Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning

Transcription

1 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Erik Gómez-Baggethun Norwegian Institute of Nature Research Environmental Change Institute,, University of Oxford Nature Based Solutions to Climate Change in Urban Areas and their Rural Surroundings Bonn, Germany, November 2015

2 Outline Urban ecosystem services Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy Discussion Final thoughts

3 Urban ecosystem services More than 50% of world population and (more than 75% in Europe and USA) lives in cities additional million of urban dwellers are expected by 2050 Our urban planet depends more than ever on ecosystems and their services (expanding global metabolism) Cities demand service provision areas ammounting to times their own surface (Folke et al. 1997); Parasites of the biosphere (Odum 1971) Ecosystem services against extinction of experience in our urban-technological societies: powerful metaphor to raise awareness on societal dependence on ecosystems Artwork: Phil Testemale, in Wackernagel and Rees 1997

4 Urban ecosystem services Potential to improve human well-being, promote physical and mental health, and build resilience to cope with climate and other global environmental change Courtesy of Thomas Elmqvist

5 Urban ecosystem services Provisioning services Food production Agriculture in periurban areas, green roofs, allotments and communitary gardens More than 600 million people practive urban agriculture worldwide Urban agriculture may cover large parts of urban demands for food: Dakar 60%; Dar es Salaam 90%; Phnom Penh 7%; Hanoi 58%; Vientiane 100%; (Moustier 2007) In Habana: ton begetables, 7.5 millions eggs and 3,650 ton meat (Altieri 1999) Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 :

6 Urban ecosystem services Provisioning services Food production Specially important for resilience during economic or social crises Urban gardening by the Reichstag, Berlin 1946

7 Urban ecosystem services Regulating services Noise attenuation Urban vegetation buffers noise through La vegetación amortigua el ruido mediante absorción, desviación, reflejo y refracción de las hondas Urban cooling Buffering of urban heat island effects Regulation of temperatures through shading, evapotranspiration, etc. Trees reflect sun radiation and reduces absorption of heat by sealed surfaces Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 :

8 Urban ecosystem services Cultural services Recreation: Urban parks, lakes and forests provide multiple benefits for recreation, relaxation, contemplation and exercise Aesthetic benefits: Some urban and peri-urban landscapes provide aesthetic benefits for mental health and well-being Cognitive development: Urban nature provides multiple opportunities for learning and exploration, especially among children Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 :

9 Urban ecosystem services Urban ecosystems deliver multiple services but also some ecosystem disservices ie. Negative impacts from ecosystems in human well-being Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 :

10 Outline Urban ecosystem services Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy Discussion Final thoughts

11 Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Goods obtained from ecosystems Food Fresh water Wood, pulp Benefits obtained from ecosystem processes Trade-off ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ARE NEGLECTED IN DECISION- Climate regulation MAKING BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT Water EXPLICTLY purification VALUED Recreation Trade-off Pollination Scenery Intangible benefits from ecosystems Tourism Medicines Erosion control Spirituality LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS Supporting and Habitat AND BIODIVERSITY Ecological functions underlying the production of ecosystem services Habitat for species Maintenance genetic diversity Source: Erik Gomez-Baggethun, Urban Ecosystem services (in COB-1). Icons produced by Jan Sasse for TEEB

12 Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Within the discourse about ES value is easily misread as merely denoting monetary value Oxford Dictionary defines value as the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something. [one s judgment of what is important in life. Values not only derived from preferences but also from principles (held values) Valuation is about eliciting the importance of things: multiple valuation languages needed

13 Recognizing the value of ecosystem services A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing Lord Darlington, en la Lady Windermere, de OSCAR WILDE ( ) Cited by Leo Hickman in The Guardian 23 August 2011

14 Recognizing the value of ecosystem services CONCEPTUAL APPROACH Preference-based approaches Market-based / monetary / exchange value Social valuation Biophysical approaches Insurance value Physical / Entropic cost VALUATION / ACCOUNTING SUBJECT DIRCT USE USE VALUE INDIRECT USE OPTION VALUE NON-USE VALUE LEGACY EXISTENCE SOCIAL VALUE NON PECUNARY VALUES RESILIENCE VALUE PROBABILITY OF FLIPS ENERGY EXERGY EMERGY PHYSICAL COST MATERIALS SURFACE LANDCOVER METHODS / TOOLS / MODELS Market analysis. Cost methods Market analysis. Cost methods. Hedonic pricing. Contingent valuation. Contingent election Replacement and avoided cost methods MARKET THEORY / CHREMATISTICS Contingent valuation Contingent election Group and deliberative valuation Joint analysis SOCIAL& POLITICAL SCIENCE Regime shift analysis Joint analysis RESILIENCE THERORY Embodied Energy Analysis Exergy analysis Emergy analysis Material flow analysis Input-Output Ecological footprint Land-cover flow INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY / TERMODYNAMICS Gómez-Baggethun and Groot 2010, Issues in Env. Sci. and Tech 30: (input for TEEB-D0)

15 Biophysical assessment Valuation based on human principles & preferences Non-monetary valuation BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT Mapping, Measurement & Modelling Indicator development Species richness, rarity, diversity, and vulnerability assessment ECOLOGICAL IMPACT METHODS Embodied Energy/Exergy/Emergy analysis Ecological / water / carbon footprint Human appropriation of NPP Input-output analysis OPINION-BASED METHODS Group and deliberative valuation Q-Methodology, Mental models Preference ranking NETWORK ANALYSIS Social network analysis DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Literature, photo, media interpretation DIRECT MARKET VALUATION Market analysis Production function INDIRECT MARKET VALUATION Replacement, restoration, avoided cost Hedonic pricing Travel cost method SIMULATED MARKET VALUATION Contingent valuation, Choice modelling Monetary valuation Ecological values Sociocultural values Economic values Biophysical and energy values Resilience insurance value Ecosystem quality values Symbolic, aesthetic values Environmental justice Ethical values Relational and place values Direct use values Indirect use values Non use values Regulating services Cultural services Provisioning services Supporting /Habitat / maintenance services Gómez-Baggethun et al, 2016 (in press) Handbook of ecosystem services

16 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Recognizing value Demonstrating value Capturing value Recognizing value Geographical scale Demonstrating value Capturing value Building/property Streetscape Neighbourhood Region Reliability & accuracy requirement Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2012, Ecological Economics 86 :

17 Outline Urban ecosystem services Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Discussion Final thoughts

18 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Case Study: Cultural services provided by Montjuïc urban park, Barcelona, Spain Compact city: 1.62 million inhabitants; Ha; 160 inhab./ha Total green space: 2893 Ha (28.59%); m 2 /inhab. Urban green space: 1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80 m 2 /inhab. Main green areas: Montjuïc (450 ha) Collserola (1795 ha) Single trees: units (98.36 street trees per 1000 inhabitants) Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)

19 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Benefits from green infrastructure in Barcelona Non-monetary valuation of cultural UES by Pebble Distribution Method Determination of relative preference values for cultural ecosystem services Monetary valuation of cultural UES by Individual Travel Cost Method Determination of average surplus value per visit for cultural ecosystem services (a) (b) Excerpt from formula Tc i - Individual Travel Cost TCs i - Stated Travel Cost (Transport) I mean - Mean Family Income per month tw - Working hours per month tt i - Individual Travel time TCn i - Individual Travel Cost of cultural ecosystem PDn - Pebble Distribution value (in %) Langemeyer et al. forthcoming

20 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Split of monetary values among cultural ecosystem services (ITCM) Cultural Activities (Non ecosystem service value) 18,09% 28,90% Recreation and physical and mental Environmental Education 6,82% 9,30% Tourism Spiritual experiences and sense of place 13,49% 23,40 Esthetical Inspiration Langemeyer et al. forthcoming

21 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Case Study 2: Ecosystem services provided by communitary gardens Compact city: 1.62 million inhabitants; Ha; 160 inhab./ha Total green space: 2893 Ha (28.59%); m 2 /inhab. Urban green space: 1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80 m 2 /inhab. Main green areas: Montjuïc (450 ha) Collserola (1795 ha) Single trees: units (98.36 street trees per 1000 inhabitants) Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)

22 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Communitary and allotment gardens in Barcelona municipality Camps et al. Forthcoming in Environmental Policy and Planning

23 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Camps et al. Forthcoming in Environmental Policy and Planning

24 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Case Study 3: Regulating services provided by urban forests Compact city: 1.62 million inhabitants; Ha; 160 inhab./ha Total green space: 2893 Ha (28.59%); m 2 /inhab. Urban green space: 1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80 m 2 /inhab. Main green areas: Collserola (1795 ha) Montjuïc (248 ha) Single trees: units (98.36 street trees per 1000 inhabitants) Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)

25 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Quantification of regulating ecosystem services Air purification (O 3, SO 2, NO 2, CO, PM 2.5 & PM 10 ) Carbon sequestration i-tree Eco Model: i-tree: State-of-the art, peer-reviewed software suite from the USDA Forest Service Source: i-tree Eco quantifies urban forest structure and functions based on standard inputs of field, meteorological and pollution data. Baró et Ambio

