Principles of Reconstructive Surgery in Africa A PAACS Publication Louis L. Carter, Jr. M.D. Editor
Principles of Reconstructive Surgery in Africa A PAACS Publication Editor: Louis L. Carter, M.D., F.A.C.S. Associate Editors: David Chang, M.D., F.A.C.S. Mike Cheatham, M.D., F.A.C.S. Mike Miller, M.D., F.A.C.S. Peter Nthumba, M. Med (Surg), F.C.S. (E.C.S.A) Anthony Smith, M.D. Earl Stephenson, D.D.S., M.D. Blair Summitt, M.D. John Woods, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Bob Weber, M.D. Authors: Louis Carter, M.D., F.A.C.S. Mike Cheatham, M.D., F.A.C.S. Jennifer Durham, M. Ed., OTR/L, CHT Einar Eriksen, M.D., FCS (ECSA) Paul Lim, M.D., F.A.C.S, F.C.P. Gay Lynn McCrady, OTR Mark W. Newton, M.D., F.A.A.P. Peter Nthumba, M.Med (Surg), F.C.S. (E.C.S.A.) Bill Rhodes, M.D., F.A.C.S. Tertius H. J.Venter, M.B., Ch.B. M.Med, F.C.S. (SA) Benjamin C. Warf, M.D. PAACS Executive Director: Bruce Steffes, M.D., MBA, F.A.C.S, FWACS, FCS (ECSA)
Editorial Board Associate Editors David W. Chang, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor Department of Plastic Surgery M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas Michael L. Cheatham, MD, F.A.C.S., F.C.C.M. Director, Surgical Intensive Care Units Program Director, General Surgery Residency Program Director, Surgical Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery Fellowships Orlando Regional Medical Center Orlando, Florida Mike Miller, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Chairman Department of Plastic Surgery Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Peter Nthumba, M, Med (Surg), F.C.S (E.C.S.A) Chief Plastic and Hand Surgery Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Vanderbilt University College of Medicine Anthony A. Smith, M.D. Program Director, Plastic Surgery Residency Professor and Chair, Division of Plastic Surgery Mayo Clinic Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Earl Stephenson, D.D.S., M.D. Plastic Surgeon Atlanta, Georgia Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vanderbilt University (USA) Interim Medical Director Vanderbilt Burn Center Robert A. Weber M.D. Professor and Vice Chair of Surgery Chief, Section of Hand Surgery Plastic Surgery Residency Program Director Scott & White Hospital/Texas A&M College of Medicine Temple, Texas John Woods, M.D, Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Emeritus Professor of Plastic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Bruce C. Steffes, M.D., MBA, F.A.C.S, F.W.A.C.S, F.C.S (ECSA) Executive Director Pan African Academy of Christian Surgeons Authors: Louis L. Carter, Jr. M.D., F.A.C.S Missionary plastic and hand surgeon, SIM USA Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Plastic and Orthopaedic (Hand) Surgery University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga Unit Chattanooga, Tennessee llcartermd@comcast.net Jennifer Durham, M Ed, OTR/L, CHT Hayes Hand Center Chattanooga, Tennessee Einar Eriksen, M.D., F.C.S. (ECSA) Specialist in General and Plastic Surgery (Norway) Consultant Plastic Surgeon, Myungsung Christian Medical Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Paul K. Lim, M.D., F.A.C.S, F.C.P Plastic Surgeon, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Former Medical Director, CURE Ethiopia Children's Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia limxx038@umn.edu Gay Lynn McCrady, OTR, M.A. Director, Healing Touch Pressure Garment Clinic Occupational Therapist, Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria Mark W. Newton, M.D., F.A.A.P. Associate Clinical Professor, Pediatrics and Anesthesiology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Consultant, Anaesthesiology Director, Kenya Registered Nurse Anaesthesia Program mark.w.newton@vanderbilt.edu Peter Nthumba, M, Med (Surg), F.C.S. (E.C.S.A) Chief Plastic and Hand Surgery Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Vanderbilt University College of Medicine nthumba@gmail.com
William R. Rhodes, M.D., F.A.C.S. General and Plastic Surgeon Kapsowar Mission Hospital Kapsowar, Kenya blrhodes@aimint.net Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vanderbilt University (USA) Medical Director Vanderbilt Burn Center Tertius H. J. Venter, M.B., Ch.B. M.Med, F.C.S (SA) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mercy Ships International, PAACS, Operation Smile tertius@torquetalk.nl Benjamin C. Warf M.D. Associate Professor Director of Neonatal and Congenital Anomalies Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery Boston Children's Hospital Department of Global Health and Social Medicine Harvard Medical School Senior Medical Director CURE Hydrocephalus Director of Research CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda