Construction of Micro Hydropower plant aimed at Energy self-supporting system

Transcription

1 Construction of Micro Hydropower plant aimed at Energy self-supporting system 1. Situation of Micro Hydropower in Cambodia 1.1. Micro Hydropower Overview Definition and Classification Small hydropower is defined as a method of electric power production using potential energy of river or reservoir's flow and head drop. In Cambodia, Micro Hydropower refers to 300kW hydro power or below (usually, 100kW or below) and its classification standard differs from country to country Current Status of Micro Hydropower (1) MHP Development Area - Mondul Kiri Mondul Kiri is selected as the most proper place for Micro Hydropower construction in Cambodia. Micro-hydropower in O Romis and O Moleng is the representative success case of different types of dams' proper installation fitting to geographical location conditions in Mondul Kiri. (2) O MOLENG in Mondul Kiri Energy production of O MOLENG is around 180kW and power output is approximately 170kW. Electricity demand in 2013 is expected to increase to MW class, resulting from rapid population growth and industrial development. (3) O ROMIS in Mondul Kiri Energy production in O ROMIS is around 215KW Water way has been installed to increase head drop from 1~2 meters to 25 meters or higher so that this hydro-power plant transfers potential energy of 25m or more to electrical energy. (4) Current Status of Potential Additional MHP Construction Area in Mondul Kiri (Prek Dak deur) Prek Dak deur is a potential area for two additional MHP plants of 250kw class. Construction plan should be established first for preliminary investigation of potential MHP construction areas in Mondul Kiri Potential and Value of Micro Hydropower in Cambodia Characteristics of Resources in Cambodia Geographical characteristics: typical basic topography, mostly plains in Cambodia but more mountainous terrains as approaching to the border area. Climate characteristics: Southeast Asia's typical Monsoon climate with repeated dry season and wet season 1

2 Resource characteristics: Abundant water resources and the world's largest freshwater fish species of approximately one hundred million ton. Plentiful ecology resource of jungles with natural ecosystem Micro Hydropower is expected to play an important role by using Cambodia's abundant water resources with its other natural resources Suitability for Cambodia's Unique Characteristics Hydropower was used as energy source from Sihanouk Kingdom before Khmer Rouge Regime and they have old but experienced experts. Cambodia's peculiarities should be maintained and preserved by inheriting knowhow from the old experienced-experts, integrating new hydropower technology and developing future professional manpower Conformity to Local Industry Development Plan of Cambodian Government Power supply to surrounding areas through Micro Hydropower construction will contribute to development of food processing or creative crafts manufacturing industries. In terms of hydro power plant construction scale, micro hydropower construction will be influential since it can be expanded to both Pico and Small Size. 2. Challenges and Necessary Technology 2.1. Challenges and Needs Primary industry in Cambodia needs to solve the present issue of necessary power supply and accomplish the vision of 'Self-sustaining industry development and achievement of competitiveness in Cambodia' with the goal of association effects with other industries by securing core competence in the medium or longer term. Micro Hydropower Plant has been selected because micro-hydropower should be considered so that demand supply can reach to 100% for not only metropolitan surrounding areas but also farms Purpose and Scope Purpose The purpose of this action plan is 'Micro Hydropower Plant Construction and professional manpower development in hydropower field for effective use of potential water resources in Cambodia'. The vision of Cambodia's Micro Hydropower aimed by this action plan is 'Contribution to Industry Promotion through Cambodia's Limitless Resources Development and Use'. The direction of the action plan is 'Self-Construction of Micro Hydropower Plant by Building Technological Competencies' Scope and Checkpoint The scope of the action plan is Micro Hydropower Plant (MHP between 250kW and 300 kw) Construction and relevant expert development. Needs-based frame work should be designed for effective implementation of action plan. 2

