Public Health. Reports. Nursing in 3D: Workforce Diversity, Health Disparities, and Social Determinants of Health.

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1 VOLUME 129 SUPPLEMENT 2 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2014 Public Health Reports Publishing since Photo: Thinkstock Nursing in 3D: Workforce Diversity, Health Disparities, and Social Determinants of Health Introductory Statement....1 J Heinrich Improving the Health of the Nation: HRSA s Mission to Achieve Health Equity....3 M Wakefield What Are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear....5 P Braveman Integrating the 3Ds Social Determinants, Health Disparities, and Health-Care Workforce Diversity...9 TA LaVeist, G Pierre Workforce Diversity and Community-Responsive Health-Care Institutions...15 MA Nivet, A Berlin The Social Determinants of Health: It s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes...19 P Braveman, L Gottlieb Using Social Determinants of Health to Link Health Workforce Diversity, Care Quality and Access, and Health Disparities to Achieve Health Equity in Nursing SD Williams, K Hansen, M Smithey, J Burnley, M Koplitz, K Koyama, J Young, A Bakos Integrating the 3Ds: A Nursing Perspective AM Villarruel, A Bigelow, C Alvarez Increasing Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Nursing to Reduce Health Disparities and Achieve Health Equity...45 JM Phillips, B Malone The Health Resources and Services Administration Diversity Data Collection...51 KM White, G Zangaro, HO Kepley, A Camacho Addressing Health and Health-Care Disparities: The Role of a Diverse Workforce and the Social Determinants of Health...57 CS Jackson, JN Gracia Federal Investments to Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Health-Care Disparities E Moy, W Freeman Transitioning from Health Disparities to a Health Equity Research Agenda: The Time Is Now...71 S Srinivasan, SD Williams

2 Public Health Reports is the journal of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Office of the Surgeon General and is published through an official agreement with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. Mary Beth Bigley, DrPH, MSN, ANP Director, Division of Science and Communications, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services Acting Editor Julie Keefe Managing Editor Deputy Editors William Aldis, MD, FACP, Assistant Professor, School of Global Studies, Thammasat University Joseph H. Bates, MD, MS, Deputy State Health Officer, Chief Science Officer, Arkansas Department of Health; Associate Dean, University of Arkansas Medical School Hazel D. Dean, ScD, MPH, Deputy Director, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Zygmunt F. Dembek, PhD, MS, MPH, LHD, COL (Ret), Senior Scientist, Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine; Associate Professor, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Russell Kirby, PhD, MS, Professor and Marrell Endowed Chair, Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida Jan Lowery, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Philip C. Nasca, MS, PhD, Dean, School of Public Health, University at Albany Beth A. Resnick, MPH, Associate Scientist, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHBSPH); Director, Office of Public Health Practice and Training and the MSPH Program in Health Policy, JHBSPH Philip J. Smith, PhD, Mathematical Statistician, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Mary McGonegle Production Assistant Betsy L. Thompson, MD, DrPH, CAPT, U.S. Public Health Service, Chief Medical Officer, San Francisco Regional Office, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Contributing Editors Mark G. Robson, PhD, DrPH, Dean of Agricultural and Urban Programs and Professor of Entomology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Sara Rosenbaum, JD, Harold and Jane Hirsh Professor of Health Law and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University David Rosner, PhD, MPH, Ronald H. Lauterstein Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and History, Co-Director, Center for the History & Ethics of Public Health, Columbia University Sandra Smith, MPH, Consultant and Public Affairs Officer (Ret), National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Adam J. Spanier, MD, PhD, MPH, Physician and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University Lorna E. Thorpe, PhD, MPH, Professor and Program Director, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York School of Public Health Jenny Reising Kate Wiseman Scientific Editors Associate Editors Stephen J. Bertke, PhD, Statistician, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Geoffrey M. Calvert, MD, MPH, Senior Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Sean D. Cleary, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University Adele L. Franks, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Ret) Janice M. Huy, MS, CAPT (Ret), U.S. Public Health Service T. Stephen Jones, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Ret) Lance E. Rodewald, MD, Team Leader, Expanded Program on Immunization, China Country Office, World Health Organization; Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Publications that index or abstract articles from Public Health Reports include the following: MEDLINE/PubMed, CAB Abstracts/Global Health, EBSCO, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, JSTOR, OVID, Pais International, and Statistical Reference Index (SRI)/LexisNexis. A subscription form appears on the back cover. Please visit the Journal s website at U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Kathleen Sebelius Secretary PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH Assistant Secretary for Health Boris D. Lushniak, MD, MPH RADM, USPHS Acting Surgeon General ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS AND PROGRAMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH John R. Finnegan, Jr., PhD Chair, Board of Directors Public Health Reports (PHR) (ISSN ; USPS ) is the journal of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and is published bimonthly by the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH) (EIN: ). Business, accounting, and circulation offices: 1900 M St. NW, Ste. 710, Washington, DC 20036; tel , ; <info@aspph.org>. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC USA, and additional mailing offices. All manuscripts are peer reviewed. Opinions expressed are the authors and do not reflect the views of PHR, USPHS, or ASPPH. Trade names are used for identification only and do not represent an endorsement by USPHS or ASPPH. Printed on 30% recycled paper. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Public Health Reports, c/o ASPPH, 1900 M St. NW, Ste. 710, Washington, DC

