Guidelines for Detailed Wind Resource Measurements on Islands Matthew V. Filippelli Principal Engineer IRENA Island Energy Transitions: Pathways for Accelerated Uptake of Renewables Martinique 22-24 June 2015
PRESENTATION OUTLINE AWS Truepower 1. Introduction 2. Wind Resource Characteristics 3. Campaign Design 4. Equipment Selection 5. Campaign Operations 6. Data Analysis 7. Summary
AWS TRUEPOWER - COMPANY SNAPSHOT 80% AWS Truepower has worked for 80% of the world s top wind developers ALBANY NEW YORK USA In our 30 years, we have assessed more than 120,000 MW ALBANY, NEW YORK, USA DENVER, COLORADO, USA SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO BARCELONA, SPAIN BANGALORE, INDIA ISTANBUL, TURKEY* WARSAW, POLAND* 85% of our staff is comprised of engineers, meteorologists, and environmental specialists In 2014, our reports were used to fund $10 billion of wind projects Since 2012, we have acted as the Investor / Lender s Engineer on over 10 GW of wind and solar projects 40 GW As of April 2015, we provide wind and solar forecasts to over 40 GW of capacity 10 GW
SOLUTIONS AWS TRUEPOWER FOR THE PROJECT - WIND AND LIFECYCLE SOLAR SERVICES DEVELOPERS Siting and Resource Assessment Efficiently prioritize development opportunities Design and manage quality meteorological campaigns Determine reliable longterm resource expectations Energy Assessment Optimize project design Assess portfolio impact Identify technology risks Determine bankable, longterm energy projection INVESTORS Portfolio Acquisition Accurate, efficient portfolio assessments Existing and new assets Operational Assessment Confirm expectations and budgets Identify opportunities for performance improvement and ROI Portfolio Risk Determine variations in cashflow (monthly / annually) Determine technology and warranty risks OPERATORS Performance Assessment Diagnose plant performance Design and proactive maintenance programs Maximize staff time Identify and capture recoverable yield Forecasting & Grid Integration Assess grid impact Design effective grid plans and strategies Schedule power resources MINIMIZE UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFY RISK MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE
1. INTRODUCTION - CONTEXT Basis: Guidelines for Detailed Wind Resource Measurements on Islands (2014) 1 Why Focus on Islands? Unique Development Characteristics Financial Resources Economic Development Technical Resources Data Communications Why follow guidelines? Higher chance of project success Broader acceptance of results Greater confidence in data 1: http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_island_wind_measurement_2015.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION - MOTIVATION Why Measure the Wind? Estimate project energy production Develop inputs for turbine suitability or plant design Support the integration of the project into the local grid Post-construction project Support Where does wind resource assessment it fit in the process? Measurement Modeling Analysis
1. INTRODUCTION - PROGRAM DEFINITION Successful Wind Resource Assessment (WRA) program design and implementation starts with clear objectives, informed by project-specific drivers and priorities. Objectives what are you trying to accomplish? obtain sufficient high-quality data to support an accurate estimation of the energy production potential, as well as the project s design and turbine selection win the confidence and support of financial institutions, government agencies or other funding partners or regulators support community development and capacity building, building or transferring capabilities to the Development Drivers What defines the program design? Plant Size Turbine Size Communications, power and other infrastructure Human and Technical Resources Risks to vandalism and Theft Costs & Timing What does the Wind Resource Campaign Look like?
1. INTRODUCTION - WRA PROGRAM PHASES Wind Resource Assessment Program Phases Funders and Investors (F), Utilities/Government/Developers (U), Program Managers (P), Field Engineers/Technicians (E), and Expert Consultants (C) Project Planning/Objectives Site Screening and Identification Measurement Campaign Design Equipment Selection and Installation Operation and Data Collection Program Reporting and Conclusion (U, P, C) (U, P, E, C) (F, U, P, E, C) (F, U, P, E, C) (F, U, P, E, C) (F, U, P, E, C) Common Objectives Obtain High Quality Data to Support Accurate Energy Estimates Win Confidence of Financial Institutions Support Community Development Benefits to Local Communities Assessment of Drivers of Program Requirements Plant and turbine size Accessibility, communications, and grid power Human and technical resources Establishing a Program Team Program manager Field team lead and staff Site technicians Quality assurance coordinator Data analyst Identify Suitable Project Sites Desktop Review Wind resource maps and publically available data Topographic and land cover data Windy land area (project size) Transmission and road access Development restrictions Field Surveys Verify Site Conditions Important for siting systems Verify land cover Identify transmission and distribution lines Confirm road access Meet landowners and community leaders Investigate local regulations Determine Number of Measurement Systems Function of project domain and terrain complexity Measurement System Siting Measure representative conditions Accessibility Avoid obstructions Measurement System Selection Land Leasing Tall towers Remote sensing Cost Estimation Equipment Labor Other expenses Instrumentation Selection Tall towers (tubular/lattice) Tower configuration (sensor heights and orientations) Key measurements (wind speed, wind direction, and temperature) Other parameters (vertical wind speed, pressure, solar radiation) Remote Sensing Systems (sodar/lidar) Data Transfer and Communications Equipment Procurement and Acceptance Testing Equipment Installation Documentation Operations and Maintenance Ensure reliable operation and high data recovery Site visits and inspections Documentation: Site activities, sensor changes, etc. Data Collection and Handling On-site data storage and retrieval Data Quality Control and Validation Screen data for various problems (sensor failures, tower shadow, sensor icing), etc. Project log document observations Data Archiving and Protection Wind Resource Reporting Data Inventory Key parameters: mean wind speed, wind direction, temperature, turbulence intensity Monthly, quarterly, annual, and summary reports Monitoring System Decommissioning