3 Appropriate technological capabilities and self-construction ability can be developed by training micro hydropower experts Necessary Technology and Implementation Directions Necessary Technology (1) Composition Principal of MHP System MHP that can be constructed in the area with flowing water current such as small stream or water in valley is eco-friendly renewable energy system which is very effective compared to its cost. The overall structure of system consists of intake, water head, penstock or hydraulic pipe, turbine, tailrace or spillway, etc. The optimum combination according to selected areas and consumer's various needs should be found for effective power generation. (2) MHP Structure and Relevant Technology MHP is consisted of a lot of components including turbine and its structure is a miniature of small hydropower structure. Turbine generator manufacturing technology proper to characteristics of MHP is very important. In Cambodia, high-level technology would rather be a goal in the medium and longer term. In the early stage, understanding and use of peripheral operation techniques and maintenance techniques should be focused, considering its difficulties. (3) Core Technology Requiring Further Development Core technologies requiring further development in MHP is as follows; 1 Water Resources Research and Application Technology Divided into river-related general technology and eco-friendly design technology Localization and Standardized Technology of Turbine Generator Turbine, power generator, power converter, ancillary equipment, standardization and simplification technology System Protection and Simplification Technology of Automation Equipment Divided into system protection technology such as power transmission system equipment and monitoring diagnosis and automation technology including integrated operation and information security Performance Evaluation and Modernized Technology of Turbine Generator Facility Effective Implementation Directions (1) Issue Sharing Facing Issue Major and small hydropower's problems appeared in the previous development project should be solved. Hydro power plant is constructed and operated by external support, so it is hard for self-operation and self-management. Issue Related to Connection with Cambodia's Vision 1 Reconstructed by referring to 2011 to 2020 technology road map of small hydropower field in Korea 3

4 Cambodia government has established a goal of 100% power demand supply to urban area using hydropower and thermal power by Professional human resource development in hydropower field for self-construction and selfmanagement is urgently needed to effectively achieve the goal. (2) General Direction This project is to build hydropower technology capabilities through MHP plant construction on a trial basis. Thus, it should be planned so that technology and knowledge of correlated field can be effectively transferred. Since this project is expected to play a role as a catalyst for various MHP plant development projects, we should exert every effort in providing MHP related information for this action plan to result in success of the actual demonstration project. Need for Business Viewpoint Investment and system configuration considering marketing as well as educational training, repair, and maintenance are necessary for successful program Development Area Selection (1) Importance of Development Area Selection Proper development area selection assures the sustainability of MHP and the success of demonstration project will play a role of a bridgehead for development projects in other areas. (2) Potential Areas for Mini and Micro Hydropower Management and Construction in Cambodia Areas under construction of Mini and Micro Hydropower in Cambodia are as follows and concentrated in Mondul Kiri and Rattanak Kiri as the map. There are approximately 30 potential construction areas for Small Hydropower and their theoretical potential power generation is around 300MW. (3) Proposed Development Object Areas Three Proposed Areas Mondul Kiri, Rattanak Kiri, and Koh Kong are recommended by S&T Steering Committee. Preferred Area Mondul Kiri area is selected by priority. First proposed area: Areas in Mondul Kiri Power plan type: Micro Hydropower Plant (One of conduit type, dam type, and water should be properly selected, considering characteristics of the area.) Function of demonstration area: It will play a role of test bed for self-supporting energy technology as centripetal body of additional MHP construction Micro Hydropower Construction Goal in Cambodia (2014~2020) MHP is operating in two areas of Mondul Kiri and two MHPs in the short term, four HMPs in the medium term, and ten MHPs in the long term will be constructed in three proposed areas. In the long term, additional constructions will be carried out by 4

5 expanding its base, considering various regional characteristics. Even though the construction cost is considered by including education, it is expected to easily achieve the proposed construction goal if 1% to 3% of the government's public R&D investment budget is assigned to MHP. However, continuous financing, power transmission and distribution line which can be additionally necessary, and professional human resource supply will be a decisive factor. 2.4 Expected Effects Qualitative Expected Effects (1) Contribution to Self-supporting Country in Energy Industry Contributing to self-construction and self-operation of power generation using future water resources Contribution to achievement of local self-supporting energy and to low-priced electrical power supply (2) Contribution to Potential Human Resource Discover and Maximization including Water Resource Experts Development Contributing to securing technological competencies that can be used for water resource development and use Contributing to hydropower related component development and foundation construction of component manufacturing industry through localization (3) Contribution to Industry Diversification through Industrial Linkage and Spread effects Contributing to surrounding manufacturing industries development related to local food processing Contributing to community-based complex composition and related industry development (4) Contribution to Cambodia's Ecological Environment Protection and Inhabitants' Living Environment Improvement Contributing to preserving destruction of the environment and loss of cultural assets because of needlessness of large-scaled dam construction Contributing to local living foundation, inhabitants' inconveniences resolution resulting from electricity shortages, and local safety Quantitative Expected Effects Taking into account of goal number of MHP plants construction by 2020, its industrial and economical spread effect will be as follows; Considering the 250kW and 500Kw of capacity annual accumulated energy production capacity, it is expected that the annual accumulated energy production will be between 2.9GW and 5.8GW in the short term, between 6.4GW and 12.9GW in the medium term, and between 17.6GW and 35.2GW in the long term. (The accumulated energy production is calculated by taking into account of 4.1% of annual average increase rate based on the annual average operating time (5,381.2 hours) of O'Moleng and O'Romis.) 5

