Basics of NWP & Practices at TSMS
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1 BASICS of NWP & Practices at TSMS Meteorological Data Formats ( netcdf / GRIB2 / BUFR CREX ) Tayfun DALKILIÇ Meteoroloji Müh. tdalkilic@meteor.gov.tr
2 Before Meteorological code forms!.. Global Observations GOS Global Telecominication GTS Global Data Processing System GDPS Forecasters Observers
3 ASCII code forms!... Global Observations GOS Global Telecominication GTS Global Data Processing System GDPS Forecasters Observers
4 BINARY kod formları!... Global Observations GOS Global Telecominication GTS Global Data Processing System GDPS Forecasters Automatic Observations and Automatic Coding
5 Overview of data formats ASCII ppm ppm ppm ppm Time Series (CO2 concentration) a) Unix or Dos? b) JUN1995 or ? c) Missing data? d) Header or README? e) File size and transfer?
6 Overview of data formats BINARY 1025 shown as 4-byte integer (little endian) (big endian) a) Little-endian or Big-endian? b) Formated or Unformated? c) 32-bit or 64-bit? 32 bit ==> 0-4,294,967, bit ==> 0-18,446,744,073,709,551,615
7 TDCF (Table Driven Code Forms) GRIB / BUFR / CREX Problems: The increasing size of data Precision of data (T= ) Complex model and observation data Forms of the old code is a fixed format More frequent observation data (min, sec etc.) Solutions: Self Describing feature Flexibility Extensibility Data compression
8 TDCF GRIB GRIdded Binary Forecast, Analyse, Climate, Satelite data BUFR - Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data. Observations and Satelite CREX Character form for the Representation and EXchange of meteorogical and other data. ASCII
9 TDCF Definition: GRIB/BUFR/CREX Header: Tarih, zaman, tablo versiyonu... Optional section: Metadata (XML...)... Data description: Explanation about Data Data: Data stored here End: 7777
10 NETCDF (NEtwork Common Data Format)
11 NETCDF (Network Common Data Format) Self-Describing: Portable: Direct-access: Machine-independent: Appendable: Sharable: Archivable:
12 NETCDF (Network Common Data Format) a) Source Code: b) Fortran, C/C++, Perl, MATLAB, Python, Java c) NetCDF interfaces and programs: i. ncview ii. VisAD iii. PyNGL and PyNIO iv. CDO (Climate Data Operators) v. MM5toNetcdf vi. WRF
13 NETCDF (New Record) NF90_CREATE! - Create a new record... NF90_DEF_DIM! - Defining the size of data (i, j)... NF90_DEF_VAR! - Definition of variables (name, type, etc.)... NF90_ENDDEF! - End of definition section... NF90_PUT_VAR! - Assigning variables... NF90_CLOSE! - Saving the file and closed
14 description section TEXT > FORTRAN 90 > netcdf program netcdf_yaz use netcdf implicit none character (len = *), parameter :: FILE_NAME = "sample.nc"! 6 x 12 grid. integer, parameter :: NDIMS = 2 integer, parameter :: NX = 6, NY = 12 integer ::retval,x,y,x_dimid, y_dimid integer :: ncid, varid, dimids(ndims) integer :: data_out(ny, NX) do x = 1, NX do y = 1, NY data_out(y, x) = (x - 1) * NY + (y - 1) end do end do retval=nf90_create(file_name, NF90_CLOBBER, ncid) retval=nf90_def_dim(ncid, "x", NX, x_dimid) retval=nf90_def_dim(ncid, "y", NY, y_dimid) dimids = (/ y_dimid, x_dimid /) retval= nf90_def_var(ncid, "data", NF90_INT, dimids, varid) retval= nf90_enddef(ncid) retval= nf90_put_var(ncid, varid, data_out) retval= nf90_close(ncid) end program netcdf_yaz Fortran 90 Source code gfortran -ffree-form write-netcdf.f -o write-netcdf.x -I/usr/local/include -lnetcdf
15 NETCDF (Old Record) NF90_OPEN! - Open existing NetCDF record... NF90_INQ_DIMID! - Inquire... NF90_INQ_VARID! - Inquire... NF90_GET_VAR! - Read the data... NF90_CLOSE! - Close the record