1. INTRODUCTION - WRA TEAM A successful WRA campaign demands dedicated resources. The composition of the team can vary in size and expertise and permanence, but all roles must be filled Building and maintaining the team must consider human resources locally, and project drivers Outside experts can bring value to this team and process Government agencies, national labs, developers, turbine manufactures, measurement equipment vendors, consultant Quality Control Data Analyst Field Team Lead Program Manager Local Data Contact Field Staff
2. WIND RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS - ATMOSPHERE DRIVERS Understanding the local and regional drivers of wind characteristics helps inform the WRA campaign and other project aspects Global Circulations Tradewinds near the quator Westerlies in the mid-latitudes Mesoscale Circulations Monsoons SeaBreeze Local Influences Land cover Terrain Temperature Gradient Implications? Seasonal characteristics Attractive sites and land features
2. WIND RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS KEY PARAMETERS Frequency (%) 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% WNW NNW20% NW 15% 10% Observed Freq Weibull Freq 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 >25.5 Wind Speed (m/s) W WSW SW SSW 5% 0% N S NNE SSE Percent of Total Energy Percent of Total Time NE SE ENE E ESE Several key parameters are used to define a site s wind resource characteristics. Annual Mean Wind Speed Wind Speed Frequency Distribution Wind Shear Direction Frequency Distribution Air Temperature and Air Density Turbulence Intensity 333333.0000 TT Several other parameters are relevant to energy yield calculations and suitability / design determination Extreme wind speeds and return periods Extreme temperatures Ice, lightning, hail, dust, insects Ocean parameters (for offshore) ρρ = TTTT = σσ vv ee 00.0000000000zz TT (kg/m 3 )
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN POJECT AREA IDENTIFICATION Site selection for a monitoring program ultimately starts with defining a candidate development site. That process informs the campaign drivers and design. The project area definition should consider: Wind resource Project size Available Windy Land Electrical System Access Site access and constructability Development restrictions Focusing on Measurement sites: Slopes, soil types, land cover, vehicle access Constructability Survivability for storms Field Surveys are very valuable!
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN The wind resource assessment campaign can be designed once the project site or sites have been identified. The design process includes determining the following: Number of measurement sites General types of monitoring stations (towers, sodar, lidar) Placement of the monitoring stations Duration of the measurements Campaign Budget
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN - NUMBER OF MONITORING STATIONS The preferred number of measurement systems is driven by two primary factors: the size of the project and the terrain complexity. The number of stations required can also be influenced by the other tools applied to the assessment, namely wind flow modeling. Table below provides starting-point guidelines for sizing the monitoring campaign. Project Site Simple Moderately Complex * Terrain Generally flat with uniform surface roughness Inland site with gently rolling hills, coastal site with uniform distance from shore, single ridgeline perpendicular to prevailing wind Maximum recommended distance between any proposed turbine location and nearest station 5-8 km 3-5 km Very Complex Steep geometrically complex ridgelines, coastal site with varying distance from shore, or heavily forested 1-3 km
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN - SITING MEASUREMENTS Siting Measurements Choose based upon expected turbine siting Single measurement: central to project area Representative elevation and exposure Avoid measuring at the best wind location Multiple Measurements Geographic and wind resource representation Cover expected wind speed gradients Site Accessibility & local obstructions (exposure) need to be considered
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN - CHOOSING MONITORING SYSTEMS Meteorological Towers Most common and accepted Dedicated tall towers tubular or lattice Existing towers Remote Sensing Attractive supplement or primary monitoring tool Sodar (sonic detection and ranging) Lidar (light detection and ranging)
3. CAMPAIGN DESIGN - BUDGET DEVELOPMENT WRA Campaign design, deployment and operation always involve tradeoffs between cost, convenience and performance Actual costs are very site and region specific, but can be divided into three basic categories: labor, equipment, and other. Labor Primary tasks summarized in table Some require one person, others involve a team of five or more Equipment Supplied by vendors; seek multiple quotes May include: shipping, insurance, customs, spare parts, installation tools Other Travel, cellular / satellite fees, sensor calibration, land lease fees, etc. Economies of scale can be realized when purchasing multiple systems together Administration Program oversight Measurement plan development Quality assurance plan development Site Selection In-house remote screening Field survey & landowner contacts Obtain land use agreement & permit Equipment Specify and procure Test and prepare for field Installation (four to five people) Operation & Maintenance Routine site visits (one person) Unscheduled site visits (two people) Preventative maintenance activities Calibration at end of period Site decommissioning ( four to five people) Data Handling & Reporting Validation, processing and report generation Data and quality assurance reporting
4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION TALL TOWERS Tower Selection Tilt-up Fixed lattice (guys or selfsupporting) Existing towers Instrument mounting is critical regardless of tower type Durable and appropriate for tower Prevent movement and support maintenance Anemometer selection is driven by program requirements Redundant instrumentation is suggested Proper orientation and mounting are important
4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION - TALL TOWERS Wind direction and air temperature sensors are also essential to program Other parameters may be measured to improve data set Data logging and communications are Durable and appropriate for tower Prevent movement and support maintenance Solar-Battery power supplies are most common power sources for tall towers Grid power, fuel cells or other larger power supplies may be required for some sites
4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION - REMOTE SENSING Basic operational principle: analyzing the frequency shift of emitted sound or light that is bounced back to the source from the atmosphere Advantages measure wind speeds up to and across the rotor plane of large commercial turbines (200+ m) Systems are portable, require less space, site preparation and labor to install and operate Often less permitting, short lead times to install and service, and less visual impact Disadvantages Often more costly than towers High power requirements necessitate grid power or autonomous power supply
4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION - REMOTE SENSING Can be operated in conjunction with meteorological mast or as a stand-alone station Value and challenges must be considered by site / campaign Differences exist in the measurement of wind conditions with remote sensing compared to conventional anemometry These need to be accommodated in the data analysis and evaluation processes Remote sensing systems are gaining use and acceptance across the industry and finance community well-regarded as supporting components for site assessment stand-alone use has less precedent and may not be as broadly accepted Engage data end users early
5. CAMPAIGN OPERATION - INSTALLATION The installation of measurement systems must be planned in a well-considered, step-by-step process Equipment procurement Acceptance testing and preparation for deployment Field deployment preparation Installation and commissioning Health, safety, security and environment (HSSE) must be considered! Clear, thorough and accurate commissioning documentation is critical; forms the foundation of O&M and data analysis confidence
5. CAMPAIGN OPERATIONS STATION O&M The goal of the operations and maintenance (O&M) phase is to ensure the reliable and continuous operations of all measurement systems throughout the monitoring campaign The way measurement systems are operated and maintained strongly impact the success of the WRA campaign An operations and maintenance program should be developed and documented in a manual or procedure document The Operation and Maintenance Manual should include scheduled site visits to perform routine, preventive maintenance on the physical structure and visually check the instruments and other components The Operation and Maintenance Manual should also prepare the team to react to unplanned events and performed unscheduled maintenance tasks. As for the installation of the systems, the health and safety of the field crew should receive priority at every step of the process. Clear, thorough, and accurate documentation of every performed operation and maintenance task is crucial to the program success
5. CAMPAIGN OPERATIONS DATA COLLECTION Data logging, storage, transmission are essential characteristics of the campaign and require detailed attention. Data logger configuration, storage, and retrieval protocols must be carefully implemented and documented to ensure the highest possible data recovery and ease of data interpretation. Frequent review of recorded data should be conducted to diagnose sensor, logger, or tower problems and to implement corrective action as quickly as possible. Proper data collection, handling, and storage protocols should be implemented to ensure high data recovery and asset protection; documentation should be prepared at all steps.
6. DATA ANALYSIS DATA VALIDATION Validation includes: data conversion, QC, validation, and adjustment Accurate data conversion is essential Both preliminary data QC and indepth data validation are required On-site records, as well as regional reference sources, provide valuable information during validation Experienced parties should be consulted to develop data validation routines, particularly for remote sensing devices Documentation is KEY! ( ) (m/s) (m/s) 10 8 6 4 2 0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 36 0 33 0 30 0 27 0 24 0 21 0 18 0 15 0 12 0 90 60 30 0 M arch 15, 201 4 M arch 16, 201 4 30.6 NW WS 30.5 SE WS Icing 30.6 NW WS sd 30.5 SE WS sd 56.6 NW WD 56.6 NW WD sd
6. DATA ANALYSIS - REPORTING Descriptive parameters of the wind resource can be useful for both summarizing the recorded data and the eventual turbine selection and suitability determination processes. Wind resource reports can and should be customized to the needs of the eventual end user. Financial partner Turbine vendor Many template are available in current guidelines International Standards for reporting currently under development by IEC (61400-15)
DATA ANALYSIS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Complex Flow and/or climatology Steep terrain, complex topography, variable surface roughness Complicated local or regional flow regimes Robust modeling and advanced measurements Extreme events
Thank You +1 518-213-0044 info@awstruepower.com awstruepower.com Matthew V. Filippelli Principal Engineer mfilippelli@awstruepower.com P: +1 518-213-0044 x 1015 E: +1 518-588-5979