Detector, tube, generator and console

46 DR SOFTWARE REQUEREMENT IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE COMUNICATION BETWEEN THE Detector, Generator and the tube, you must have a communication software compatible with detector the software also communicate with DICOM in order to form digital image format for send and save to Picture Achieving System (PACS) and RIS system

47 X-ray generator: Hv transformer and capacity tank

48 DR software system SOFTWARE COMUNICATION AND REVIEW IMAGE ACQUISITION AND REVIEW

49 X-RAY INSTALLATION /MOUNTING THE TUBE I self have never assemble the x-ray machine before, but I fund it easy spent 5 hours You Just need to know the procedures repair should be..less

50 3 Diagnostic Area Un- Exposed Film screen Cassette storage Film viewing and Diagnosis area (light box) X-ray Procedure ROOM 7 8 Film processing Area (dark room) 1 13 X-ray Requisition Dispatcher and patient Escort Area X-ray tube Bucky tray 4 X-ray ISSN Generator X = University without

51 Engineers at work / installation and adjusting

52 X-RAY TUBE WIRE CONNECTIONS

53 Installation X-ray tube wire connection -With rotating anode connection wires(x2) X-ray tube wire connection small & larger Filaments wire connection wires(4) Ground wire (x1)

54 Connecting the flat panel detector to the HV generator

55 plat panel installation plat panel installation following wire need to be connected Ethernet cable, power supply,cable to the generator data transportation cable once the Flat panel communicated with software there is green light indication

56 Flat panel and generator calibration After each installation you have to align the flat panel and ma calibration follow the manufacture instructions

57 X-ray calibration Ma calibration ma calibration procedure From low dose to the maximum select ma and kvp -~ dose to the maximum ma and measure the ma output by using oscilloscope

58 How can you upgrade your Analogue x- ray machine to DR It is quite simple and cheep Even you x-ray in 15 years old it is possible to upgrade 1. you need a professional camera and Image intensifier to detect x-ray, it package with software DETECTOR CAMERA And small modification on Generator The cost is aloud 7,000~12,000 $ wherever you have a limited funds for new DR system you can upgrade Digital is an engineer responsibility to bring the innovative in your envelopment

59 ISSN X = University without borders for the open society Volume: 4 hat is the best field in biomedical engineering its: because it pays a lot

60 Road what you can deriver

61 Troubleshooting procedure Wait a second!!! it is very important that you fulfill following skills understand the schematic system : image acquisition chain Basic computer communication system : check software, IP address, internet skills?? Electronics or electrical skills?? Do you have test tools such as: voltmeter and oscilloscope

62 RD common error software problem Error sending image to server check the internet connection /speed CPU overheat check the fan / dust, heat dismiss, IP address conflict Wire disconnection check internet protocol check the wire disconnect/ loosen CPU memory crashed Replace memory

63 DR- common error X-ray generator Error on console : consult the service manual board number, error number Power supply error try to hear the burn smell generator gives error :blinking LED generator gives error :blinking LED measure on generator test point easy to find components or wire burned check the board connection / insert property check incoming power supply fuses Identify the defective board see if you can measure the components lever specially power supply board there is chance to repair

64 RD common error x-ray tube Error code. filament open the cup mesure both filament independently in case one filament gone use the second one with limited exposure : filament board / transformer error the anode is not rotating tube over heat check the anode wire for power supply check anode rotation : bearing problem System is normal, but no x-ray emitted check the collimator sliding plate/

65 common error / analogue machines user interface setting film /photo is too blight Auto exposure ( no) / if not increase KVp,mA film /photo is too dark Auto exposure(no) / if not decrease KVp, &ma Patient table is not moving : check the ac motor : coil, fuse, power supply, belt,. no communication with Generator check the wire disconnect/ loosen Automatic expose not function check the expose ionization chamber

66 Troubleshooting principal Precautions! Playing With 120,000Volts~ and 500~ kgs of gear No guessing!! I know you can handle but be careful!!! The role ( KISS)

67 The questions we should ask our self Is there any hospital : private public which need to digitizer they x-ray machine Can we fix the issue for them by transforming the ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL Do you know where to buy camera? do you know how to install?

68 ISSN X = University without borders for the open society Volume: 4 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!