6 Number of industries to be constructed in surrounding areas of Micro Hydropower power plant is expected to reach 18 in the short term, 36 in the medium term, and 90 in the long term. Employment creation effects will reach to 234 jobs in the short term and 3,978 in the medium term. By 2020, the total accumulated employment will be expected to be 5,148. (It is estimated by considering the possibility of surrounding industries creation and level of employment including annual MHP construction, current employment rate & number of industries in Mondul Kiri in 2012, number of ECU customers & number of industries requiring electricity. The actual number may defer from the estimation.) Quantitative expected effects of expert development is estimated to reach at 60 persons in the short term, 252 persons in the medium term, 614 persons in the long term, and 926 persons of hydropower experts by (It is estimated by considering 30 on-the-job training personnel and 50 personnel developed in university which will be increased by 20% annually. The actual number may defer from the estimation.) Households who used batteries because of electricity shortages will use the power by consuming their money on electricity instead of batteries. This amount is expected to be a minimum of two million dollars in the short term and a maximum of 24 million dollars in the long term. (It is estimated by assuming the battery purchase cost transferred to electricity purchase, considering the annual accumulated MHP energy production in Mondul Kiri.) 3. MHP(Micro Hydropower Plant) Project Implementation Schedule and System 3.1. Project Implementation Schedule Development Period Calculation Since the main purpose of the project is MHP construction and water resource related technical expert development in Cambodia, this project is composed by focusing on specialized company selection, manager dispatch for construction in site, and necessary facility & component procurement. The invitation training for domestic field training as well as construction site in Cambodia will be carried out. Therefore, the total time required for the project is estimated, considering the development and education period. (It is estimated by considering the construction period of MHP developed before.) One to two years: Short-term development plan (Model complex construction and field training) Two to three years: Mid-term development plan (Systematization through program development and development system institutionalization) Four to five years: Long-term development plan (Phased development plan establishment and implementation) Implementation Schedule The purpose of the demonstration project described in the action plan is 250kW to 300Kw MHP construction in Mondul Kiri. The implementation contents of the project are divided into four categories; Project 6

7 feasibility study, engineering construction, equipment manufacturing, and installation & test operation. Project feasibility study is performed to review the previous research of proposed area in Mondul Kiri and to draw up effective measures considering the feasibility and profitability of power plant construction including geographical conditions, water head, and flow analysis of the site. It is expected to take around six months. Engineering construction and equipment manufacturing are expected to take about one year, but it may change a little bit by education curriculum because it is considered to recruit hydropower trainees in Cambodia and let them join in the construction and manufacturing process. Installation and test operation are expected to take around six months and it also may change because of field training. According to this action plan, the implementation schedule may differ from the actual MHP construction schedule since the field training will be carried out during construction Project Implementation System Inter-Department Participation Participatory Implementation System This action plan is not a remit of a department but a plan at national level. This project will be led by MoP and MIME and supported by governmental departments including Steering Committee members Participants and Their Role Participants and their role are as follows;\ MoP(Management of Planning) : In charge of medium and long term R&D plan of MHP MIME : In charge of MHP construction and development spread project CDC, MEF : In charge of financial procurement, continuous investment resources development, budget plan, and fund support MOEYS' (Institute of Technology of Cambodia) : In charge of technology transfer and technical education training S&T Steering Committee Members : In charge of providing supports by department Apart from the participation of Ministry, industry-academic development including selection of private enterprises and participation of university should be determined through governmental policy discussion, considering the national planning Implementation System of Educational Program (1) Curriculum Composition Instructors: consisted of engineers mainly, including experts of technology management and technical commercialization Field: Hydropower, power generation, construction, component, management, maintenance, repair, technical commercialization, and (technology) management Method: theoretical and practical training, and field training (Cambodia and Korea) Visiting Korea and field training: engineer education training and in-site study in construction site 7