3 Photo: Thinkstock Nursing in 3D: Workforce Diversity, Health Disparities, and Social Determinants of Health Shanita D. Williams, PhD, MPH, APRN, Branch Chief, Health Resources and Services Administration; Kristen Hansen, MHSA, RN, NE-BC, Project Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration Guest Editors Karen Foster Wright, MPH, Public Health Analyst, Health Resources and Services Administration; Josepha Burnley, DNP, FNP-C, Project Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration; Kirk Koyama, MSN, RN, PHN, CNS, Project Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration; Marian Smithey, MSHP, RN, NCSN, Project Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration; Alexis Bakos, PhD, MPH, RN, Interim Director, Health Resources and Services Administration; Joan Wasserman, DrPH, RN, Branch Chief, Health Resources and Services Administration; Kathleen M. White, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN, Associate Professor and Master s Program Track Coordinator, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Contributing Editors Introductory Statement...1 Janet Heinrich Improving the Health of the Nation: HRSA s Mission to Achieve Health Equity...3 Mary Wakefield What Are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear...5 Paula Braveman Integrating the 3Ds Social Determinants, Health Disparities, and Health-Care Workforce Diversity...9 Thomas A. LaVeist, Geraldine Pierre Workforce Diversity and Community-Responsive Health-Care Institutions Marc A. Nivet, Anne Berlin The Social Determinants of Health: It s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes...19 Paula Braveman, Laura Gottlieb Using Social Determinants of Health to Link Health Workforce Diversity, Care Quality and Access, and Health Disparities to Achieve Health Equity in Nursing Shanita D. Williams, Kristen Hansen, Marian Smithey, Josepha Burnley, Michelle Koplitz, Kirk Koyama, Janice Young, Alexis Bakos Integrating the 3Ds: A Nursing Perspective...37 Antonia M. Villarruel, April Bigelow, Carmen Alvarez Increasing Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Nursing to Reduce Health Disparities and Achieve Health Equity...45 Janice M. Phillips, Beverly Malone The Health Resources and Services Administration Diversity Data Collection...51 Kathleen M. White, George Zangaro, Hayden O. Kepley, Alex Camacho Addressing Health and Health-Care Disparities: The Role of a Diverse Workforce and the Social Determinants of Health...57 Chazeman S. Jackson, J. Nadine Gracia Federal Investments to Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Health-Care Disparities...62 Ernest Moy, William Freeman Transitioning from Health Disparities to a Health Equity Research Agenda: The Time Is Now...71 Shobha Srinivasan, Shanita D. Williams

4 This supplement was funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). The contents, findings, and views contained in this supplement are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official programs and policies of HRSA or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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