16 netcdf > FORTRAN 90 > TEXT program read_netcdf use netcdf implicit none character (len = *), parameter :: FILE_NAME = "deneme.nc"!6 x 12 grid. integer, parameter :: NX = 6, NY = 12 integer :: data_in(ny, NX) integer :: ncid, varid,retval integer :: i,j retval=nf90_open(file_name, NF90_NOWRITE, ncid) retval=nf90_inq_varid(ncid, "data", varid) retval=nf90_get_var(ncid, varid, data_in) retval=nf90_close(ncid) Fortran 90 kaynak kod print*,data_in end program read_netcdf gfortran -ffree-form read-netcdf.f -o read-netcdf.x -I/usr/local/include -lnetcdf
17 netcdf > PYTHON (pyngl) #!/usr/bin/python import Numeric,Nio netcdf_dosya=nio.open_file("deneme.nc","r") veri=netcdf_dosya.variables["data"][:,:] print veri [[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]]
![variables["data"][:,:] print veri [[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11] [12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21](/docs-images/41/1451592/images/page_17.jpg "22 23] [24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35] [36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47] [48 49 50")
![netcdf > NCVIEW [[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11] [12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23] [24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34](/docs-images/22/1451592/images/18-0.png "35] [36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47] [48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59] [60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70")
18 netcdf > NCVIEW [[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]]
![35] [36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47] [48 49 50 51 52](/docs-images/41/1451592/images/page_18.jpg "53 54 55 56 57 58 59] [60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70")
19 WRF (Weather Research & Forecast) The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a next-generation mesocale numerical weather prediction system designed to serve both operational forecasting and atmospheric research needs WRF sample maps SST LAND USE
20 GRIB2 (GRIded Binary) GRIB Edition 2
21 GRID, GRIB, GRIB2 GRID, ASCII GRIB, binary Edition 0, 1985 Edition 1, 1990 GRIB Edition 2 (i.e. GRIB2), EPS data,...
22 Why GRIB2? Archiving and data transfer: Multi-dimensional data Long periyodical data (iklim modelleri) EPS missing data is not available Floating point (IEEE) is mising No support for small time-steps No support for Cross-sections No support for Hovmöller Diagramları
23 GRIB1 Section 0 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Indicator section: GRIB Product definition section Grid description section Bit map section Binary data section Section 5 End section: 7777 GRIB1 Operational Usage: GTS World Area Forecast Centres (WAFC) ICAO ECMWF Archiving etc...
24 GRIB2 Section Number Section Name Section Contents Section 0: Indicator Section GRIB", Discipline, GRIB Edition number, length of message Section 1: Identification Section Length of section, section number, characteristics that apply to all processed data in the GRIB message Section 2: Local Use Section (optional) Length of section, section number, additional items for local use by originating centres Section 3: Grid Definition Section Length of section, section number, definition of grid surface and geometry of data values within the surface Section 4: Product Definition Section Length of Section, section number, description of the nature of the data Section 5: Data Representation Section Length of section, section number, description of how the data values are represented Section 6: Bit-Map Section Length of section, section number, indication of presence or absence of data at each grid point, as applicable Section 7: Data Section Length of section, section number, data values Section 8: End Section "7777"
25 GRIB2
26 Section 0 Section 0: Indicator bölümü Octets 1-4: GRIB in ASCII (i.e ) Octets 5-6: Reserved (normally set to 0) Octet 7: Discipline (CT 0.0, e.g. 3 for space) Octet 8: GRIB edition number (2) Octets 9-16: Total length in octets
27 Section 1 Section 1 Identification bölümü Octets 1-4: Section length Octet 5: Section number (1) Octets 6-9: Originating centre and sub-centre Octets 10-11: Master and local table version numbers Octet 12: Time significance (CT 1.2, e.g. 3 for observation time) Octets 13-19: Date / time Octet 20: Production status of data (CT 1.3, e.g. 0 for operational data) Octet 21: Type of data (CT 1.4, e.g. 7 for processed radar observations)
28 Repeatable Repeatable Repeatable Repetition GRIB2 some of the sections can be repeated (no support in GRIB1 ) Section 0 (Indicator) Section 1 (Identifier) Section 2 (Local use) Section 3 (Grid) Section 4 (Product) Section 5 (Data Rep n ) Section 6 (Bit map) Section 7 (Data) Section 8 (Ending)
29 Repetition Section 0 (Indicator) Section 1 (Identifier) Section 3 (Grid) Section 4 (Product) Section 5 (Data Rep n ) Section 6 (Bit map) Section 7 (Data) Section 4 (Product) Section 5 (Data Rep n ) Section 6 (Bit map) Section 7 (Data) Section 4 (Product) Section 5 (Data Rep n ) Section 6 (Bit map) Section 7 (Data) Section 8 (Ending) 0600Z 1200Z 1800Z Repetition 4-7
30 Section 3 Grid definitions (GRIB1, Section 2) Grid Definition Template (GDT) GDT 3.0: Latitude/Longitude (or equidistant cylindrical, or Plate Carrée) 3.1: Rotated Latitude/Longitude (or equidistant cylindrical, or Plate Carrée) 3.2: Stretched Latitude/Longitude (or equidistant cylindrical, or Plate Carrée) 3.3: Stretched and Rotated Latitude/Longitude (or equidistant cylindrical, or Plate Carrée) 3.20: Polar Stereographic 3.90: Space view perspective, or orthographic
31 Section 4 Product Definition Section (GRIB1, Section 1) PDT (Product Definition Templates) 4.0: Analysis or forecast on horizontal level or layer at a point in time 4.1 to 4.4: Various information pertaining to ensemble forecast systems 4.5: Probability forecast on horizontal level or layer at a point in time 4.7: Analysis or forecast error on horizontal level or layer at a point in time 4.20: Radar products 4.30: Satellite products Hybrid sigma levels.
32 Section 5 Data representation (GRIB1, Section 4 ile) Some DRTs have been developed, e.g. 5.0: Grid point data - simple packing 5.1: Matrix values at grid point - simple packing 5.2: Grid point data - complex packing 5.3: Grid point data - complex packing and spatial differencing 5.50: Spectral data - simple packing 5.51: Spherical harmonics data - complex packing Section 5 also gives total number of data values to be found in Section 7
33 Cloud Cover Section 6 Section 6:Bit map bölümü Octets 1-4: Length of section Octet 5: Section number (6) Octet 6: Bit map indicator (CT 6.0) Octets 7 - xx: Bit map (if present) Section 7 DATA Section END - Rain
34 FM92 GRIB, Edition 2, Code Form and Tables FM92-GRIB pdf
35 SIMPLE and COMPLEX PACKING (grib2) Simple Packing: Y x 10 D = R + (X1 + X2) x 2 E Complex Packing Y x 10 D = R + (X1 + X2) x 2 E
36 WGRIB2 Source Code: Supported Platforms: Llinux x86_32 (Redhat), x86_64 (SUSE 10.1,gcc-4.1.0) AIX Solaris, gnu make ve gcc ye ihtiyaç var XP, cygwin kullanarak Sample: wgrib2 sample.grib2 1.1:0:d= :HGT:500 mb:24 hour fcst: 1.2:0:d= :TMP:850 mb:24 hour fcst: 1.3:0:d= :UGRD:850 mb:24 hour fcst: 1.4:0:d= :VGRD:850 mb:24 hour fcst: 1.5:0:d= :APCP:surface:6 hour acc,18 hour+ fcst:
37 Samples:... 1-) wgrib2 -center sample.grib2 2-) wgrib2 -ftime sample.grib2 3-) wgrib2 -nxny sample.grib2 4-) wgrib2 -T sample.grib2 5-) wgrib2 -Sec0 sample.grib2 6-) wgrib2 -text_col 129 -text deneme.txt sample.grib2 7-) wgrib2 sample.grib2 grep ":APCP:" wgrib2 -i sample.grib2 -text_col 129 -text dump.txt
38 PYGRIB2 Source Code: Supported Platforms: Python 2.3 veya daha üst bir versiyon numpy pyproj Samples: python Python 2.4 (#1, Mar , 21:42:42) [GCC (prerelease) (SUSE Linux)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import grib2 >>> grb = grib2.grib2decode('sample.grib2') >>> print grb :1:1:Geopotential height [gpm]:50000 Pa (Isobaric surface):24 Hour Forecast initialized :Polar stereographic: :1:2:Temperature [K]:85000 Pa (Isobaric surface):24 Hour Forecast initialized :Polar stereographic: :1:3:u-component of wind [m s-1]:85000 Pa (Isobaric surface):24 Hour Forecast initialized :Polar stereographic: :1:4:v-component of wind [m s-1]:85000 Pa (Isobaric surface):24 Hour Forecast initialized :Polar stereographic: :1:5:Total precipitation [kg m-2]:(ground or water surface):6 Hour Accumulation from 18 Hour Forecast initialized :Polar stereographic
39 PYGRIB2 Python (#1, May , 08:13:46) [GCC (SUSE Linux)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import grib2 >>> grb = grib2.grib2decode('ght925.grib2') >>> data=grb.getfld(0) >>> data[0][0]
40 ECWMF GRIB ENCODE - DECODE grib_api tar.gz GRIB2 encoder/decoder C
41 GRIB_API grib_ls ght925.grib2 ==> list of parameters GRIB grib_dump -OtaH ght925.grib2 > dump.txt ==> contents of GRIB (octets) grib_copy -w lev=500 sample.grib2 out.grb ==> copy fields grib2ppm ght925.grib2 > ght.ppm
42 GRIB_API #include <grib_api.h> main(){ grib_handle* g = NULL; int err = 0; FILE* f = fopen("ght925.grib2","r"); g = grib_handle_new_from_file(0,f,&err); long date = 0; grib_get_long(g,"date",&date); printf("the date is %ld \n", date); fclose(f); grib_handle_delete(g); } wgrib2 -t ght925.grib2 grib_ls ght925.grib2 gcc -g -O2 -o grib2_date.x grib2_date.c -lgrib_api -lm
43 NCEP GRIB ENCODE - DECODE g2lib tar GRIB2 encoder/decoder (Fortran90) w3lib-1.3.tar GRIB1 encoder/decoder (Fortran90) cnvgrib tar GRIB1 <--> GRIB2 dönüşümü. g2lib ve w3lib kütüphanelerine ihtiyaç duyar. (Fortran90) g2clib tar GRIB2 encoder/decoder ("C" versiyonu)
44 BUFR (Binary Universal Form for the Representation of Meteorological data)
45 BUFR BUFR was created, circa 1989, with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). Encoders/Decoders can be used without making any change Data size makes it easy movement of large files Data can be processed efficiently Easy to store in local database
46 BUFR Sections of BUFR 0 Indicator section 1 Identification section 2 Optional local use section 3 Data description section 4 Data section 5 End of message Octets 1-4 BUFR Octets 5-7 Total length of the mesg. Octet 8 Edition number Data can be compressed
47 BUFR MESAJI NASIL GORUNUR? B U F R end of section 0 + octet number binary string octet number binary string end of section 1 + octet number binary string end of section 3 + octet number binary string end of section octet number binary string end of section 5 octet number 3 4 binary string
48 BUFR / CREX (ENCODE - DECODE) NCEP ECMWF BUFR NCEP ECMWF CREX
49 BUFR ve CREX Arasındaki Farklılıklar BUFR BUFR binary BUFR compressing BUFR SI unit system CREX CREX ASCII CREX no support for compressing CREX other units can be used In general, BUFR and CREX are very similar to each other. CREX is human readable
50 CREX CREX++ T A000 B11001 B CREX edition1, WMO master table version 1 OBS: Wind velocity and speed rüzgar 1: 260 degrees, 24.6 m/s rüzgar 2: 030 degrees, 13.7 m/s
51 THANK YOU!...
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