8 (2) Water Resources Professional Human Resource Development System in the Medium and Long Term Necessary Professional Human Resource in Micro Hydropower One to three experts are enough to manage one MHP. There are approximately 30 engineers in Mondul Kiri and they can be educated as experts for Cambodia's self-construction and self-management by transferring the technology to them. Establishment of separate education department in the medium and long term (the faculty of hydropower) (3) Human Resource Selection Human resource development support plan should be established and implemented at national level with separate selection system. Selection system should be fair and transparent. The selectees will be educated and trained as Cambodia's hydropower experts and its education training program will be carried out to put them in for actual construction site. 4. Financial Resources and Investment Plan 4.1. Financial Resources Initial Financial Resources Initial financial resources can be supported by KOICA, but Cambodian government should establish and implement financial resource procurement plan in future. There are potential financial resources including UNIDO, UNESCO, and Word Bank Various Financial Resources Procurement and Investment Composition Since the primary industry is a project led and invested by a nation, Cambodia PIP (Public Investment Program) should establish a plan and implement the plan within the assigned budget. Although a development country can raise funds from ODA support fund, Foreign Direct Investment, and World Bank, it will require Cambodian government's active attitude because it would be hard to make and implement coherent and sustainable development strategies if they keep relying on the external financial resources. Since Korea is experienced in use of various systems including BOT to attract private investment for infrastructures, our development experience will be helpful for investment promotion for Cambodia's electrical infrastructures. Investment promotion form FDI and private enterprises should be also considered because ODA support is dramatically decreasing nowadays Investment Plan Considerations for Investment Cost Estimation There are unit cost differences between the power generation plan for supply to machines and the plan including power generation. In terms of power generation structure, the unit cost will increase. The unit costs of production are varied from $1,136 per kw (Two power plants of 200kW class in Pucará of Peru in 1986) to $5,630 (One power plant of 185kW in Pedro Ruiz in Peru 8

9 in 1985) and the average unit cost is $3,085. The unit cost may differ by labor cost in the area. 2 The construction cost per kw of MHP within shaft power is from $714 (Nepal and Zimbabwe in 1993) to $1,233 (Mozambique in 1995). (about $965 on average) In Canada, the investment cost of typical small hydro power is from $2,000 CAD to $5,000 CAD per kw. 3 The unit cost of construction is estimated as $2,700 per kw according to the report of 'Renewable Energy Development in Cambodia for Austria Conference 2009 Institute of Technology of Cambodia', but it is difficult to accept practically. The construction cost per kw for power generation is higher than the estimated cost and varies in not only countries but also localities in the same country. These differences depend on various factors including characteristics of installation area, transport means to installation areas, workforce contents, standard, scale, and power transmission & distribution cost. As described in above, the cost highly depends on locational characteristics and it can be controlled through optimum-standardized installation and management at proper size Projected Cost (1) Key Considerations for Budget Estimation The investment cost for MHP construction also highly depend on the following factors; Locational characteristics (effective water head and flow), geological or geographical environments (population density, soil properties, moving path of fishes, etc), equipment (turbine, power generator, controller, etc), engineering construction, annual continuous water flow, availability of existing structures (bank, dam, reservoir, pond, etc), and so on (2) Projected Cost Calculation Based on Unit Cost of MHP Installation by Countries It is expected for the projected cost to reach at maximum level because of Cambodia's power generation structure and necessity of imported turbine use in early days. Generally, the unit cost estimation of construction per kw shows a great difference with the actual unit cost of construction. Therefore, taking into account of this fact, the projected cost should be minutely calculated through prior investigation. Items for Projected Cost Calculation and Expected Budget Amount Prior investigation cost: $100,000 to $150,000 Construction cost (engineering construction, construction, design, and inspection): $550,000 to $650,000 Equipment and component production cost (including electricity utilities): $600,000 to $700,000 Educational training cost: $150,000 to $250,000 2 Reference: Smail Khennas and Andrew Barnett In association with London Economics & delucia Associates, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA For The Department for International Development, UK and The World Bank, BEST PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FINAL SYNTHESIS REPORT Contract R7215, March Reference: Emerging Hydropower Technologies R&D in Canada: A Strategy for