26 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Sampling strategy Total number of plots set at 579 units (404 m 2 ; r = m; Total area assessed: 23 Ha) Land-use class Urban green Natural green Low-density residential High-density residential Transportation Institutional Commercial/Industri al Intensively used areas Description* Urban parks, lawns, allotment gardens, permanent crops, flowerbeds Woodland, scrubland, grassland, riparian vegetation, bare rock 1-2 family dwellings (normally with private garden) Multi-family dwellings with or without commercial areas Parking lots, roads, rails and streets, stations Education, health, military, sport and other public facilities, cemeteries, port Factories and other industrial areas, warehouses, large shopping centers Pedestrian areas, vacant areas, areas in transformation Baró et al Ambio 43: Total area (ha) Sampled area (ha) No. of plots Sample data No. of plots with woody vegetation* * No. of trees No. of shrubs Total

27 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Biophysical values of air purification by urban forests (per month and per year) CO NO 2 PM 10 O 3 SO 2 Total January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual biophysical value Monthly biophysical valve (t,month -1 ) (t year -1 ) Annual monetary value (USD year -1 ) Datos correspondientes al año Baró et al Ambio 43:

28 Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Air purification Monthly and annual air pollution removal by air pollutant (Urban forests of the municipality of Barcelona. year 2008). Biophysical accounts Monetary values Baró et al Ambio 43:

29 Outline Urban ecosystem services Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning Discussion Final thoughts

30 Discussion Baró et al., forthcoming

31 Discussion Market environmentalism: selling nature to save it? Illustration:

32 Discussion Smart cities: alienated people?

33 Discussion Reestablishment of the urban commons and the links between people and between people and nature

34 Outline Urban ecosystem services Recognizing the value of ecosystem services Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy Avoiding false sustainability discourses Final thoughts

35 Concluding remarks Protecting, enhancing and restoring green infrastructure offers multiple opportunities for improving well-being, health and resilience in cities but ecosystem services are still poorly incorporated in urban policy and planning. Much room to play. The effectiveness of NBS can vary greatly across types of problems and ecosystem services. Population exposure to benefits and impact on problem at stake are critical It is critical to identify the governance scale at which NBS can be most effective. e.g. air quality and carbon require large scale governance, recreation can be effective locally. Importance of multilevel governance approaches for governing green infrastructure. Obtaining a comprehensive picture of green infrastructure s societal importance require integrated valuation approaches that accommodate different valuation languages Policy mix can be used to regulate capacity, flow and demand on urban ES, including prescriptive policy regulations (car free zones, pollution caps) and economic instruments, (taxes on emissions and private transport, subsidies to low emitting transport)

36 Further reading Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (URBES) Cities and Biodiversity Outlook 1. A Global Assessment of the links between Urbanization, Biodiversity & Ecosystems Gómez-Baggethun et al Urban ecosystem services. In Elmqvist et al. (eds). Springer. Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 :

37 Literature cited Baró, F., Chaparro, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Terradas, J Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality & Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona, Spain. Ambio 43: Baro, F., Haase, D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Frantceskaki, N Mismatches between ecosystem services supply & demand in urban areas: A quantitative assessment in five European cities. Ecological Indicators 55: Baró, F., Haase, D., Palomo, I., Vizcaino, P., Zuliang, G., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Mapping ecosystem service capacity, flow and demand for urban planning in Barcelona, Spain. Forthcoming in Land Use Planning. Camps-Calvet, M., Langemeyer, J. Calvet-Mir, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens: Towards broader recognition in land use policy. Forthcoming in Environmental Science and Policy. Elmqvist, T., Setälä, H., Handel, S., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Blignaut, J.N., Gómez-Baggethun, E. et al Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14: Gómez-Baggethun, E., de Groot, R Natural capital and ecosystem services: The ecological foundation of human society. In: R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison (eds.), Ecosystem services: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 30, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D.N., Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics 86: Gómez-Baggethun, E., Gren, Å., Barton, D. et al Urban ecosystem services. In Elmqvist, T. et al. (eds.) Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer, pp Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D., Berry, P., Dunford, R., Harrison, P "Concepts and methods in ecosystem services valuation". In: Potschin et al. (eds.) Handbook of Ecosystem Services. Routledge, London and New York. Haase, D., Larondelle, N., Artmann, M., Borgström, S., Breuste, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al A quantitative review of urban ecosystem services: Concepts, models and implementation. Ambio 43: Langemeyer, J. Baró, F., Roebeling, P., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Contrasting values of cultural ecosystem services in urban areas: The case of park Montjuïc in Barcelona Ecosystem Services 12:

38 Erik Gómez-Baggethun

39 Ackowledgements Francesc Baró, Johannes Langemeyer, Marta Camps-Calvet, Laura Calvet-Mir, Jaume Terradas, Lydia Chaparro, David Nowak Thanks BFN, UZF, Nadja Kabisch Research funding Barcelona City Council Barcelona Regional Government European Commission (OpenNESS FP7 grant ) NILS Program on Science and Sustainability, EEA Grants