10 Estimated total construction cost: $1,400,000 to $ 1,750,000 This budget estimation is calculated on reference to the itemized budget of the previous small hydropower project budget, so it may differ by local situation, equipment availability, and labor cost fluctuation. The actual cost would be higher than general the construction cost since the construction will be proceeded with expert training program for local human resources.in Sri Lanka, the construction unit cost was between $700 and $2,000 per kw when imported turbines were used for 100kW class MHP construction, but it decreased to around between $140 and $200 when they started self-manufacturing procurement in the field. Thus, the construction unit cost should be reduced through self-manufacturing procurement of related components for mass supply of MHP in Cambodia. In addition, the political development activation plan such as construction approval process simplification, franchise guarantees for electricity trading business, and investment collection probability increase should be established for market attractiveness. 5. Technology Road Map 5.1. Micro Hydropower Implementation Road Map Between 2014 and 2020 The medium and long term road map for Micro Hydropower construction and supply in Cambodia is divided into three categories; Power plant construction as demonstration project, related components manufacturing, and MHP expert development. MHP demonstration construction will be completed by 2015 and MHP construction by area and surrounding industry promotion will be aimed by expanding the construction area based on the demonstration construction. Related components manufacturing aims at hydropower components manufacturing industry development. Components which are proper to be developed in Cambodia will be selected and its feasibility will be reviewed. Hydropower experts in MHP field will be developed first and let them study the technology of mini or small hydropower in the medium and long term Micro Hydropower Technology Road Map Between 2014 and 2020 Necessary technologies for MHP development in Cambodia varies from resource research technology to component manufacturing technology, performance test technology, and environmental technology. As the interest and development of MHP increases, deliberate resource research is required for efficiency and economical eco-friendly MHP construction. The related technology development road map should be established by selecting components that are available for manufacturing in Cambodia among power generation related components. When the component development capacities are established and the component manufacturing is achieved, the component localization plan should be made and implemented for smooth self-supply of necessary components to accelerate MHP distribution. In the long term, performance test center should be founded and managed for 10

11 developed component performance test. Especially, it is suggested that environment-related R&D for eco-friendly MHP development should be promoted for continuous water resource protection and coexistence between surrounding environments and inhabitants in Cambodia. 6. Additional Considerations for Industrial Integrated Use and Distribution 6.1. Partner Selection and Consultation Specialized enterprises (participating companies) who will be in charge of MHP related construction, equipment, facility, and component procurement and project implementation with Cambodia's government organizations (MoP and S&T Steering Committee), public enterprises (actual project implementation partner leading the contract including EDC), and Korea's government organizations (KOICA and KISTEP) MHP Characteristics and Activation Plan MHP Characteristics MHP is appreciated as high-value resources for development because of its high energy density. High potential and availability of development It is important to improve the profitability with low-capacity power plant suitable for MHP resource characteristics. MHP development would rather be done in the way of minimizing environmental damage MHP Plant Construction Activation Plan MHP development related technology establishment and government's promotion and support policy for alternative energy development Building favorable conditions for MHP development and promoting private capital activation. Achievement of low-head drop turbine standardization and development & localization of high-efficiency turbine development for Cambodia MHP development technology expansion: Expanding the utilization scope to unused water resources (securing profitability) 6.3 Spread of Implementation Result National hydropower development related empowerment and self-supporting by 2020 Hydropower development empowerment through construction Self-supporting hydropower through national development plan and human resource development plan establishment Organizing Development Plan Road Map Hydropower experts will be developed and supplied by 2020 through human resource development program institutionalization, tax revenue procurement institutionalization in construction area, industry-academic development system establishment, monitoring, and problem solving & improvement. 11